wiktionarypar shellShell may refer to Seashell , the shells of various marine animals, especially marine mollusks Exoskeleton or shell, including those of mollusks, turtles, insects and crustaceans Mollusc shell , shells of molluscs, including bivalve shells, tusk shells etc Gastropod shell , shells of snails Eggshell , the outer covering of a hard shelled egg Shotgun shellShell projectile , a projectile which carries an explosive payload Shell theater , a curved surface for reflecting and focusing sound Racing shell , a rowed watercraft Thin shell structure , a method of building construction Shell machinery , each piece of a two piece plain bearing, known as full bearing in industrial machinery In places Shell, Ecuador or Shell Mera, a city named after the Shell Oil Company Shell, California , an unincorporated community in the United States Shell, Wyoming , an unincorporated community in the United States In science , computing , and mathematics Electron shell , describing the structure of electron configuration in atoms Shell computing , a type of computer user interface Shell account , a user account for access to another machine Shell mathematics , a ring like List of algebraic structures algebraic structure In business Royal Dutch Shell , a multinational energy company Shell Oil Company , American affiliate Shell Canada Shell Nigeria Shell corporation , a company which ... with the name Art Shell , former American football player and coach Donald Shell , American computer scientist Karl Shell , American economist See also Shell sort , a sorting algorithm On shell and off shell , in quantum field theory Shell Turbo Chargers , a defunct Philippine basketball team owned by the Shell Corporation Big Shell, an offshore decontamination facility in Metal Gear Solid 2 Sons of Liberty lookfrom intitle disambig cs Shell de Shell es Shell eo elo eu Shell fr Shell hr Ljuska io Shelo it Shell he hu Shell egy rtelm s t lap nl Shell doorverwijspagina ja ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Infobox musical artist Name The Shell Img The Shell.jpg Img capt The Shell in 2008, from left to right Michael Fromenwiler, Sacha Leuenberger, Christoph Schorro, Patrice Lambeau Img size 250 Landscape yes Background group or band Origin St. Gallen , Switzerland . Genre Alternative rock , Indie rock . Years active 1996 present URL http www.theshell.de Current members Michael Fromenwiler br Sacha Leunberger br Christoph Schorro br Patrice Lambeau Past members Roger Cadalbert br Raphael Cernelc br Christian Riesen The Shell is an alternative rock band from St. Gallen , Switzerland . They currently comprise of Patrice Lambeau vocals, rhythm guitar , Michael Frommenwiler bass , Sacha Leuenberger lead guitar and Christoph Schorro drums . The band was formed by childhood friends Lambeau and Fromenwiler in 1996 and have since gone on to enjoy success in their native Switzerland and throughout Europe. ref http www.myspace.com theshellworld MySpace.com The Shell berlin, santiago di gallo Indie Alternative Rock www.myspace.com theshellworld Bot generated title ref History Early years 1996 2004 Lambeau and Fromenwiler formed The Shell in spring 1996. After an unsuccessful search for band members in St. Gallen they moved to San Francisco in 1998 where they played a series of live shows with a local drummer. Upon returning to Switzerland they joined with drummer Roger Cadalbert and guitarist Raphael Cernelc before moving to London in 2000 where for six months they played a series of shows and worked on new material. br In February 2001 the band recorded their first demo CD in Stuttgart , Germany which was supported by shows at Rock am See, the Montreux Jazz Festival ... 2004 2006 After winning a national contest for new bands in Zurich The Shell signed to Universal, Switzerland ... rotation on Swiss music TV. By the end of 2004 The Shell had received a best newcomer award from ... Management DEFAULTSORT Shell Category Swiss alternative rock groups Category Swiss indie rock groups ... more details
Shell Lake can refer to Shell Lake, Saskatchewan Shell Lake, Wisconsin Shell Lake Township, Minnesota Shell Lake murders Shell Lake Municipal Airport Shell Lake No. 495, Saskatchewan Inuvik Shell Lake Water Aerodrome Shell Lake National Wildlife Refuge disambig de Shell Lake ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 In physics , particularly in quantum field theory , configurations of a physical system that satisfy classical equations of motion are called on shell , and those that do not are called off shell . For instance, in classical mechanics in the action physics action formulation, extremal solutions to the variational principle are on shell and the Euler Lagrange equation s are on shell equations i.e., they do not hold off shell . Noether s theorem is also another on shell theorem. Mass shell The term comes from the phrase mass shell , which is a synonym for mass hyperboloid , meaning the hyperboloid in energy momentum space describing the solutions to the equation math E 2 vec p , 2 c 2 m 2 c 4 math describing combinations of energy E and momentum p allowed by classical special relativity for a particle of mass m where math c math is the speed of light . The equation for the mass shell is also often written in terms of the four momentum , in Einstein notation and units where c 1, as math p mu p mu m 2 math or simply as math p 2 m 2 math . Virtual particles corresponding to internal propagator s in a Feynman diagram are in general allowed to be off shell, but the amplitude for the process will diminish depending on how far off shell they are the propagator typically has mathematical singularity singularities on the mass shell. When speaking of the propagator, negative values for E that satisfy the equation are thought of as being on shell, though the classical theory does not allow negative values for the energy of a particle. This is because the propagator incorporates into one expression the cases in which the particle carries energy in one direction, and in which its antiparticle carries energy in the other direction negative and positive on shell E then simply represent opposing flows of positive energy. DEFAULTSORT On Shell And Off Shell Category Quantum field theory fa ko it Soluzione on shell ed off shell ... more details
Shell River may refer to Rivers Shell River Manitoba Shell River Minnesota Shell River Saskatchewan Musselshell River , Montana, also known as Shell River Places Shell River, Manitoba Shell River Township, Minnesota geodis de Shell River ... more details
Shell Point can refer to Shell Point, Sinaloa Shell Point, Florida Shell Point, South Carolina geodis Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages vo Shell Point ... more details
Shell Beach may refer to Several real places Shell Beach, California Shell Beach, Florida Shell Beach, Guyana Shell Beach, Louisiana Shell Beach, Western Australia A fictional place depicted in the movie Dark City 1998 film Dark City Disambig ... more details
Shell Island may refer to Shell Island Wales Shell Islets Tasmania geodis Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages de Shell Island ... more details
Shell Building may refer to Shell Building San Francisco , California Shell Building St Louis , Missouri One Shell Square , New Orleans, Louisiana disambig ... more details
The term shell theory may refer to In astronomy the shell theorem In continuum mechanics the plate theory theory of plates and shells disambig ... more details
Shell Rock may refer to Shell Rock Township, Butler County, Iowa , a township in Iowa Shell Rock, Iowa , a city in this township Shell Rock Township, Freeborn County, Minnesota , a township in Shell Rock Township, Greenwood County, Kansas , a township in Shell Rock River , the namesake of the locations in Iowa and Minnesota Shell Rock San Marcos, Texas geodis Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages ... more details
Super shell may refer to Super Shell , a Somalian football club Supershell , a very large void in the interstellar medium A weapon used in the game 1943 The Battle of Midway A weapon used in the game U.N. Squadron Super Shell Gasoline, a brand formerly marketed by Shell Oil Company disambig ... more details
Infobox Software name Shell for Windows logo screenshot caption developer Shell for Windows Lab. latest release version Shell for Windows 1.2.0 latest release date 23.03.2011 operating system Microsoft Windows genre Windows shell replacement license Proprietary website http shellforwindows.com Shell for Windows is a free Shell computing shell replacement application for Microsoft XP Vista Seven developed by Shell for Windows Lab. The program interface consists of some menus, each of them makes specific functions. There are menus such as Programs, Files, Applications, e.c. Each of them is responsible for appropriate tasks. There is no desktop in the software. The program supports color schemes. Category Command shells ... more details
Infobox Software name Almquist shell logo screenshot caption developer latest release version latest release date programming language C programming language C operating system Cross platform platform Cross platform language English, multilingual gettext status Active genre Unix shell source model Open source license website http www.in ulm.de mascheck various ash Info page The Almquist shell also known as A Shell , ash and sh was originally Kenneth Almquist s clone of the SVR4 variant of the Bourne shell it is a fast, small, POSIX compatible Unix shell designed to replace the Bourne shell in later BSD distributions. Originally it did not feature line editing Clarify date March 2010 or command history mechanisms, because Almquist felt that such should be moved into the Computer terminal terminal ... shell tt bin sh tt on FreeBSD , NetBSD , DragonFly BSD and Minix . ash is also fairly popular ... employed in this area. Debian s version of ash is known as Debian Almquist shell Debian Almquist Shell dash . Some Linux distribution s also use Debian Almquist shell a derivative of ash as the default shell, although Bash Unix shell Bash Bourne Again Shell is more popular. Ubuntu operating system Ubuntu Symbolic link symlinks tt bin sh tt to the dash shell for faster Shell script script execution, but keeps Bash as the default login shell. The following is extracted from the ash package information from Slackware ash Kenneth Almquist s ash shell A lightweight 92K Bourne compatible shell. Great for machines with low memory, but does not provide all the extras of shells like Bash Unix shell bash , tcsh , and zsh . Runs most shell scripts compatible with the Bourne shell. Note that under ... exception, since ash is the shell used on the install disks. NetBSD and Ubuntu uses ash as its ... various ash Ash Almquist Shell Variants reflist Unix Shells compu prog stub unix stub Category Text ... software el Almquist fr Almquist shell ja Almquist Shell ru Almquist shell ... more details
Shell LiveWIRE is a UK wide enterprise scheme to help support young entrepreneurs aged 16 30 into business. Shell Livewire is a Royal Dutch ShellShell Social Investment programme and ref http www.shell.co.uk home content gbr responsible energy shell in the society social investment ref , http www.shell livewire.org Shell LiveWIRE was launched in the Strathclyde area of Scotland in 1982, before being rolled out across the rest of the UK in 1985. http www.shell livewire.org Shell LiveWIRE offers two business awards the monthly 1,000 Shell LiveWIRE Grand Ideas Awards and annual 10,000 Shell LiveWIRE Entrepreneur Young Entrepreneur of the Year Award. References reflist External links Category Organisations based in the United Kingdom ... more details
The Shell Cup could be Shell Cup, renamed the Caribbean Cup Shell Cup, New Zealand limited overs cricket competition now known as the New Zealand limited overs cricket trophy State Shield Shell Cup Defensive, renamed the Telus Cup Defensive , an ice hockey trophy in Quebec Shell Cup Offensive, renamed the Telus Cup Offensive , an ice hockey trophy in Quebec disambig ... more details
The restricted shell is a Unix shell that restricts some of the capabilities available to an interactive user session, or to a shell script , running within it. It is intended to provide an additional layer of security, but is insufficient to allow execution of entirely untrusted software. A restricted mode operation is found in the original Bourne shell ref name posix sh http pwet.fr man linux commandes posix sh POSIX sh specification ref and its later counterpart tt Bash Unix shell bash tt , ref name bash manual http www.gnu.org software bash manual bashref.html The Restricted Shell GNU Bash manual ref and in the Korn shell . ref name ksh manual http docs.sun.com app docs doc 816 5165 ksh 1?l en&n 1&a view ksh manual , Solaris SunOS 5.10 manual page, Oracle Inc. ref In some cases a restricted shell is used in conjunction with a chroot jail, in a further attempt to limit access to the system as a whole. Invocation The restricted mode of the Bourne shell tt sh tt , and its POSIX workalikes ... note that this may conflict with the remote shell command, which is also called tt rsh tt on some ... ways tt rbash tt tt bash r tt tt bash restricted tt Similarly the Korn shell s restricted mode is produced ... in a restricted shell changing directory specifying absolute pathnames or names containing a slash setting the PATH or SHELL variable redirection of output tt bash tt adds further restrictions ... ed filenames in tt bash tt builtins Restrictions in the restricted Korn shell are much the same as those in the restricted Bourne shell. ref name aix ksh manual http publib.boulder.ibm.com infocenter aix v6r1 index.jsp?topic com.ibm.aix.baseadmn doc baseadmndita korn shell restricted.htm ksh 1 manual page , IBM AIX documentation set ref Weaknesses of a restricted shell The restricted shell ... a shell function. The following is an example of the shell function in vi being used to escape from the restricted shell vi set shell bin sh shell References reflist Category Command shells ... more details
Refimprove date January 2008 Infobox software name Bourne shell logo File screenshot File caption collapsible ... size language status genre Unix shell license CDDL dubious License date March 2011 website The Bourne shell , or sh , was the default Unix shell of Version 7 Unix Unix Version 7 , and replaced the Thompson shell , whose executable file had the same name, sh . It was developed by Stephen Bourne ... and universities. It remains a popular default shell for Unix accounts. The Executable binary program of the Bourne shell or a compatible program is located at code bin sh code on most Unix systems, and is still the default shell for the root superuser on many current Unix implementations ... published book that presented the shell as a programming language in a tutorial form. Origins The shell was designed as a replacement for the original Thompson shell . Among the primary goals were To allow shell script s to be used as filters. To provide programmability including control flow and Variable ... computing signal handling within scripts. No limits on string lengths when interpreting shell scripts ... . This allowed context to be established at startup and provided a way for shell scripts to pass ... Bourne http www.computerworld.com.au article 279011 z programming languages bourne shell sh The A Z of Programming Languages Bourne shell, or sh which details the Bourne Shell origins and design decisions. Features Features of the Bourne shell include Scripts can be invoked as commands by using .... The Bourne shell also was the first to feature the convention of using file descriptor code 2> ... messages separate from data. Over the years, the Bourne shell was enhanced at AT&T. The various ... being Version7, SystemIII, SVR2, SVR3, SVR4 . As the shell was never versioned, the only way to identify it was testing its features. Stephen Bourne carried into this shell some aspects of the ALGOL ... instead of code u od u code clauses in the common Unix Bourne shell syntax. Moreover although the v7 ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2006 Shell Chemicals is the petrochemicals arm of Royal Dutch Shell . The name Shell Chemicals refers to the nearly seventy companies engaged in chemicals businesses for Royal Dutch ShellShell , which together make up one of the largest petrochemical producers in the world. History Shell companies first entered the chemicals industry in 1929, via a partnership in the Netherlands called NV Mekog, which manufactured ammonia from coke oven gas. Meanwhile, in the United States, the Shell Chemical Company founded 1929 began the world s first production of ammonia from natural gas in California in 1931. It also started production of chemical solvents from refinery gases in California during the early 1930s while in 1942 it pioneered the production of butadiene , a key raw material for synthetic rubbers.In 1941, production of Teepol liquid detergent began at Stanlow in the UK, the first manufacture of a petroleum based organic chemical in Europe. In the decades that have followed, Shell Chemicals companies have been significant players in the growth of the global petrochemicals sector and have developed some of its key manufacturing processes. Portfolio of businesses The Shell Chemicals portfolio is focused on six product businesses and two international joint ventures. It includes the operation a number of large scale plants that produce high volume products. Shell chemicals companies employ around 8,500 people worldwide. Key manufacturing locations Shell chemicals companies source product from manufacturing facilities around the world. Some of these facilities are operated by Shell chemicals companies, some by other businesses within the Shell Group and others by joint ventures in which Shell holds varying levels of investment. Currently, Shell chemicals companies main manufacturing locations for petrochemical building blocks are Moerdijk Pernis ... website Shell oil Category Chemical companies of the Netherlands Category Royal Dutch Shell subsidiaries ... more details
The documented history of Royal Dutch Shell plc in Pakistan dates back to 1903 when partnership was struck between The Shell Transport & Trading Company and the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company to supply petroleum to Asia . In 1928, to enhance their distribution capabilities, the marketing interest of Royal Dutch Shell plc and the Burmah Oil Company Limited in India were merged and Burmah Shell Oil Storage & Distribution company of India was born. After the independence of Pakistan in 1947, the name was changed to the Burmah Shell Oil Distribution Company of Pakistan. In 1970, when 51 of the shareholding was transferred to Pakistani investors, the name of changed to Pakistan Burmah Shell Limited PBS . The Shell and the Burmah Groups, retained the remaining 49 in equal propositions. In February 1993, as economic liberalisation began to take root and the Burmah divested from PBS, Shell Petroleum stepped into raise its stake to 51 . The years 2001 2 have seen the Shell Petroleum Company successively increasing its share, with the Group now having a 76 stake in Shell Pakistan Limited SPL . Shell ... participated in the Shell Eco marathon Asia in July 2010 with their Hybrid Car on frist position named Devrim II . Financial results In 2006 7 the profit after tax of Shell Pakistan Limited plunged by 77 percent compared with the previous year. Chairman and CEO Shell Pakistan Limited Zaiviji Ismail ... is paramount to sustaining the viability of this company The market share of Shell Pakistan ...?page 2007 5C08 5C07 5Cstory 7 8 2007 pg5 4 See also Royal Dutch Shell External links commonscat Royal Dutch Shell http www.shell.com home Framework?siteId pk en&FC2 pk en html iwgen leftnavs zzz lhn1 0 0.html&FC3 pk en html iwgen welcome.html Shell Pakistan Limited http www.shell.com Shell.com The Royal Dutch Shell Group of Companies Shell oil Category Royal Dutch Shell subsidiaries Category Oil and gas companies of Pakistan Category Automotive fuel brands Shell ... more details
No footnotes date September 2009 File TcshAndShScreenCapture.png thumb 300px right tcsh and sh shell windows on a Mac OS X desktop.. A Unix shell is a command line interpreter or shell computing shell ... shells have been the Bourne shell and the C shell . The Bourne shell, sh, was written by Stephen ... Peter Grandi, Dept of CS, UCW Aberystwyth, UK, Dec 17, 1989. ref The C shell , csh, was written ... the control structures and the expression grammar, was modeled on C. The C shell also introduced a large number of features for interactive work, including the C shell History history and C shell Editing operators editing mechanisms, C shell Aliases aliases , C shell Directory stack directory stacks , C shell Tilde notation tilde notation , C shell Cdpath cdpath , C shell Job control job control and C shell Path hashing path hashing . Both shells have been used as coding base and model ... of the term shell means any program that users employ to type commands. In the Unix operating system users may select which shell to use for interactive sessions. When the user log in logs in to the system the shell program is automatically executed. Many types of shells have been developed for this purpose. The program is called a shell because it hides the details of the underlying operating system behind the shell s interface. The shell manages the technical details of the operating system kernel ... visual shells or graphical shells . By itself, the term shell is usually associated with the command ... program as their shell, though in practice this usually requires administrator rights. The Unix shell was unusual when it was first created. Since it is both an interactive Shell computing command ... see shell script the execution of the system. Many shells created for other operating system s offer rough equivalents to Unix shell functionality. On systems using a windowing system , some users may never use the shell directly. On Unix systems, the shell is still the implementation language ... more details
The PWB shell also known as the Mashey shell was an early Unix shell distributed with some versions of Programmer ... compatible version of the Thompson shell with additional features to increase usability for programming ... Although it was soon superseded by the Bourne shell , several features introduced in the PWB shell remain in many later shells. The if and goto commands were made internal to the shell, and extended .... In addition, the shell s command searching was enhanced to allow shell procedures to be invoked like binary commands, i.e., if the shell found a non binary file marked executable, it would fork another shell instance to read that file as a shell script. Thus people could type command arguments ... , which was the ancestor of execvp . to allow any program to invoke commands in the same way as the shell. The character Sigil computer programming sigil , used previously for identifying arguments to a shell ... not overcome the shortcomings of the Thompson shell, and so a new shell was written from scratch by Stephen Bourne . This Bourne shell was incompatible with the Thompson and PWB shells, but included equivalents of most of the PWB shell s features, but done from scratch, rather than incrementally ... to replace the earlier, more limited features. After the adoption of the Bourne shell as the standard shell in Version 7 Unix, use of the PWB shell was phased out, although for a while, there was an internal Bell Labs course called Bourne Shell Programming for Mashey Shell Programmers . The C shell , developed before the public release of the Bourne shell, also inherited some of the features of the PWB shell. Citation needed date April 2010 See also Comparison of computer shells References http www.in ulm.de mascheck bourne The Traditional Bourne Shell Family History and Development Sven Mascheck http www.in ulm.de mascheck bourne PWB Manual page for the PWB shell , 31 May 1977 http groups.google.cl group net.unix wizards msg 742dc733194063e0?dmode source Article by Mashey on the PWB shell ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 In computing, a shell builtin is a Command computing command or a Subroutine function , called from a Shell computing shell , that is executed directly in the shell itself, instead of an external executable computer program program which the shell would load and execute. Shell builtins work significantly faster than external programs, because there is no program loading overhead. However, their code is inherently present in the shell, and thus modifying or updating them requires modifications to the shell. Therefore shell builtins are usually used for simple, almost trivial, functions, such as text output. Because of the nature of some operating system s, some functions of the systems must necessarily be implemented as shell builtins. The most notable example is the code cd command cd code command, which changes the working directory of the shell. Because each executable program runs in a separate Process computing process , and working directories are specific to each process, loading code cd code as an external program would not affect the working directory of the shell that loaded it. Examples A widely used shell builtin is the code logout code function, which terminates the session. This function has different names depending on the shell. Some examples from Bash Unix shell bash include cd .. Loops if, while, for and such echo The code help code bash builtin command will list all builtins. DEFAULTSORT Shell Builtin Category Command shells Operating system stub ... more details
In geometry , a spherical shell is a generalization of an Annulus mathematics annulus to three dimensions. A spherical shell is the region between two concentric sphere s of differing radii. See also Ball mathematics Ball Chord geometry Chord External links MathWorld id SphericalShell title Spherical shell DEFAULTSORT Spherical Shell Category Elementary geometry Category Geometric shapes ... more details
div Infobox Company company name Shell Canada company logo Image Shell logo.svg center 100px company ... companies Oil and Gasoline num employees parent Royal Dutch Shell products Petrochemical products and sales homepage http www.shell.ca Shell.ca Shell Canada Limited is the subsidiary of Netherlands Dutch based Royal Dutch Shell and one of Canada s largest integrated oil companies . Exploration ... by the European parent, Shell s North American operations are controlled by Shell Energy North America, which is headquartered in Houston, Texas. Shell Energy North America s Canadian operational unit, Shell Canada, maintains a regional head office in Calgary , Alberta. Shell Canada also maintains major offices in Toronto, ON and Vancouver, BC. Stock acquisition by Royal Dutch Shell Image Shell in Chilliwack.jpg thumb left 300px A Shell Station on the corner of Vedder Road & Luckakuck Way in Chilliwack, British Columbia . Shell Canada is part of the Royal Dutch Shell Group, but its shares ... Dutch Shell which in 2006 launched an 8.7 billion takeover of the 22 of Shell Canada that it didn t own. In March 2007 the shareholders of Shell Canada Ltd. accepted a 45.00 per share cash offer from Royal Dutch Shell Plc. ref http www.tsx.com en news events news releases 3 19 2007 TSX IndexNotice ... Royal Dutch Shell had appointed a British executive, and former Chairman of Shell in the UK, Clive Mather , as president and CEO of Shell Canada. As a consequence of the stock acquisition by Royal Dutch Shell, all Shell Canada executives holding stock options benefitted. Shell Canada announced on Mr ... investor annual reports aif.pdf Shell annual report ref making him one of the highest remunerated employees in Royal Dutch Shell . Management and employees Image shell7722.JPG thumb Shell station ... . In October 2008, Shell Canada Limited was named one of Canada s Top 100 Employers by Mediacorp Canada Inc., and was featured in Maclean s newsmagazine. Later that month, Shell Canada was also ... more details
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