Infobox language family name Siouan altname Siouan Catawban region central North America familycolor American family one of the world s primary language families child1 Catawban languages Catawban Eastern child2 Western SiouanlanguagesSiouan proper Western map Siouan Catawban langs.png mapcaption Pre contact distribution of the Siouan Catawban languages iso2 sio Siouan or Siouan Catawban is a language ... outlier languages in the east. Name Authors who call the entire family Siouan distinguish the two branches as Western Siouan and Eastern Siouan or as Siouan proper and Catawban . Others restrict the name Siouan to the western branch and use the name Siouan Catawaban for the entire family. Generally, however, the name Siouan is used without distinction. Phonology There is certain amount of comparative method comparative work in Siouan Catawban languages. Wolff 1950 51 is among the first and more complete works on the subject. Wolff reconstructed the system of proto Siouan, and this was modified ... Latham suggested that the Siouanlanguages are related to the Caddoan languages Caddoan and Iroquoian languages . In 1931, Louis Allen presented the first list of systematic correspondences between a set of 25 lexical items in Siouan and Iroquoian. In the 1960s and 1970s, Wallace Chafe further explored the link between Siouan and Caddoan languages. In the 1990s, Marianne Mithun compared the morphology and syntax of all the three families. At present, this Macro Siouanlanguages Macro Siouan hypothesis ... links http listserv.linguistlist.org archives siouan.html Siouanlanguages mailing list archive Bibliography Parks, Douglas R. & Rankin, Robert L. 2001 . The Siouanlanguages. In R. J. DeMallie Ed ... families Category Siouanlanguages na lang stub ar br Yezho siouek ca Lleng es siouan ... having been part of a sprachbund . ref Mithun, Marianne. 1999. The languages of native ... hr Siouan it Lingue siouan lt Sij kalbos hu Szi nyelvcsal d mk mg Siouan Catawban ... more details
Infobox language family name Macro Siouan altname controversial region eastern North America familycolor American family Macro Siouan child1 SiouanlanguagesSiouan child2 Yuchi language Yuchi child3 Caddoan languages Caddoan child4 Iroquoian languages Iroquoian map Macro Siouan langs.png mapcaption Pre contact distribution of the proposed Macro Souian language family The Macro Siouanlanguages are a proposed language family that would include the SiouanlanguagesSiouan , Iroquoian languages Iroquoian , and Caddoan languages Caddoan families. Most linguists remain unconvinced that these languages share a genetic relationship , and the existence of a Macro Siouan language family remains a subject of debate. In the 19th century, Robert Gordon Latham Robert Latham suggested that the Siouanlanguages are related to the Caddoan languages Caddoan and Iroquoian languages . In 1931, Louis Allen presented the first list of systematic correspondences between a set of 25 lexical items in Siouan and Iroquoian. In the 1960s and 1970s, Wallace Chafe further explored the link between Siouan and Caddoan languages. In the 1990s, Marianne Mithun compared the morphology and syntax of all the three families. At present, the Macro Siouan hypothesis based on relations among Siouan, Caddoan, and Iroquoian is not universally accepted proven. ref Mithun, Marianne. 1999. The languages of native North America . p.305. Cambridge, UK Cambridge University Press. ref However, the Caddoan languages Caddoan languages appear to share many cognates with the Crow language , which is within most divergent branch of the Siouan language family. http en.wiktionary.org wiki Appendix Swadesh lists for Siouanlanguages Notes Reflist Bibliography Campbell, Lyle 1997 . American Indian Languages The Historical Linguistics of Native America . Oxford Oxford University Press. Category Proposed language families na lang stub es Hip tesis macro sioux hr Makro siouanski jezici pl J zyki makrosioua skie ... more details
Citations missing date February 2011 Infobox language family name Western Siouan altname Siouan Proper region central North America familycolor American fam1 SiouanlanguagesSiouan child1 Crow Hidatsa ... Siouan langs.png mapcaption Pre contact distribution of the Western Siouanlanguages The Western Siouanlanguages , also called Siouan proper or simply Siouan , ref In which case the greater family is called Siouan Catawban ref are a Indigenous peoples of the Americas Native American language family ... languages Algonquian . Citation needed date October 2008 The Western Siouan family is related to the Catawban languages , also called Eastern Siouan, which together make up the SiouanlanguagesSiouanSiouan Catawban language family. While the Lakota people Lakota and Dakota people Dakota comprise ... . Family division The Siouan family proper consists of some 18 languages and various dialects I. Missouri River Siouan sc aka Crow Hidatsa 1. Crow language Crow sc aka Absaroka, Apsaroka, Apsaalooke, Upsaroka 2. Hidatsa language Hidatsa sc aka Gros Ventre, Minitari, Minnetaree II. Mandan Siouan 3 .... See also Siouan Catawban languages Bibliography Parks, Douglas R. & Rankin, Robert L. 2001 . The Siouan ... siouan language.html The SiouanLanguages Bibliography http spot.colorado.edu koontz faq language.htm Siouanlanguages FAQ http listserv.linguistlist.org archives siouan.html Siouanlanguages mailing ... wiki Appendix Swadesh lists for Siouanlanguages Comparative Siouanlanguages Swadesh vocabulary lists from Wiktionary DEFAULTSORT SiouanLanguages Category Siouanlanguages Category ... Chunk and their linguistic cousins, the Crow Nation Crow . The Siouan family also extends eastward ... southern origin of Siouan people, with migrations over a thousand years ago from North Carolina ... 90 line height 1.3em b. Neutare span III. Mississippi Valley Siouan sc aka Central Siouan A. Dakotan .... Ohio Valley Siouan sc aka Southeastern Siouan A. Virginia Siouan sc aka Tutelo 12. Tutelo language ... more details
Infobox Ethnic group group Waccamaw Siouan image image caption poptime 2,313 ref U.S. Bureau of the Census ... Siouan peoples Waccamaw Siouan Indians are one of eight state recognized Native Americans in the United States Native American tribal nations in North Carolina . Formerly Siouan speaking, they are located ... are St. James, Buckhead, and Council, with the Waccamaw Siouan tribal homeland situated on the edge ... S. Stewart, Economic Development Assessment for the Waccamaw Siouan Tribe Pembroke, NC University ... to the 2000 Census, the total Waccamaw Siouan Native Americans in the United States Native American ... is governed by the Waccamaw Siouan Tribal Council, Inc., consisting of six members who are elected ..., Economic Development Assessment , p.8. ref State and Federal Recognition The Waccamaw Siouan Indians .... Lumbee Legal Services, Inc. represents the Waccamaw Siouan Tribe in its administrative process for seeking ... , three language families were represented, as distinct from one another as Indo European languages are from Uralic languages The Hatteras , Chowan tribe Chowan , Moratok , Pamlico , Secotan , Machapunga , and the Weapemeoc of the coastal plain spoke a variety of Algonquian languages Algonquian languages. The Cherokee , Tuscarora tribe Tuscarora , Coree , and Meherrin , who inhabited homelands from the coastal plain to the Appalachian Mountains , spoke a variety of Iroquoian languages. The Catawba ... Fear River and Piedmont regions, were related Siouan speaking peoples. The ancestral Siouan Woccon language Woccon language of the Waccamaw Siouan Indians of North Carolina was lost due to devastating .... According to the Waccamaw Siouan Indians, thousands of years ago, an immense meteor appeared in the night ... William Hilton recorded his encounter with the Waccamaw Siouan people, calling them the Woccon . In 1670 ... some thirty years later, referred to the Waccamaw in their travel narratives as an Eastern Siouan ... tribe Tuscarora in the Tuscarora War . In fact, the Woccon Indians, the Siouan tribe which John Lawson ... more details
Red Horn is a culture hero in Siouan oral tradition s, specifically of the Iowa tribe Ioway ref 6. W kx istowi , the Man with the Human Head Earrings, in Skinner 1925 457 458. He also appears in a Twins myth, where his is called Wankistogre , Man in the Earring . Small & Small, in Skinner 1925 . ref and Ho Chunk Hoc k Winnebago nations. ref For the ethnology of the Hoc gara, conducted between 1908 1912, see Radin Paul Radin 1923 . ref Only in Hoc k literature is he known as Red Horn He ucka , but among the Ioway and Hoc gara both, he is known by one of his variant names, He Who Wears Man Faces on His Ears . ref Radin 1948 124. In Harrison, 112 114, he is called http hotcakencyclopedia.com ho.MorningStar 26HisFriend.html Anchor The 48213 W g jahor ika , Wears Man Faces on His Ears . Radin, Intcohor cika, 65 67 Foster, 1876 1877 vol. 1, 3 p. 3 col. 1 Danker and White 1978 24 25 McKern 1929 . ref This name derives from the living faces on his earlobes Hoc k , or earbobs that come to life when he places them on his ears Ioway . Elsewhere, he is given yet another name, Red Man W k ucka , on account of the fact that his entire body is red from head to toe. Red Horn was one of the five sons of Earthmaker whom the Creator fashioned with his own hands and sent to earth to rescue mankind. During his sojourn on earth, he contested both giants and water spirits, and led warparties against the bad spirits who plagued mankind. As Wears Faces on His Ears, he is also said to be a star, although its identity is a subject of controversy. Under the names One Horn Hej kiga and Without Horns Herok aga , he and his sons are chiefs over the lilliputian hunting spirits known as the herok a and the little children spirits . Red Horn, as chief of the herok a , has a spiritual and sometimes corporeal identity with the arrow. Archaeologists have speculated that Red Horn is a mythic figure in Mississippian ... Algonquian languages Algonquian . ref He agreed. The young man with his spirit friends sat on the edge ... more details
Infobox language family name Dhegihan region central North America familycolor American fam1 SiouanlanguagesSiouan fam2 Western Siouanlanguages Western Siouan fam3 Mississippi Valley Siouan child1 Kansa language Kansa Osage language Osage child2 Omaha Ponca language Omaha Ponca child3 Quapaw language Quapaw The Dhegihan languages are a group of Siouanlanguages that include Kansa language Kansa Osage language Osage , Omaha Ponca language Omaha Ponca , and Quapaw . Their historical region included parts of the Ohio and Mississippi River Valleys, the Great Plains , and southeastern North America. References Reflist Category Siouanlanguages NorthAm native stub ... more details
Infobox language family name Catawban altname Eastern Siouan region central North America familycolor American fam1 SiouanlanguagesSiouan child1 Catawba language Catawba child2 Woccon language Woccon map Catawban langs.png mapcaption Pre contact distribution of the Catawban languages The Catawban , or Eastern Siouan , languages form a small language family in east North America. The Catawban family is a branch of the larger Siouan sc aka Siouan Catawban languagesSiouan Catawban family . Family division The Catawban family consists of two languages Catawba language Catawba Woccon language Woccon Both are now extinct language extinct . They were not closely related. References Reflist Parks, Douglas R. & Rankin, Robert L. 2001 . The Siouanlanguages. In R. J. DeMallie Ed. , Handbook of North American Indians Plains Vol. 13, Part 1, pp. 94 114 . W. C. Sturtevant Gen. Ed. . Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution. ISBN 0 16 050400 7. Category Catawban languages Category Indigenous languages of the North American Southeast Category Languages of the United States Category Extinct languages of North America na lang stub br Yezho katawbek hr Catawban pms Lenga catawba ... more details
. Some linguists believe that the Caddoan and Iroquoian languages may be connected in a Macro Siouanlanguages Macro Siouan language family, but work is suggestive and the theory remains hypothetical. Similar attempts to find a connection with the Algonquian languages has been partially useful ... L. 1976 . Siouan, Iroquoian, and Caddoan. In T. Sebeok Ed. , Native languages in the Americas pp ..., Iroquioan, and Siouanlanguages . Trends in linguistics State of the art report No. 3 . The Hague .... , The languages of Native America Historical and comparative assessment pp. 213 235 . Austin University of Texas Press. ISBN 0 292 74624 5. Chafe, Wallace L. 1993 . Indian languagesSiouan Caddoan ... Caddoan child1 Northern child2 Southern map Caddoan langs.png mapcaption Caddoan languages iso5 cdd The Caddoan languages are a language family family of Native American languages . They are spoken by Native ... to Oklahoma . Family division Five languages belong to the Caddoan language family Caddo language ... into the Wichita tribe Wichita tribe. All of the other Caddoan languages are critically endangered ... Berthold Reservation in North Dakota . Speakers of some of the languages were formerly more widespread .... No daughter languages are known, although some probably existed in the 16th and 17th century but were not recorded. Northern Caddoan evolved into several different languages. The language .... ref Adai. Native Languages. http www.native languages.org adai.htm. accessed 1 Jun 2011 ref The language ... family. ref Mithun, Marianne. The languages of native North America . Cambridge, UK Cambridge ... dictsearch Notes reflist Further reading Campbell, Lyle. 1997 . American Indian languages ... 1. Chafe, Wallace L. 1973 . Siouan, Iroquoian, and Caddoan. In T. Sebeok Ed. , Current trends ... of Nebraska Press, ISBN 978 0 8032 2088 1 Mithun, Marianne. 1999 . The languages of Native North ... families Category Caddoan languages Category Caddo ca Lleng es caddo de Caddo Sprachen et Kado ... more details
Attempts to link the Iroquoian, SiouanlanguagesSiouan , and Caddoan languages Caddoan languages in a Macro Siouanlanguages Macro Siouan family are suggestive but remain unproven refMithun1999 ... to be able to make some characterizations of the Huron and Petun languages. The languages of the tribes ... Goddard editor first Ives title Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 17 Languages place Washington ... Iroquoian Languages title Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 15 Northeast pages 334 43 unified ... . cite cite id refMithun1999 Citation year 1999 last Mithun first Marianne title The Languages of Native ... Columbian North America DEFAULTSORT Iroquoian Languages Categories Category Iroquoian languages Category Indigenous languages of the North American eastern woodlands Category First Nations languages in Canada Category Languages of the United States Other languages bg br Yezho irokwoyek ... more details
Keresan Siouan Yuchi Siouan Catawban languagesSiouan Yuchi language Yuchi Penutian Hokan Penutian ... languages , the Keresan languages , the Macro SiouanlanguagesSiouanlanguages and the Otomanguean ... languages of the Americas belong to one of three language families , the previously established Eskimo Aleut languages Eskimo Aleut and Na Dene languages Na Dene , and with everything ... in the Americas , the relationships he proposed between these languages have been roundly rejected by the large ... broadly to the various indigenous languages of the Americas without necessarily implying that they are a genetic ... used for the latter meaning. Background The idea that all the languages of the Americas are related ... Humboldt noticed that the languages of the Americas seemed to be very different from the better known European languages, yet seemingly also quite similar to each other. When studies of American Indian languages began in earnest in the early 20th century linguists quickly realized that the indigenous languages were in fact not all that similar, but had a diversity much greater than among the languages of Europe. After a period of uncertainty about whether indigenous languages could be described and investigated by the methods applied to European languages the first linguists began the daunting task of trying to classify the languages of the Americas by using the Historical linguistics comparative ... the first to apply the comparative method to native American languages. However, contrary to current ... not. Sapir entertained the idea that ultimately all languages of the Americas might turn out to be provably ... can yield reliable proof of genetic relationships between languages. In elaborating his classification of the Amerind languages Greenberg relied heavily on Sapir s early work on the North American languages and the highly impressionist classification of South American languages by Paul Rivet . Amerind pronouns The main argument for the genetic unity of most native American languages is an observed ... more details
For American languages see Indigenous languages of the Americas Languages of North America Languages of South America Languages of the United States disambig ... more details
, Lyle. 1997 . American Indian languages The Historical Linguistics of Native America . New York ... 4 , 310 330. Mithun, Marianne. 1999 . The Languages of Native North America . Cambridge Cambridge ... 568. Language families Languages of New Mexico DEFAULTSORT Keresan Languages Category Language isolates of North America Category Languages of the United States Category Indigenous languages of the Southwestern United States Category Indigenous languages of the North American Southwest ca Keres ... more details
distribution of Muskogean languages Muskogean also Muskhogean , Muskogee is an indigenous language ..., the Muskogean languages are generally divided into two branches, Eastern Muskogean ... family consists of six languages which are still spoken Alabama language Alabama , Chickasaw ... of the Muskogean languages in Hardy s list, but it is generally considered a dialect of Creek, rather ... ref Because Apalachee is Language death extinct , its precise relationship to the other languages ... classification has been proposed by Pamela Munro . In this classification, the languages ..., who envisions a three way split among the languages, between Western Muskogean Choctaw Chickasaw ... Haas or Munro s. ref Broadwell 1992 ref Broader relationships Possible Muskogean languages Several sparsely attested languages have been claimed to be Muskogean languages. George Broadwell suggested that the languages of the Yamasee and Guale were Muskogean. ref name Campbell149 Campbell 1997 ... The best known connection proposed between Muskogean and other languages is Mary Haas Gulf languages ... 2005, pg. 254 ref , respectively, in all Muskogean languages ref Booker 2005, pp. 248, 252, 254 ... 2005, pg. 318, fn. 2 ref IPA k appears as IPA b in all the daughter languages except Creek language ... Muskogean languages and as IPA in Eastern Muskogean languages. Mary Haas reconstructed it as a voiceless ... name C1997pg148 ref Booker 2005, pp. 251 2 ref Nouns Most family languages display lexical accent on nouns ..., Lyle. 1997 . American Indian languages The historical linguistics of Native America . New York Oxford ... v onepage&q&f false Google Books Crawford, James M. Ed. . 1975a . Studies in Southeastern Indian Languages . Athens, GA University of Georgia Press. Crawford, James M. 1975b . Southeastern Indian Languages . In Crawford ed. 1975, pp. 1 120. Goddard, Ives Ed. . 1996 . Languages . Handbook of North .... ISBN 0 16 048774 9. Haas, Mary 1951 . The Proto Gulf word for water with notes on Siouan Yuchi ... more details
Infobox language family name Bel region Northern New Guinea familycolor Austronesian fam2 Malayo Polynesian languages Malayo Polynesian fam3 Oceanic languages Oceanic fam4 Western Oceanic languages Western Oceanic fam5 North New Guinea languages North New Guinea ? fam6 Ngero Vitiaz languages Ngero Vitiaz child1 Astrolabe languages child2 Nuclear Bel languages sil 2324 16 The eight Bel languages form a group of Austronesian languages of northern Papua New Guinea . Components Astrolabe languages Nuclear Bel languages DEFAULTSORT Bel Languages Category Western Oceanic languages Category Languages of Papua New Guinea Au lang stub ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Infobox language family name Awan region Colombia and Ecuador familycolor American fam1 Barbacoan languages Barbacoan The Awan languages are Barbacoan languages that include the Awa Pit language and the Pasto languages spoken in Ecuador and Colombia . Pasto is extinct. DEFAULTSORT Awan Languages Category Awan languages Category Languages of Ecuador Category Barbacoan languages Category Endangered indigenous languages of the Americas Na lang stub es Lenguas ahuanas mk ... more details
Infobox language family name Zunda region South Africa , Swaziland , Zimbabwe familycolor Niger Congo fam2 Atlantic Congo languages Atlantic Congo fam3 Benue Congo languages Benue Congo fam4 Bantoid languages Bantoid fam5 Southern Bantoid languages Southern Bantoid fam6 Bantu languages Bantu fam7 Southern Bantu fam8 Nguni languages Nguni The Zunda languages are a group of related languages that, along with Tekela languages , are a subdivision of the Nguni languages Nguni branch belonging to the larger Bantu languages Bantu family . Zunda languages include Zulu language Zulu 10 million Xhosa language Xhosa 8 million Northern Ndebele language Northern Ndebele or Zimbabwean Ndebele 1.6 million Category Languages of South Africa Category Nguni languages Nguni languages Zunda languages nc lang stub sv Zundaspr k ... more details
and Iroquoian languages Plains Indians Plains cultural area Siouan Catawban languages Indigenous ... 7,365 align right 3,985 Sioux language Siouanlanguages Dakota Sioux align right 6,495 align right ...style float right Languages of country Canada ref The percentage figures cited in this chart are the top languages spoken as a home language in Canada, shown as a percentage of total single responses. Source ... Chinese languages other than Cantonese, Mandarin, Taiwanese, Chaochow Teochow , Fukien, Hakka and Shanghainese ... French.svg 200px A multitude of languages are used in Canada . According to the 2006 census, English ... Brunswick is the only Canadian province that has both English and French as its official languages. Quebec ... official languages . This means that all laws of the federal government are enacted in both English and French and that federal government services must be available in both languages. Many Canadians believe that the relationship between the English and French languages is the central or defining aspect of the Canadian experience. Canada s Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages Official Languages Commissioner the federal government official charged with monitoring the two languages ... is at the core of Canadian experience. ref Official Languages Commissioner Graham Fraser is quoted ... languages, Canada s Census in Canada census collects a number of Demolinguistic descriptors used ... of work language of work . Canada s linguistic diversity extends beyond the two official languages ... languages indigenous languages . Taken together, these are spoken by less than one percent of the population ... Total population English French Other languages Official Language s flag Ontario align right 12,028,895 ..., French, other aboriginal languages flag Yukon align right 30,195 align right 28,711 align right 94.8 ... conssnu2008c10.pdf Consolidation of S.Nu. 2008,c.10 NIF Official Languages Act and http www.justice.gov.nu.ca ... The two official languages Home language rates of language use 1971 2006 The percentage of the population ... more details
The languages of the Bomberai Peninsula of Indonesian New Guinea fall into several groups West Bomberai languages Papuan, west and south Irarutu language Austronesian, most of the interior North Bomberai languages Austronesian, off the coast Northwest Bomberai languages minor Austronesian languages labeled Bomberai in Ethnologue dab ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Many languages are indigenous to Oceania they belong to several families. The Austronesian languages Austronesian family is the most common, found throughout many Pacific Islands, New Zealand and Papua New Guinea. Australia is home to many diverse families of Languages of Australia indigenous languages Pama Nyungan languages Gunwinyguan languages Macro Pama Nyungan languages Southwest Pama Nyungan languages Bunaban languages 2 languages in two branches Daly languages 11 19 languages in four branches, including Murrinh Patha language Murrinh Patha Limilngan languages 2 languages, extinct? Djeragan languages 3 5 languages in two branches Nyulnyulan languages 4 8 languages in one branch Wororan languages 7 12 languages in three branches Indo Pacific languages Andaman languagesLanguages of Papua New Guinea Tasmanian languages Also, the languages of European settlers and colonial powers are common in the region, such as English in Australia and New Zealand , Spanish language Spanish in Easter Island , and French in New Caledonia , etc. There are also creole language creoles formed from the interaction of the European and indigenous languages, such as Tok Pisin , Hawaiian Pidgin , Norfuk and Pitkern . See also List of extinct languages of Oceania Template group list Languages of Oceania Countries and languages lists DEFAULTSORT Languages Of Oceania Category Languages of Oceania Au lang stub bn ru ... more details
Infobox language family name Korap region Northern New Guinea familycolor Austronesian fam2 Malayo Polynesian languages Malayo Polynesian fam3 Oceanic languages Oceanic fam4 Western Oceanic languages Western Oceanic fam5 North New Guinea languages North New Guinea ? fam6 Ngero Vitiaz languages Ngero Vitiaz fam7 ? sil 2313 16 The three Korap languages form a group of Austronesian languages of northern Papua New Guinea Arop Lukep language Arop Lukep , Karnai language Karnai , Malasanga language Malasanga DEFAULTSORT Korap Languages Category Western Oceanic languages Category Languages of Papua New Guinea Au lang stub ... more details
Infobox language family name Mengen region Northern New Guinea familycolor Austronesian fam2 Malayo Polynesian languages Malayo Polynesian fam3 Oceanic languages Oceanic fam4 Western Oceanic languages Western Oceanic fam5 North New Guinea languages North New Guinea ? fam6 Ngero Vitiaz languages Ngero Vitiaz fam7 ? sil 2454 16 The three Mengen languages form a group of Austronesian languages of northern Papua New Guinea . Components Lote language Lote Mamusi language Mamusi Mengen language Mengen DEFAULTSORT Mengen Languages Category Languages of Papua New Guinea Category Western Oceanic languages Au lang stub ... more details
Infobox language family name Kilombero altname region Tanzania familycolor Niger Congo fam2 Atlantic Congo languages Atlantic Congo fam3 Benue Congo languages Benue Congo fam4 Bantoid languages Bantoid fam5 Bantu languages Bantu Guthrie classification of Bantu languages Zone G Zone G.50 fam6 The Kilombero languages are a group of Bantu languages of Tanzania established in Nurse 1988 . The languages, along with their Guthrie classification of Bantu languages Guthrie identifications , are Pogolo language Pogolo G50 Mbunga language Mbunga P10 , Ndamba language Ndamba G50 Notes Reflist Category Kilombero languages nc lang stub ... more details
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