the weeds from cotton near White Plains, Georgia White Plains , in Georgia, USA 1941 Sharecropping ... of crop per unit of land e.g., 1 T ha . Sharecropping has a long history and there are a wide range .... Sharia Islamic law contains a traditional musaqat sharecropping agreement ref Sources include ... of orchards . Overview Sharecropping has benefits and costs for both the owners and the croppers ... individual workers, large farms no longer benefit from economies of scale . On the whole, sharecropping was not as economically efficient as the gang agriculture of slave plantations. Sharecropping occurred ... labor that typified slavery. The solution was the sharecropping system focused on cotton, which ... ref Jeffery Paige made a distinction between centralised sharecropping found on cotton plantations and the decentralised sharecropping with other crops. The former is characterised by political conservatism ... labour as markets penetrate. Decentralised sharecropping involves virtually no role for the landlord ... . Although there is a perception that sharecropping was exploitative, Evidence from around the world suggests that sharecropping is often a way for differently endowed enterprises to pool resources ... in understanding the antecedents and functions of sharecropping in Africa. ref http www.ies.wisc.edu ltc live zimbabwe sym1b.pdf WISC.edu ref Sharecropping agreements can however be made ... The advantages of sharecropping in other situations include enabling access for women ref ... rights are vested only in men. Paige pointed out that sharecropping was economically inefficient ... sharecropping provided the freed slaves of the USA, Brazil and the late Roman Empire with land ... and Italy. Landlords opt for sharecropping to avoid the administrative costs and shirking that occurs ... lower rents than sharecroppers. ref Sharecropping and Sharecroppers, T J Byres ref Regions Africa In settler colonies of colonial Africa, sharecropping was a feature of the agricultural life. White ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Sharefarming is a system of farming in which sharefarmers make use of agricultural assets they do not own in return for some percentage of the profits. Sometimes the sharefarmer will receive a wage from the owner instead, although such a person is normally considered a tenant farmer or farm labourer. Two common implementations of the sharefarming concept are sharecropping and sharemilking , although it is applied to other sorts of agricultural assets. Sharefarming was common in colonial Africa, Scotland, and Ireland and came into wide use in the United States during the Reconstruction era of the United States Reconstruction era late 19th century . In Europe, especially France and Italy, a sharefarming system called Metayage System metayage was once commonly applied. While sharefarming can be seen as a form of oppression similar to Feudalism feudal serfdom and is in practice in many poor areas today, such as India, it is also common in highly developed countries. The latter case occurs where individual farmers prefer not to have complete responsibility for agricultural assets such as the land or livestock, and in such applications it is not considered exploitative. Citation needed date February 2007 Sharecropping Main Sharecropping Sharecropping is the most common application of the sharefarming principle. In practice, sharefarmers work land which they don t own in return for varying portions of the total profit. In many cases where it is practiced in very poor farming communities it is considered an exploitative model. Sharecropping began after the Civil War and ended between the 1930s and the 1940s because when machines came that could to farming more easily, landowners didn t need actual people working the fields. Sharemilking Main Sharemilking Sharemilking is the application of the sharefarming concept to the dairy industry. Sharemilkers tend to own their own cows but use facilities they do not own to actually milk th ... more details
Expand German Pecherei date September 2010 Image Gemmage1.JPG thumb Tapped pine in the Pays de Buch Resin extraction consists of incising the outer layers of a pine tree in order to collect the sap or resin . Summary Resin circulates throughout a Pinophyta coniferous tree, and serves to seal damage to the tree. Harvesting pine resin dates back to Gallo Roman culture Gallo Roman times in Gascony . Tapping pines may either be done so as to sustain the life of the tree, or exhaustively in the years before the tree is cut down. Traditional tapping In Gascony, and to a lesser extent in Provence , pine tapping was practiced as a form of sharecropping , although uncertain status of the workers sometimes led to labor disputes. See also Rosin Turpentine Category Forestry occupations conifer stub Link FA de de Pecherei fr Gemmage nl Harswinning pl ywicowanie ru uk ... more details
Image Olivier de Serres 1539 1619.jpg thumb 260px right Olivier de Serres Olivier de Serres 1539 &ndash 1619 was a French author and List of soil scientists soil scientist whose Th tre d Agriculture 1600 was the text book of French agriculture in the 17th century. ref Hugh Johnson, Vintage The Story of Wine pg 122. Simon and Schuster 1989 ref . Serres was born at Villeneuve de Berg , Ard che . His book was notable for its recommendation to wine growers that they plant 5 6 varieties in their vineyards to balance the risk of a crop failing, and the early advocating of crop rotation . Le th tre de l agriculture recommends M tayage Sharecropping as cash tenants took all the risks so would demand lower rent while hired labour was expensive to manage. Sharecroppers administer themselves and risks are divided with the landlord. Olivier only thought large landowners should take the risk of hiring labourers and running the estate themselves. ref The Economic Theory of Sharecropping in Early Modern France, Philip Hoffman, The Journal of Economic History 1984, page 312 ref Footnotes references DEFAULTSORT Serres, Olivier De Category Soil scientists Category French agronomists Category French gardeners Category 1539 births Category 1619 deaths Category People from Ard che agri stub france writer stub France scientist stub ca Olivier de Serres es Olivier de Serres fr Olivier de Serres it Olivier de Serres la Olivarius de Serres ... more details
The Southern Homestead Act of 1866 is a United States federal law enacted to break a cycle of debt during the Reconstruction era of the United States Reconstruction following the American Civil War . Prior to this act, African American black s and whites alike were having trouble buying land. Sharecropping and tenant farming had become ways of life. This act attempted to solve this by selling land at low prices so that southerners could buy it. Many people, however, could still not participate because the low prices were still too high. Passed on July 21, 1866, the Southern Homestead Act opened up 46 million acres 190,000 km of public land for sale in Convert 160 acre km2 sing on plots in the Southern states of Alabama , Arkansas , Florida , Louisiana , and Mississippi . The primary beneficiaries for the first six months were freedmen who were in desperate need of land to till. Before too much land was distributed, however, the law was repealed in June 1876. ref Paul W. Gates, Federal Land Policy in the South, 1866 1888, Journal of Southern History , 6 August 1940 , 310 315. ref See also Homestead Act Reflist DEFAULTSORT Southern Homestead Act Of 1867 Category 1866 in law Category United States federal public land legislation US fed statute stub ... more details
Sharemilking is a form of sharefarming applied to the dairy industry. The application of this model of farming is particularly common in New Zealand . Typically sharemilkers own their own cows, and will often take the herd with them when shifting between properties. The model is not exploitative, and over time, sharemilkers often slowly buy out the landholder, or alternatively use it as a method to save for their own property. ref cite web title A Review of Sharemilking 1972 1996 url http www.maf.govt.nz mafnet rural nz profitability and economics trends sharemilking review httoc.htm accessdate 2006 05 18 author Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, New Zealand ref This practice is useful for dairymen anywhere who do not wish the burdens of owning their own land, as it allows them to focus their investment in livestock and equipment. The sharemilking also provides income for former dairy farms that have given up their herds, by providing them with an income from rental of fields, pastures and barns. See also Sharecropping Sharefarming Dairy farming in New Zealand References Reflist Category Dairy farming Category Dairy farming in New Zealand ... more details
Orphan date December 2010 Globalize date December 2010 Crop share rent in contrast to economic rent is a proportion of the crop harvest yield to be paid by the tenant farmer to the land owner as compensation for occupying and exploiting the rented land. This arrangement puts the landlord, like the tenant operator, at risk from variation in yields and prices. For the farm operator, crop share rent is a mechanism for sharing risks with the landlord. In relation to commodity programs for supporting prices and farm incomes, cash rent landlords do not have a beneficial interest in the commodity and are not eligible payments. This is a private version of Community supported agriculture but subtly different to sharecropping as practiced in Southern states of America, which was somewhat similar to serfdom or indenture , since the tenant was bound to one particular master and could not offer his services to the most generous landowner References CRS article Report for Congress Agriculture A Glossary of Terms, Programs, and Laws, 2005 Edition url http ncseonline.org nle crsreports 05jun 97 905.pdf author Jasper Womach DEFAULTSORT Crop Share Rent Category United States Department of Agriculture ... more details
Arthur F. Raper 1899 1979 was an United States American sociologist . ref name encyclopedia http www.georgiaencyclopedia.org nge Article.jsp?id h 746 Georgia Encyclopedia biography ref ref name digital http dlg.galileo.usg.edu meta html nge ngen meta nge ngen h 746.html?Welcome Digital library of Georgia ref Biography Arthur Franklin Raper grew up in Davidson County, North Carolina and attended the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill . ref name encyclopedia He received an M.A. in Sociology from Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee . ref name encyclopedia In 1925, he started a PhD at Chapel Hill, under the direction of Howard W. Odum , and completed it in 1931. ref name encyclopedia ref name museum http museum.unc.edu exhibits segregation arthur f raper 1899 1979 University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill museum ref He is best known for his research on lynching, sharecropping, and rural development. In 1926, he worked for the Commission on Interracial Cooperation with Will W. Alexander in Atlanta, Georgia . ref name encyclopedia He later taught at Agnes Scott College in Decatur, Georgia . ref name encyclopedia In 1939, he resigned after a furor over taking his students to visit Tuskegee University . ref name encyclopedia He studied and wrote about sharecropping in Macon County, Georgia Macon County and Greene County, Georgia Greene County . ref name encyclopedia ref http www.georgiaencyclopedia.org nge ArticlePrintable.jsp?id h 3590 Georgia encyclopedia sharecropping ref He exposed sharecropping as exploitative. ref name encyclopedia ref name digital His papers are in the Southern Historical Collection at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill Library four of his books were reviewed by the New York Times the reviews can be found in their archives . Bibliography Preface to Peasantry University of North Carolina Press, 1936 The Tragedy of Lynching University of North Carolina Press, 1933 Sharecroppers All University of North Carolina Press, 194 ... more details
the livestock. Labour services could be seconded to slaves or retainers of the tenants. Sharecropping ... cultivation of at least five hectares of land ref name Kehoe, D 1988 Sharecropping forces the coloni ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Otheruses File New World Domesticated plants.JPG thumb right 280px Domesticated plants File Drying Crop in rural Punjabi home.JPG thumb right 280px Crops drying in a home in Punjab, India . A crop is a non animal species or variety botany variety that is grown to be harvest ed as food , livestock fodder , biofuel fuel or for any other economic purpose. Major world crops include maize corn , wheat , rice , soybean s, hay , potato es and cotton . While the term crop most commonly refers to plant s, it can also include species from other kingdom biology biological kingdoms . For example, mushroom s like shiitake , which are in the fungi kingdom, can be referred to as crops. In addition, certain species of algae are also cultivated , although it is also harvested from the wild. In contrast, animal species that are raised by human s are called livestock, except those that are kept as pet s. Microbial species, such as bacteria or virus es, are referred to as microbiological culture cultures . Microbes are not typically grown for food, but are rather used to alter food. For example, bacteria is used to fermentation food ferment milk to produce yogurt . See also Agriculture Break crop Bumper crop Cash crop Catch crop Cover crop Crop diversity Crop residue Crop rotation Crop weed Crop wild relative Crop lien system Energy crop Fiber crop Industrial crop Intercropping Multiple cropping Nurse crop Permanent crop Protein crop Sharecropping Underutilized crop Farming Category Crops Agri stub bg cs U itkov rostliny de Feldfrucht fr Moisson agriculture id Tanaman lt Kult riniai augalai ms Tanaman ja ko nl Gewas pl Plon ru simple Crop sk Plodina fi Viljelykasvi sv Gr da ta te th uk vi C y tr ng yi zh ... more details
Ch teau La Gaffeli re , previously Ch teau Gaffeli re Naudes , is a Bordeaux wine from the Saint milion Appellation d origine contr l e appellation , ranked among the Premiers grands crus class s B in the Classification of Saint milion wine . The winery is located west of Ch teau Pavie , just south of the town of Saint milion, within the commune of the same name. The ch teau also produces a second wine named Clos La Gaffeli re. History Founded on the ruins of a Gallo Roman villa named Le Palat , and later a 17th century leper colony , the estate was sharecropping land that came to the ownership of the Comte de Malet Roquefort. The word gaffet translates to leprosy leper . ref name wd lg Cite web last Kissack first Chris, thewinedoctor.com title Chateau La Gaffeliere url http www.thewinedoctor.com bordeaux gaffeliere.shtml ref Near the end of the 19th century, the original extensive estate was divided into what became Ch teau Canon la Gaffeli re , and the area then called Puygenestous Naudes, renamed Ch teau Gaffeli re Naudes. The name was simplified after 1963. ref name ALE cite book last Lichine first Alexis title Alexis Lichine s Encyclopedia of Wines and Spirits publisher Cassell & Company Ltd. date 1967 location London pages p.266 ref After three centuries, it still belongs to the Malet Roquefort family. ref name wd lg Production From 25 hectares the vineyard area extends 22 hectares, with a grape variety of 66 Merlot , and the remainder split between Cabernet Franc and Cabernet Sauvignon . ref name wd lg Chateau La Gaffeli re annually produces on average 10,000 cases of the Grand vin . References Reflist currently down External links http www.chateau la gaffeliere.com Ch teau La Gaffeli re official site fr icon DEFAULTSORT Gaffeliere, Chateau La Category Bordeaux wine producers fr Ch teau La Gaffeli re ... more details
infobox Book See Wikipedia WikiProject Novels or Wikipedia WikiProject Books name Blood on the Forge title orig translator image image caption author William Attaway cover artist country flag USA language English language English series genre Novel , Proletarian literature publisher Doubleday publisher Doubleday, Doran release date 1941 media type Print Hardcover Hardback pages 279 isbn oclc 5284808 preceded by Let Me Breathe Thunder followed by Blood on the Forge is a novel by the United States American writer William Attaway set in the steel valley of Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania during the 1920s. The novel tells the story of the Moss brothers, three African Americans who leave the sharecropping life of Kentucky for work in America s industrial heart the steel mills of Pittsburgh. As soon as they take a freight train heading north, they discover a new kind of poverty and exploitation. In a gray factory town in the Pittsburgh district, management in the mill divides workers first along ethnic lines, and then by race, thwarting the best efforts of them all. References cite book author Attaway, William title Blood on the Forge location New York publisher Doubleday, Doran year 1941 cite book author Demarest, David P. title From These Hills, From These Valleys Selected Fiction about Western Pennsylvania location Pittsburgh publisher University of Pittsburgh Press year 1976 id ISBN 0 8229 1123 X DEFAULTSORT Blood on the Forge Category 1941 novels Category American novels Category Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in fiction Category Culture of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 1940s novel stub ... more details
intromissing date April 2009 orphan date April 2009 Rosie Lee Tompkins 1936 2006 is the Pseudonym assumed name of a widely acclaimed Richmond, California quiltmaker. She was born Effie Mae Howard to a sharecropper sharecropping family in Arkansas . ref name obituary cite news url http www.washingtonpost.com wp dyn content article 2006 12 11 AR2006121100083.html accessdate 2009 08 14 title Rosie Lee Tompkins, 70 Quilter Dazzled, Mystified the Art World source Washington Post date 2006 12 11 work The Washington Post first Jocelyn Y. last Stewart ref Ms. Tompkins said she believed God directed her hand and her art. One of her more well known works, Three Sixes, involves three relatives whose birthdays include the number 6. ref name obituary . Tompkins quilts have been shown at the National Museum for Women in the Arts in Washington, DC and one image is available on their web site. Tompkins textile art works ... demolish the category ref Roberta Smith, Art Guide, The New York Times , Nov. 29, 2002 ref These quilts are works of such distinction and devotion that they supersede established art historical categories, forcing reviewers to retreat to that dumbfunded admiration that attracted us to art in the first place ref Alison Bing, Rosie Lee Tompkins at Anthony Meier Fine art Fine Arts . Artweek , November 2003, p.16 17 ref References reflist Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Tompkins, Rosie Lee ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Tompkins, Rosie Lee Category Quilters Category 1936 births Category 2006 deaths textile arts stub US artist stub ... more details
Jimmy Duck Holmes is a blues musician and proprietor of the Blue Front Cafe on the Mississippi Blues Trail . Early life He was born in 1947 to Carey and Mary Holmes, who were Sharecropping sharecroppers . ref name mississippi folk http www.arts.state.ms.us folklife artist.php?dirname holmes jimmy Jimmy Duck Holmes , Mississippi Folklife & Folk Artist Directory ref His parents opened the Blue Front Cafe the year after he was born. ref name mississippi folk They had ten children, but also raised four grandchildren when one of their daughters died. ref name mississippi folk Musical influences Jimmy Holmes was influenced by Jack Owens blues singer Jack Owens , who is part of the Bentonia School of blues musicians. ref name mississippi folk He was recorded by several people, including Alan Lomax during the 1970s, but didn t release his first album until 2006 on the Broke and Hungry label. ref name mississippi folk Albums Back to Bentonia , 2006 ref name mississippi folk Done Got Tired of Tryin , 2007 ref name mississippi folk References Reflist Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Holmes, Jimmy Duck ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Holmes, Jimmy Duck Category Delta blues musicians Category Country blues musicians Category African American musicians Category American blues singers Category American male singers Category American blues guitarists Category People from Bentonia, Mississippi Category 1947 births Category Living people US singer stub US guitarist stub ... more details
France were sharecropped. North of the Loire it was only common in Lorraine. ref Sharecropping and Sharecroppers ... . ref Land Tenure and Political Tendency in Rural France The Case of Sharecropping, S Sokoloff, European ... of Sharecropping in Early Modern France, Philip Hoffman, The Journal of Economic History 1984, page .... ref References and notes references 1911 See also Sharecropping Sharefarming Tenant farmer Category ... more details
Image Cotton Pickers , oil painting on panel by William Aiken Walker.jpg thumb right 400px Cotton Pickers , oil painting on panel by William Aiken Walker File Bombardment of Fort Sumter Charleston Harbor 1863.jpeg thumb right 400px Bombardment of Fort Sumter, Charleston Harbor, South Carolina, 1863 , oil painting on canvas, 1886, Gibbes Museum of Art William Aiken Walker March 11, 1839 January 3, 1921 is an American artist who was born to an Irish people Irish Protestant father and a mother of South Carolina background in Charleston, South Carolina in 1839. In 1842, when his father died, Walker s mother moved the family to Baltimore, Maryland , where they remained until returning to Charleston in 1848. In 1861, during the American Civil War , Walker enlisted in the Confederate States Army Confederate army and served under Wade Hampton III General Wade Hampton in the Hampton s Legion . He was wounded at the Battle of Seven Pines 1862 . After recuperating, he was transferred back to Charleston, where he was assigned picket duty, which gave him time to paint. For the next two years, he made maps and drawings of Charleston s defenses. He was separated from the military at the end of 1864. After the Civil War, Walker moved to Baltimore, where he produced small paintings of the Old South to sell as tourist souvenirs. He is best known for his paintings depicting the lives of poor black emancipated slaves, especially Sharecropping sharecroppers in the Redemption United States history post Reconstruction American South. Two of his paintings were reproduced by Currier and Ives as Chromolithography chromolithographs . Walker continued painting until his death on January 3, 1921 in Charleston, where he is buried in the family plot at Magnolia Cemetery. References Commons category William Aiken Walker Seibels, Cynthia, The Sunny South, The Life and Art of William Aiken Walker , Spartanburg, South Carolina, Saraland Press, 1995. Trovaioli, August P. and Roulhac B. Toledano, Willi ... more details
Agriculture in Cape Verde is an industry that has plenty of potential. Crops File SaltoFarm.jpg thumb Irrigated land in Salto, Cape Verde Salto , island of Fogo. The most widespread agricultural activity of the Cape Verde islands is gardening for domestic consumption. Garden crops include Maize corn , cassava , sweet potato es, and bananas . Only about 11.2 percent of the land area is suitable for crop production. Frequent droughts oft en exacerbate an ongoing water shortage. Agriculture employed about 21 of the active population and contributed 15 percent to GDP in 2003. Estimated 2004 production figures were sugarcane , 14,000 tons corn, 14,000 tons bananas, 6,000 tons coconut s, 5,000 tons mango es, 4,500 tons cassava, 3,000 tons and potatoes, 3,500 tons. Only the islands of S o Tiago , S o Vicente, Cape Verde S o Vicente , S o Nicolau, Cape Verde S o Nicolau , Fogo, Cape Verde Fogo and Santo Ant o, Cape Verde Santo Ant o have conditions suitable for raising cash crops. Bananas, almost the only agricultural export, are grown on irrigated land. On Fogo, wine and coffee are grown for export In 2008, 108 t of grapes where harvested on an area of more than 200 ha ref Pitt Reitmeier Cabo Verde , p.394. Bielefeld 2009. ref . In 2008, 21 t of coffee were harvested on Fogo after 35 t in 2006 and 45 t in 2007 ref Susanne Lipps Kapverdische Inseln , p. 262. Ostfildern 2009 ref . Sugarcane, another cash crop, is used on the islands to produce rum . Development Agriculture has been the focus of development aid programs since the 1960s, but progress has been frustrated by drought, locusts, overgrazing, and archaic cultivation methods. Approximately 85 90 percent of food needs are met by imports agricultural imports had a value of 112.8 million in 2004. Land reform The African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde PAIGC nationalized a few large scale irrigated agricultural operations and began a program of land reform and cooperative agriculture sharecropping was ... more details
essay date December 2010 POV check date December 2010 File Sunflower County Mississippi Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Sunflower Highlighted.svg thumb Sunflower County Mississippi There has been a long history of educational segregation in Sunflower County, Mississippi , especially the town of Drew, Mississippi Drew . Segregation File DrewTownSquare.jpg thumb Drew s Town Square African American s have faced tense political and social climates throughout history. The segregation in Drew exemplifies both aspects of racial struggles faced everyday. Sen. Eastland stated that Sunflower County was the worst county in the worst state concerning racial discrimination. sfn Moye 2004 pp 20 In 1960 approximately two thirds of the population in Sunflower County was black, and the average income African Americans in Sunflower County was lower than the federal poverty line. sfn Moye 2004 pp 24 Sharecropping was yet another strong factor in keeping African Americans in Sunflower County in poverty. sfn Myers Asch 2008 pp 257 Due to sharecropping, blacks had few options. The system of sharecropping caused a never ending cycle of having to repay their debts to the local store. Sharecropping caused the majority of blacks in Sunflower County were unable to rise above their means. The absence of an established African American middle class made civil rights organizing in Sunflower County more perilous than it might have been otherwise. sfn Moye 2004 pp 24 The corruption of the police force in the area did little to improve the racial tension. Two policemen, Good Rockin Floyd and Good Rockin Flemmins, were reported to have beaten black men. The two officers also tore out African American males goatees. Floyd and Flemmins also punched pregnant black women in their stomachs and would complete their harassment by telling them to leave town until the baby was born. The constant anguish of being tormented kept Sunflower black residents from being able to attempt to socialize or even si ... more details
The Gandhila sometimes pronounced as Gandhil and Gandola, are a Hindu caste found in North India . They have scheduled caste status in Haryana . ref People of India Hayana Volume XXIII edited by M.L Sharma and A.K Bhatia pages 166 to 170 Manohar ref ref People of India Uttar Pradesh Volume XLII Part Two edited by A Hasan & J C Das pages 498 to 500 Manohar Publications ref Origin According to the traditions of the community, they descend from a Rajput by the name of Sabal Singh. He was killed fighting in the forces of the Sultanate of Delhi , and his family were driven out by his enemies. They were then forced to take menial jobs, such as rearing donkeys. The word Gandhila is said to mean a donkey rearer. The Gandhila are found mainly in Ambala District , and speak Haryanvi . ref People of India Hayana Volume XXIII edited by M.L Sharma and A.K Bhatia pages 166 to 170 Manohar ref In Uttar Pradesh , the Gandhila are found mainly in Meerut District Meerut and Muzaffarnagar District Muzaffarnagar districts. They speak Hindi language Hindi with outsiders, but have their own dialect. ref People of India Uttar Pradesh Volume XLII Part Two edited by A Hasan & J C Das pages 498 to 500 Manohar Publications ref Present Circumstances The Gandhila are strictly endogamy endogamous , and prefer marrying close kin. They are Hindu s, but have no particular tribal deity. Their customs are similar to other Hindu s. The traditional occupation of the Gandhila is making brooms from palm leaves. However, a majority of the Gandhila are now day labourers, with many working in the construction industry. A small number have been given land as part of government schemes to settle the community. But these plots are extremely small, and most supplement their income by working as agricultural labourers. In Uttar Pradesh , they were victims of a system known as chautha , which is a form of sharecropping, where they have to hand over a fourth of their produce to the landowner. Most live in multi cas ... more details
to the principal agency version of sharecropping and agricultural contracts Stiglitz , 1974, ref cite journal title Incentives and Risk Sharing in Sharecropping journal The Review of Economic ... title Sharecropping journal Princeton, Woodrow Wilson School Discussion Paper year 1988 first Joseph ... more details
Program. ref name sharecropping Hyperlocavore.com is a free international service that matches ... sharing projects as well as garden sharing programs. ref name sharecropping SharingBackyards.com ... more details
economists. Citation needed date March 2009 According to Cheung, sharecropping is not necessarily ... and zero transaction costs Cheung, 1968 . ref cite journal title Private property rights and sharecropping ... 14 ref In the presence of transaction costs, sharecropping can be efficient by lowering the monitoring ... . This implication is revolutionary sharecropping was perceived as an inferior arrangement for years .... While referring to Cheung s brilliant, valiant attempt to prove that sharecropping does not matter ... more details
The crop lien system is a credit system that became widely used by farmers in the United States in the South US South from the 1860s to the 1920s After the American Civil War , farmers in the South had little cash. The crop lien system was a way for farmers to get credit before the planting season by borrowing against the value for anticipated harvests. Local merchants provided food and supplies all year long on credit when the cotton crop was harvested farmers turned it over to the merchant to pay back their loan. Sometimes there was cash left over when cotton prices were low, the crop did not cover the debt and the farmer started the next year in the red. The credit system was used by land owners, sharecroppers and tenant farmers . ref Thomas D. Clark, The Furnishing and Supply System in Southern Agriculture since 1865, Journal of Southern History , Vol. 12, No. 1 Feb., 1946 , pp. 24 44 http www.jstor.org stable 2197729 in JSTOR ref The merchants had to borrow the money to buy supplies, and in turn charged the farmer interest as well as a higher price for merchandise bought on such credit. The merchant insisted that more cotton or some other cash crop be grown nothing else paid well and thus came to dictate the crops that a farmer grew. When farmers suddenly left the area, the bills went unpaid and the merchant had to absorb the loss, as well as the risk that cotton prices would fall so the raw cotton he was given at harvest time was worth less than the amount he loaned during the year. In the early 20th century, because of automobiles, higher cotton prices and growing consumerism, city department stores gradually played a more important role than isolated country stores in Southern economic life. Women shopped in increasing numbers, paying with cash or in monthly installments. With the increasing importance of advertising, Southern economic life became more modernized. See Also Sharecropping , a related system of agriculture that also developed in the post war So ... more details
Benny Andrews November 13, 1930 November 10, 2006 was an United States American Painting painter , print maker, creator of collage s and educator. He was born November 13, 1930 in Plainview, Georgia and died November 10, 2006 in Brooklyn , New York. Andrews was an African American who was one of 10 children of sharecropping sharecroppers raised in the Southern United States while it was still Racial segregation segregated . He was the first in his family to graduate from high school. Andrews then went on to serve in the United States Air Force U.S. Air Force . Afterwards, the G.I. Bill G.I. Bill of Rights afforded him training at the Art Institute of Chicago The School School of the Art Institute of Chicago . His first New York solo show was in 1962. From 1968 to 1997, Andrews taught at Queens College, City University of New York and created a prison arts program that became a model for the nation. In 1969, Andrews co founded the Black Emergency Cultural Coalition BECC an organization that protested the Harlem on my Mind exhibit at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. They protested the fact that no African Americans were involved in organizing the show. The BECC then persuaded the Whitney museum to launch a similar exhibition of African American Artists, but later boycotted that show as well for similar reasons. ref http www.answers.com topic benny andrews Benny Andrews Biography and Much More from Answers.com Bot generated title ref In 2006, he traveled to the Gulf Coast to work on an art project with children displaced by Hurricane Katrina. ref http www.newyorktimes 2006 Benny Andrews, 75, Dies Painted Life in the South ref He was the director of visual arts for the National Endowment for the Arts from 1982 to 1984. In 1983 he was instrumental in helping form The National Arts Program, which today is the largest coordinated visual arts program in the nation s history. Benny Andrews was a Figure painting figural painter in the Expressionism expressionist st ... more details
Image Cornbread Red 2003.JPG thumb right Cornbread Red at the Derby City Classic, Louisville, Kentucky, January 2003 Cornbread Red , born Billy Burge December 12 1931 &ndash February 13 2004 , was an American pool player. ref http www.time.com time magazine article 0,9171,455824,00.html The New Cool of Pool , by Harriet Barovick, Time Magazine, June 2003. Retrieved June 17, 2007 ref Inducted into the One pocket Hall of Fame in 2004 and Legends of Bank Pool in 2005, Cornbread Red is revered as one of the most talented and entertaining characters in the history of American pool. ref http www.onepocket.org CornbreadHOFpage.htm Hall of Fame , Onepocket.org . Retrieved June 17, 2007. ref ref http freepoollessons.com Billy Cornbread Red Burge , by Jimmy Reid, FreePoolLessons.com . Retrieved June 17, 2007. ref Professional Days Red was born in Mayfield, Kentucky to a sharecropping family during the Great Depression, which is when he acquired a passion and talent for billiards. He learned the rules of the road from notorious hustlers, gamblers, con men, and world class pool champions. ref http www.ozonebilliards.com coredpogrmop.html From the Fields of Kentucky to the Lights of Las Vegas . Ozone Billiards . Retrieved June 17, 2007 ref Burge frequented The Rack, a popular pool room in Detroit, Michigan , ref Cornbread Red Pool s Greatest Money Player, authored by Bob Henning. Retrieved June 17, 2007 ref in an era when gambling was considered the norm in American pool. Though he never had a job, he devoted his life to pocket billiards. He was always looking for a game, and it didn t matter what game because he could play all games well. ref http www3.sympatico.ca bullit page12.htm Cornbread Red, A Living Legend , by Bob Checaloski. Retrieved June 17, 2007 ref Burge is an American legendary pool player. He is heralded as one of the greatest money players and proposition men of all time. When asked how much was the most money he ever played for, he said it was a race to 6 for U ... more details
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