No footnotes date April 2009 Core Shamanism is a system of shaman ic beliefs and practices synthesized by Michael Harner . Core shamanism does not hold a fixed belief system, but instead focuses on the practice of shamanic journeying and may on an individual basis integrate indigenous shamanism, the teachings of Carlos Castaneda and other spiritualities. Specific practices include the use of rapid drumming about 220 beats per minute to attain the Shamanic State of Consciousness , communication with power animals , and ritual dance . Those who practice core shamanism do not usually refer to themselves as shamans, preferring shamanic practitioner. They say this is out of respect for indigenous peoples, and that they are usually very careful to avoid cultural imperialism . Criticism Critics Daniel C. Noel and Robert J. Wallis see Harner s teachings as based on cultural appropriation and a misrepresentation of the various cultures he claims to have been inspired by reference The Soul of Shamanism Western Fantasies, Imaginal Realities . Critics believe Harner s work laid the foundations for massive exploitation of Indigenous cultures by plastic shaman s and other cultural appropriators reference The Soul of Shamanism Western Fantasies, Imaginal Realities , Shamans and Religion An Anthropological Exploration in Critical Thinking . However, recent work by Peter N. Jones questions this criticism, as his work shows that the term shamanism has been used by a wide number of individuals, groups, and cultures across time and can not be linked to a specific group, culture, or ethnic identity reference Shamans and Shamanism A Comprehensive Bibliography of the Terms Use in North America . References ..., NY 1980 Jones, Peter N. Shamans and Shamanism A Comprehensive Bibliography of the Terms Use in North ... Noel, Daniel C. Soul Of Shamanism Western Fantasies, Imaginal Realities , Continuum International Publishing ... about shamanism and shamanic practice Category Shamanism Category Neoshamanism newage stub et Tuum amanism ... more details
See Sami shamanism for shamanism in northern Scandinavia, which is technically in Europe, but culturally part of the Finno Ugric traditions of Northern Asia. Shamanism is a wide umbrella term for spiritual or ecstatic practices in pre modern societies in the absence of organized religion. In prehistoric Europe , reconstruction of prehistoric religion religious practices affords some evidence shamanism in this sense. In the organized religions of paganism in antiquity and by extension in pagan remnants in the folk belief s in Christian Europe during the 2nd millennium, there are also some elements which are associated with shamanism by some authors. huh date November 2011 The first historian to posit the existence of such shamanic ideas existing within popular religion popular beliefs of otherwise Christian Europeans was Carlo Ginzburg , who examined the Benandanti , an agrarian cult found in Friuli , Italy , whose members underwent shamanic trances in which they believed they battled witchcraft witches in order to save their crops. ref Ginzburg, Carlo 1983 . The Night Battles Witchcraft and Agrarian Cults in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries . Baltimore The Johns Hopkins University Press. ref ref Ginzburg, Carlo 1991 . Ecstasies Deciphering the Witches Sabbath . London Penguin. ref Historians following Ginzburg identified what they saw as shamanic elements in the accusations of the Witch trials in the Early Modern period Witch trials of the Early Modern period . These included Eva Pocs ref Pocs, Eva 1999 . Between the Living and the Dead . Budapest Central European University Press. ref and Emma Wilby . ref Wilby, Emma 2005 . Cunning Folk and Familiar Spirits Shamanistic .... ref ref Wilby, Emma 2010 . The Visions of Isabel Gowdie Magic, Witchcraft and Dark Shamanism in Seventeenth ... Press location Stroud, Gloucestershire isbn nopp ref Wil10 See also Sami shamanism Shamanistic remnants in Hungarian folklore Finnic mythology Prehistoric religion Category Shamanism Category Anthropology ... more details
Please do not remove or change this AfD message until the issue is settled Article for deletion dated page Urban shamanism timestamp 20111228025218 year 2011 month December day 28 substed yes For administrator use only Old AfD multi page Urban shamanism date 28 December 2011 result keep End of AfD message, feel free to edit beyond this point nofootnotes date December 2011 Original research date November 2008 Urban shamanism , also known as digital shamanism or digital psychedelia , is a school of thought born out of the convergence of technological change s, art movement s, and Eastern philosophies during the late 20th century. It parallels and is often associated with technopaganism . In practice, the digital psychedelic process is the fusion of the biological and technological to achieve profound Self knowledge psychology self knowledge . See also Cyberdelic References Religion in Japan Arrows to Heaven and Earth by Janet Goff. Japan Quarterly . Tokyo Jul Sep 1997.Vol.44, Iss. 3 pg. 105. Reviewing Religion in Japan , Cambridge University Press, 1996. Roberts, T. B. editor 2001 . Psychoactive Sacramentals Essays on Entheogens and Religion. San Francosco Council on Spiritual Practices. Roberts, T. B., and Hruby, P. J. 1995 2002 . Religion and Psychoactive Sacraments An Entheogen Chrestomathy. Online archive. http www.csp.org chrestomathy Roberts, T. B. Chemical Input Religious Output Entheogens. Chapter 10 in Where God and Science Meet Vol. 3 The Psychology of Religious Experience Robert McNamara editor 2006 . Westport, CT Praeger Greenwood. Category Psychedelia Category Neoshamanism pt Xamanismo urbano ... more details
The Mazatec Shamans are known for their ritual use of psilocybe mushrooms. Some shaman s on occasion use other plants, such as Salvia divinorum and morning glory seeds. Mar a Sabina was one of the best known of the Mazatec people Mazatec Shamans. There is little information concerning the Mazatec people generally before the arrival of the Spanish and less concerning their spiritual practices. Several researchers have commented on the difficulty in obtaining information, as the Mazatec shamans tend to be secretive and protective of their practices. External links http sagewisdom.org valdes83.html Ethnopharmacology of Ska Mar a Pastora http sagewisdom.org hofmann.html In Search of the Magic Plant Ska Maria Pastora in the Mazatec Country http sagewisdom.org earlysdhistory.html Early History of Salvia Divinorum Category Shamanism of the Americas Category Entheogens NorthAm native stub ... more details
Northern Asia , particularly Siberia is regarded as the locus classicus of shamanism . ref name locclass ... practices even in modern times. Many classical ethnographic sources of shamanism were recorded among ... This holds e. g. for Noaide shamanism among Sami groups . Although the Sami people Sami groups live ... Studies in Siberian shamanism and religions of the Uralic peoples url http haldjas.folklore.ee aado ... for a long time. They live in Europe, they practiced shamanism till cca the 18th century. ref name ... Finnic , Mari people Mari have only remnant elements of shamanism. ref name sampros Majority of Uralic ... parts of Ob River . ref name ancloc Hajd 1975 35 ref Samoyedic Among several Samoyedic peoples shamanism ... Southern Samoyedic languages nowadays. They live more to the south, shamanism was in decline also ... Nganasan The isolated location of Nganasan people enabled that shamanism was a living phenomenon ... Today Kamassian is regarded as extinct. The shamanism of Samoyedic peoples in the Sayan Mountains survived ... question here is this shamanism borrowed entirely from neighboring Turkic peoples, or does ..., that certainly, there are influences. Karagas shamanism is affected by Abakan Turkic and Buryats Buryat ... groups, keeping cattle and horses, show Khalkha Mongolian phenomena in their shamanism, ref Di szegi 1960 226 ref the shamanism of Western Soyots, living on the steppe, is similar to that of Altai Turkic ..., mountain inhabiting Soyots. have many similarities in their culture ref Di szegi 1960 242 ref and shamanism ... Proto Uralic area to the Pannonian Basin , thus they have they left Siberia. Shamanism is no more a widespread ... memories of shamanism, but its practice remained only in fragments by in 1930s among Khanty people ... Shamanism and Northern Ecology, III.htm Ugric shamanism is largely Khanty. Ket Image Ket shaman ... Alekseyenko. ref Hopp l 2005 170 171 ref Shamanism was a living practice in the 1930s yet, but by the 1960s almost no authentic shaman could be found. Ket shamanism shared features with those of Turkic ... more details
mr Mu Korean shamanism , today known as Muism Mugyo , religion of the Mu ref Chang Soo kyung, Kim Tae gon. Korean Shamanism Muism . Jimoondang, 1998. ref ref Choi Joon sik. http books.google.it books?id rPuzF qnxAMC&pg PA15&lpg PA15&dq korean shamanism mugyo&source bl&ots 2dqYkaA3ii&sig NLZPudBLra3k ... books?id QIDfdgYZtwsC&pg PA23&lpg PA23&dq korea shamanism singyo&source bl&ots 0TTWxFaNuo ... 7&ved 0CEQQ6AEwBg v onepage&q korea 20shamanism 20singyo&f false Shamanism A Concise Introduction ... books.google.it books?id 963cjw7JtzcC&pg PA195&lpg PA195&dq korean shamanism revival&source bl&ots ... result&resnum 3&ved 0CDAQ6AEwAg v onepage&q korean 20shamanism 20revival&f false Korean Shamanism ... 2007 07 07 world asia 07korea.html Shamanism Enjoys Revival in Techno Savvy South Korea . The New ... nytimes.com ref http www.docstoc.com docs 43016593 Origins and Implications of Korean Shamanism Origins and Implications of Korean Shamanism ref In North Korea roughly 16 of the population is Muist ... 37 archivedate October 13, 2007 ref Korean shamanism is distinguished by its seeking to solve ... Yuta yuta found on the Ryukyu Islands , in Japan . Jeju Island is also a center of Korean Shamanism ... is probably the oldest form of Korean religious life, dating back to prehistoric times. Shamanism ... of the spiritual needs of urban people. Place in society Many scholars regard Korean shamanism ... has discouraged belief in shamanism as superstition and for many years minimized its persistence in Korean ... on to future generations. The future of shamanism itself was uncertain in the late 1980s. Observers ... title Dancing on Knives An Introduction to the Politics of Sexuality and Gender in Korean Shamanism ... topics Religion in Korea Commons category Shamanism of Korea Notes reflist 2 References Cite book last Kim first Tae kon title Korean Shamanism Muism publisher Jimoondang Publishing Company year 1998 ... citations loc External links http www.erenlai.com index.php?aid 1669&lan 3 Korean Shamanism ... more details
Ayyavazhi Shamanism is in practice in Ayyavazhi right from the period of Vaikundar . At present certain people who are considered to be posed by the divine power use to perform shamanism in many Worship centers of Ayyavazhi Ayyavazhi worship centers . Though a whole acceptance from the followers in not there for this practise, several followers accept this. They claim that this practise was based on quotes on scriptures such as to convey certain messages to the ordinary folk. Some also believe that through the words of these possessed persons one could be able to know what God tells about him or herself or their activities. As part of shamanic practice, they exhort the people on various matters, practiced divination Kanakku to discern the causes of sickness and misfortunes, and foretold future happenings . Some London Missionary Society LMS reports attest to the prevalence of shamans and shamanistic practices in centres of Ayyavazhi. This is now in practice in some worship centres. The Akilattirattu Ammanai seems to have recognizes shamanic acts of worship. A quote in Arul Nool reads, For imparting knowledge and making things clear, I kept those who practice divination in the temples. Though shamanism was practised in Ayyavazhi, it was accepted by the scriptures only as an ignorant way of worship beginning stage in worship or the initial way to teach a beginner the metaphysics. Desika Vinayaham Pillai , the popular poet from Travancore , in his book Mammakkal Vali Manmiyam , alludes to the existence of practice of such kanakku at Ayyavazhi centres of worship. Mudisoodum Perumal as a Shaman Apart from the belief on Ayyavazhi Trinity the triune power within Vaikundar, some people also believe that Mudisoodum Perumal is carried within Vaikundar after the incarnation of Vaikundar ... that surrounded the gathering of the followers of Vaikundar. Criticism over Shamanism This shamanic ... of view the supporters of shamanism give different synonymous outputs for the quotes and strengthen ... more details
that have unusual land forms different from the surrounding countryside. S mi shamanism considers these spiritual ... Sami Shamanism Category Sami Category Sami mythology da Samisk religion de Samische Mythologie fr ... more details
Summary Non free use rationale Article C. Michael Smith Description Cover of Jung and Shamanism in Dialogue Source Paulist Press, New York Portion Low resolution Purpose For the C. Michael Smith Article Replaceability other information Licensing Non free book cover ... more details
Shamanism in various cultures shows great diversity. ref name div Hopp l 2005 15 ref In some cultures, the Shamanic music music related to shamanistic beliefs or practice may Sound mimesis in various cultures intentionally mimic natural sounds , sometimes with onomatopoiea . ref name onom http dasa.baua.de nn 35984 sid 2C8A99B3F31A58C62BBE3312986DC568 nsc true de Presse Pressematerialien Sonderausstellung 20Macht 20Musik Schamanen Musik.pdf Hopp l 2006 143 ref Of course, in several cultures, imitation of natural sounds may serve other functions, not necessarily related to shamanism practical goals as luring in the hunt ref name natt Nattiez 5 ref entertainment katajjaq s of Inuit . ref name natt Nattiez 5 ref ref name desch http www.mustrad.org.uk articles inuit.htm Desch nes 2002 ref Localities Sami This holds e. g. for Noaide shamanism among Sami groups . Some of their shamanistic beliefs and practice shared important features with Shamanism in Siberia those of some Siberian cultures . ref name samsib Voigt 1966 296 ref Some of their yoik s were sung on shamanistic rites, ref name shamyoik Szomjas Schiffert 1996 56, 76 ref this memory is conserved also in a folklore text a shaman story . ref name swap Voigt 1966 145 ref Recently, yoiks are sung in two different styles, one of these are sung only by young people. But the traditional one may be the other, the mumbling style, resembling to magic spells. ref name spell Szomjas Schiffert 1996 64 ref Several surprising characteristics of yoiks can be explained by comparing the music Ideal ethics ideal s, as observed in yoiks and contrasted ... superhuman sound. ref name yoikbel Szomjas Schiffert 1996 74 ref Siberia Shamanism in Siberia is far ... Studies in Siberian shamanism and religions of the Finno Ugric peoples url http haldjas.folklore.ee ...&lpg PP1&pg PA24 pages 23 24 title Shamanism. An Introduction publisher Routledge year 2002 Category Shamanism Category Semiotics Category Onomatopoeia Shamanism Category Sound production Category ... more details
, but only for the purpose of making offerings. Among the past tie Aleuts were both shamans and shamanism ... spreading, shamans lost credibility. Among the last attempts to keep shamanism alive is said to have ... an of the Koyukuk and Kedzaludia of the Kokrines Tanana Mission group. Shamanism is one aspect of Athabascan ... of shamanism. Missionaries came along with the fur trade to the Haida villages and taught the Haida ... Alaskan shore in the 18th century where small congregations are still active. Tlingit Shamanism has ... Shamanism among Eskimo peoples Shamanism Aleuts Athabascan Tlingit Haida Category Alaska Native people Category Shamanism of the Americas ... more details
Shamanism among Eskimo peoples refers to those aspects of the various Eskimo cultures that are related to the Shamanism shamans role as a Shamanism Mediator mediator between people and spirits, souls ... Connection to shamanism The term shamanism has been used for various distinct cultures. Classically, some indigenous cultures of Siberia were described as having Shamanism in Siberia shamans , but the term ... accept that certain people shamans can act as Shamanism Mediator mediators with the spirit world, ref ... Menov ikov 1968 442 ref ref 54 1954 203 19 ref Shamanism among the Eskimo peoples exhibits some characteristic features not universal in shamanism, such as soul dualism a dualistic or pluralistic ... 1961 206 ref Eskimo cultures are not alike, neither are their soul concepts. Shamanism In some ... and Northern Canada including Labrador Peninsula to Greenland . Important examples of Shamanism shamanistic ... linked to shamanism tattoo ing ref name Kut Tat http www.vanishingtattoo.com arctic tattoos.htm ... and Function in Primitive Society. Glencoe The Free Press. ref Shamanism in various Eskimo groups ... ref Compared to the variants found among Eskimo groups of America, shamanism among Siberian Yupiks ... conducted fieldwork among them in the 1950s, by which time shamanism was already extinct. As among other ... appreciation of the ancient age of their settlement Sireniki. ref name VES At one time, shamanism ... shamanistic features. ref 64 1964 161, sentence 128 ref See also Noaide Shamanism in Siberia Masks among Eskimo peoples Inuit mythology Shamanism among Alaska Natives Notes reflist ... Shamanism . cite book last Fienup Riordan first Ann authorlink Ann Fienup Riordan title Boundaries ... The belief system of Uralic peoples and the shamanism . cite book last Hopp l first Mih ly title S m nok ... Shamanism and Initiation among the Inuit year 1985 publisher Almqvist & Wiksell location Stockholm isbn ... Becoming Half Hidden Shamanism and Initiation among the Inuit year 1985c publisher Almqvist & Wiksell ... more details
Merge from Shamanism Americas date November 2010 Refimprove date August 2009 See Native American mythology Native American religion The numerous indigenous peoples of the Americas held manifold beliefs in magical thinking magic , in western ethnology sometimes described as shamanism , Magic paranormal sorcery or witchcraft . dubious date November 2010 North America merge Medicine man date November 2010 Image White indian conjuror.jpg thumb 250px A conjuror in a 1590 engraving Navajo people Navajo medicine men, known as Navajo people Healing and spiritual practices Hata ii , use several methods to diagnose the patient s ailments. These may include using special tools such as crystal rocks, and abilities such as hand trembling and trances, sometimes accompanied by chanting. South America Among the Mapuche people of South America , the community shaman , usually a woman, is known as the Machi Shaman Machi , and serves the community by performing ceremonies to cure diseases, ward off evil, influence the weather and harvest, and by practicing other forms of healing such as herbalism. In the Peruvian Amazon Basin and north coastal regions of the country, the healer shamans are known as curandero s. In addition to Peru vian shaman s curanderos use of Rattle percussion rattle s, and their ritualized ingestion of mescaline bearing San Pedro cactus es Trichocereus pachanoi for the Mysticism divinization and diagnosis of Magic paranormal sorcery , north coastal shamans are famous throughout the region for their intricately complex and symbolically dense healing altar s called mesas tables ... and experience of north coastal shamanism. ref Joralemen, D and D Sharon 1993 Sorcery and Shamanism ... energies Dean 1998 61 . ref Dean, Bartholomew 1998 Review of Sorcery and Shamanism Curanderos and Clients ..., Vol. 29 No. 4, July 1999. ref . The rich symbolism behind Tukano people Tukano shamanism has been ... Shamanism Americas DEFAULTSORT Shamanism Among The Indigenous Peoples Of The Americas Category Shamanism ... more details
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Shaman s Drum Journal , a periodical devoted to experiential shamanism , is edited by Timothy White and published by the Cross Cultural Shamanism Network a nonprofit educational organization . The mission of the magazine is to encourage and support the practice of shamanism from an experiential perspective of shamans and other practitioners. In order to consolidate contemporary and ancient shamanic methodologies, Shaman s Drum regularly examines traditional, non traditional and contemporary forms of shamanism and methodology ranging from Siberian ecstatic seance s and Tibet an trance oracle s to Amazonian ayahuasca ritual s and Native Americans in the United States Native American healing ceremonies. The journal takes the view that shamanism is a universal human phenomenon , or complex of phenomena , that ultimately transcend s culture or tradition . In 2011 its website announced that printed distribution was ceasing and that there were plans to continue via the Shaman s Drum Foundation, an on line publication with associated electronic archives. External links http shamansdrum.org Shaman s Drum Journal http www.shamansdrumfoundation.org Shaman s Drum Foundation Category Shamanism reli mag stub ... more details
Radien pardne or Raediengiedte was the son of Radien attje and Raedieahkka in the Sami shamanism Sami mythology . ref http www.tjatsi.fo ?side 491b24523f05ea96689d93e856f99618 www.tjatsi.fo ref References reflist Category Sami mythology Myth stub ... more details
Spirit animal may refer to Spirit Animal album , an album by the band Zombi band Zombi The totem ic animal thought in some New Age beliefs to act as a person s helper Power animal , a Shamanism shamanic concept Spirit guide , a Spiritualism spiritualist concept disambig ... more details
Other uses Unreferenced auto yes date December 2009 In Turkish folklore Turkic shamanism , the god of thunder . Also called Kvara . He was held in particular reverence by the early Bulgars . Category Altaic deities Category Thunder gods Category Turkic mythology Category European mythology Euro myth stub ... more details
Neopaganism2 Neoshamanism is a term signaling a new form or a revival of an old form of shamanism , a system ... to York 2001 one difference between neoshamanism and traditional shamanism is the role of fear. ref http www.erm.ee ?node 190 Shaman on the Stage Shamanism and Northern Identity by Tatyana Bulgakova .... In traditional shamanism, the shaman s initiation is an ordeal involving pain, hardship and terror ... . See also Core Shamanism Neopaganism Michael Harner Carlos Castaneda Noble savage Sacred Hoop ... if it s specifically about core shamanism or shamanism in traditional cultures. No adverts div class references small style moz column count 2 column count 2 Kira Salak, Hell and Back Ayahuasca Shamanism ... Shamanism u for National Geographic Adventure Joseph Campbell, The Masks of God Primitive Mythology ... Books , 2008. ISBN 978 1846941214 Thomas Dale Cowan, Shamanism As a Spiritual Practice for Daily Life .... 63, No. 5, Part 1. Oct., 1961 , pp. 1088 1090. Mircea Eliade, Shamanism Archaic Techniques .... 1980, new edition, HarperSanFrancisco, 1990, ISBN 0 06 250373 1 Graham Harvey, ed. Shamanism A Reader ... Of Shamanism Western Fantasies, Imaginal Realities. Continuum, 1997. ISBN 0 8264 1081 2 ke Ohlmarks ... Baird, 2001. ISBN 1 903296 18 8 Michael Winkelman, 2000 Shamanism The Neural Ecology of Consciousness and Healing . Westport, CT Bergin & Garvey. Andrei Znamenski, ed. Shamanism Critical Concepts , 3 vols. London Routledge, 2004. ISBN 0 415 31192 6 Andrei Znamenski, Shamanism in Siberia Russian Records ... Znamenski, The Beauty of the Primitive Shamanism and Western Imagination. Oxford and New York Oxford ... on the subject of shamanism http www.sacredhoop.org link External links External links date December ... emergence of shamanism into modern, western culture http www.krupar.com index.php?file www en ... Beauty.htm Andrei Znamenski, Cultural History of Shamanism in the West in English, German and Russian ... Winds Society Alberto Villoldo s school rooted in Peruvian shamanism and wisdom teachings http www.icss.org ... more details
Breaking Open the Head A Psychedelic Journey into the Heart of Contemporary Shamanism is a book written by author and journalist Daniel Pinchbeck , founding editor of the literary journal Open City . Published in 2002, Breaking Open the Head covers, in Pinchbeck s words, the cultural history of psychedelics psychedelic use, philosophical and critical perspectives on shamanism , and his personal transformation from a cynical New York litterateur to psychedelic acolyte. Pinchbeck details his initiation with the Bwiti and their use of iboga . The account remains personal with Pinchbeck crediting the experience with an insight into his reliance on alcohol. References Daniel Pinchbeck, Breaking Open the Head A Psychedelic Journey into the Heart of Contemporary Shamanism, Broadway Books, 2002, trade paperback, 322 pages, ISBN 0 7679 0742 6 See also Dimethyltryptamine Ibogaine Psilocybin External links http www.breakingopenthehead.com Official site complements book and offers public discussion forums. Category Entheogens Category 2002 books Category Books about spirituality Category Shamanism Category Psychedelic literature Category Iboga Category Ayahuasca hallucinogen stub reli book stub ... more details
History of magic may refer to Magic illusion History Magic illusion Magic paranormal Magic in the Greco Roman world Renaissance magic See also Magic and religion European witchcraft Christian views on magic Shamanism History of religion disambig ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Quesalid was a First Nations shaman who lived on Vancouver Island , Canada . He wrote an autobiography in Kwak wala, the Kwakiutl language , discovered by Franz Boas and well known by anthropologist s, in which he recounted his experiences as a shaman from an authentic view. Quesalid started to be interested in shamanism because he was suspicious that shamanism was not true. Then, he entered a shamanism school , and learned how to play the role. But he continued, became a well known shaman, and continued to report his experience. A summary of his autobiography indicates that he moved from a sceptical position to a social view of shamanism that shamanic work is psychology, and about the faith of the sick people, and the faith of the community. Sources L vi Strauss , Claude, Le Sorcier et sa magie, 1949, in Anthropologie structurale , Paris, 1958. Chap. IX Le Sorcier et sa Magie. http www.carishina.com webnewarticles chamanisme.html Category First Nations writers Category History of British Columbia Category Kwakwaka wakw people NorthAm native stub BritishColumbia stub pt Quesalid tr Quesalid ... more details
Kuara may refer to Kuara , the god of thunder in Turkic Shamanism also known as Kvara Kuara Sumer , an ancient Sumerian city on the mouth of the Euphrates River, located in modern day Iraq Kuara West Bengal , a village in West Bengal disambig ... more details
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