Y linked Main Y linkage Various failures in the SRY genes Sex linked traits in other animals Calico ...about the principle of sex linked inheritance description of hybrid chickens with sexually differentiated hatchling color Sex Link File Sex linked inheritance.svg thumb 350px Experimental cross performed by Thomas Hunt Morgan Morgan , illustrating the X linked inheritance of white eyed mutation in Drosophila fruit flies ref Thomas Hunt Morgan 1919 , The physical basis of heredity. Philadelphia J.B. Lippincott Company . ref Sexlinkage is the phenotype phenotypic expression of an allele related to the chromosomal sex of the individual. This mode of inheritance is in contrast to the inheritance of traits on autosome autosomal chromosomes, where both sexes have the same probability of expressing the trait. Since humans have many more genes on the X than the Y, there are many more X linked traits than Y linked traits. In mammal s, the female is the homozygous sex, with two X chromosome s XX , while the male is heterozygous, with one X and one Y chromosome XY . Genes on the X or Y chromosome are called sex linked genes. In birds, the opposite is true the male is the homozygous sex, having two ZW sex determination system Z chromosomes ZZ , and the female hen is heterozygous, having one Z and one W chromosome ZW . Linkage overview X linked recessive traits are expressed in all heterogametics, but are only expressed in those homogametics that are Zygosity Homozygous homozygous for the recessive allele. For example, an X linked recessive allele in humans causes hemophilia . Hemophilia is much more common in males than females because males are Zygosity Hemizygous hemizygous they only have one copy of the gene in question and therefore express the trait when they inherit one mutant ... to test if a trait is sex linked. align center style border 1px solid border gray background color ... melanogaster flies&mdash the first sex linked gene ever discovered References reflist X ... more details
Wiktionary Linkage generally means the manner or style of being united , and can refer to Genetic linkage , the tendency of certain genes to be inherited together Linkage mechanical , a series of rigid links connected with joints to form a closed chain Linkage policy , a Cold War policy of the United States of America towards the Soviet Union and Communist China Linkage linguistics , a group of undoubtedly related languages Linkage software , a concept in computer programming describing how names can or can not refer to the same entity throughout a program Linkage album , the third album by J pop singer Mami Kawada, released in 2010 Linkage organization , global leadership development company See also hyperlink disambig he ... more details
unreferenced date April 2009 In mammals, Y linkage refers to when a phenotypic trait is determined by an allele or gene on the Y chromosome . It is also known as holandric inheritance. The Y chromosome is small and does not contain many genes, therefore few traits are Y linked, and Y linked diseases are rare. As only males have a Y chromosome, the genes are simply passed from father to son, with no interchromosomal genetic recombination . An example in humans of a y linked trait may be hairy ears it may also be sex limited . ref http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov entrez dispomim.cgi?id 425500 Online Mendelian Inheritance of Man , HAIRY EARS, Y LINKED, although see http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov entrez dispomim.cgi?id 139500 HAIRY EARS . ref See also Genetic linkageSexlinkage External links http www.wrongdiagnosis.com genetics ygene.htm Y linked Genetic Diseases at wrongdiagnosis.com References references genetics stub Category Genetics ... more details
Image Sarrus linkage anim 360x400.gif 180px thumb A Sarrus linkage. Click image to see animation. The Sarrus linkage , invented in 1853 by Pierre Fr d ric Sarrus , is a Linkage mechanical mechanical linkage to convert a limited circular motion to a linear motion without reference guideways. The linkage uses two perpendicular hinged rectangular plates positioned parallel over each other. The Sarrus linkage is of a three dimensional class sometimes known as a space crank , unlike the Peaucellier Lipkin linkage which is a planar mechanism. Although Charles Nicolas Peaucellier was recognized for being the first to invent such a Parallel motion straight line mechanism , the Sarrus linkage was invented earlier it went however largely unnoticed. ref http pergatory.mit.edu 2.007 contests 2000 sojourner lectures Lecture02 Lecture02 supplement.html pergatory.mit.edu Sarrus mechanism ref See also Four bar linkage Chebyshev linkage Watt s linkage References Reflist External links http robotics.eecs.berkeley.edu ronf DESKTOP prototyping linkages.html sarrus robotics.eecs.berkeley.edu Sarrus linkage http blog.makerbot.com 2009 12 12 beautiful makerbot printable sarrus linkage A Makerbot Printable Sarrus Linkage a design for RepRap Project RepRap technology stub Category Linkages ca Mecanisme de Sarrus es Mecanismo de Sarrus ru ... more details
Image Hoekens linkage animated.gif right Hoekens linkage The Hoekens linkage is a four bar mechanism that converts rotational motion to approximate straight line motion . The Hoekens linkage is a cognate linkage of the Chebyshev linkage . See also Straight line mechanism Peaucellier Lipkin linkage Chebyshev linkage Four bar linkage External links http www.designofmachinery.com DOM Chap 03 3ed p134.pdf Hoekens approximate straight line mechanism http flash.lakeheadu.ca kliu hoekens.jpg Hoekens straight line linkage http www.youtube.com watch?v AkI1nrq9mMQ Video of computer simulation of Tchebychev walking machine . http www.alexdenouden.nl artikelen2 vierstangen.htm alexdenouden.nl Rectilinear motion after Tchebychev http mw.concord.org modeler1.3 mirror mechanics peaucellier.html A simulation using the Molecular Workbench software Category Linkages technology stub ru ... more details
Record linkage RL s also known as deduplication s , refers to the task of finding entries that refer ... linkage is an appropriate technique when you have to Join SQL join data sets that do not already ... Data . Record linkage is a useful tool when performing data mining tasks, where the data originated ... in the data. In mathematical graph theory , record linkage can be seen as a technique of resolving bipartite graph s. Naming conventions Record linkage is the term used by statisticians, epidemiologists ... biomedical record linkage Manual, release 0.3 p.9 ref ref cite journal first Ahmed last Elmagarmid ... accessdate 2009 03 30 doi 10.1109 TKDE.2007.9 ref Methods There are several approaches to record linkage ... approach has been Probabilistic Record Linkage PRL . In this approach, a large set of pairs of records ..., a variety of machine learning techniques have been used in record linkage. It has been recognized that Probabilistic Record Linkage is equivalent to the Naive Bayes algorithm in the field of machine ... can be achieved, resulting in higher accuracy in any record linkage technique. Record linkage typically .... ref cite journal first Halbert L. last Dunn authorlink Halbert L. Dunn title Record Linkage journal ... linkage theory. In 1969, Ivan Fellegi and Alan Sunter formalized these ideas and proved that the probabilistic ... independent. Their pioneering work A Theory For Record Linkage ref cite journal first Ivan last Fellegi authorlink Ivan Fellegi coauthors Sunter, Alan title A Theory for Record Linkage journal ... today, the mathematical tool for many record linkage applications. Since the late 1990s, various ... attributes have not resulted in an improvement in record linkage quality. Fact date May 2007 ... math K math is a subscript for the characteristics sex, age, marital status, etc. in the files. The conditional ... research Record linkage is important to social history research since most data sets, such as census ... of checking the data against other sources. Record Linkage was among the most prominent themes ... more details
The Jansen s linkage is a planar mechanism designed by the kinetic sculpture kinetic sculptor Theo Jansen to simulate a smooth walking motion. Jansen has used his mechanism in a variety of kinetic sculptures which are known as Strandbeests. Although technically the jansen s linkage is not an established mechanical linkage, it bears artistic and mechanical merit for its ingenious simulation of walking legs from a simple rotary motion. Illustrations Empty section date November 2010 See also http www.mechanicalspider.com comparison.html http www.mechanisms101.com theo jansen.html Category Walking ... more details
Image Chebyshev linkage.gif right 180px Chebyshev linkage The Chebyshev linkage is a linkage mechanical mechanical linkage that converts rotational motion to approximate straight line motion . It was invented by the 19th century mathematician Pafnuty Chebyshev who studied theoretical problems in kinematic mechanisms. One of the problems was the construction of a linkage that converts a rotary motion into an approximate straight line motion. This was also studied by James Watt in his improvements to the steam engine . ref http kmoddl.library.cornell.edu model.php?m 140 Cornell university Cross link straight line mechanism ref The straight line linkage confines the point P the midpoint on the link L sub 3 sub on a straight line at the two extremes and at the center of travel. L sub 1 sub , L sub 2 sub , L sub 3 sub , and L sub 4 sub are as shown in the illustration. Between those points, point P deviates slightly from a perfect straight line. The proportions between the links are math L 1 L 2 L 3 2 2.5 1 4 5 2. , math Point P is in the middle of L sub 3 sub . This relationship assures that the link L sub 3 sub lies vertically when it is at the extremes of its travel. ref http www.brockeng.com mechanism Tchebicheff.htm Brock institute for advanced studies Tchebicheff s linkage ref The lengths are related mathematically as follows math L 4 L 3 sqrt L 2 2 L 1 2 . , math See also Watt s linkage , a similar straight line mechanism with the direction of one of the arms reversed. Straight line mechanism Hoekens linkage Peaucellier Lipkin linkage Four bar linkage References Reflist External links http historical.library.cornell.edu cgi bin cul.math docviewer?did Kemp009&view 50&frames 0&seq 21 Cornell university, How to draw a straight line, by A.B. Kempe, B.A. http mw.concord.org modeler1.3 mirror mechanics peaucellier.html A simulation using the Molecular Workbench software Category Linkages technology stub fr Cheval de Tchebychev ru uk ... more details
In programming languages, particularly C , linkage describes how names can or can not refer to the same entity throughout the whole program or one single Translation unit programming translation unit . The code static code keyword is used in C to restrict the visibility of a function or variable to its translation unit. This is also valid in C , although C deprecates this usage in favor of anonymous namespace s which are not available in C . Also, C implicitly treats any code const code namespace scope variable as having internal linkage unless it is explicitly declared code extern code , unlike C. A name s linkage is related to, but distinct from, its scope programming scope . The scope of a name is the part of a translation unit where it is visible. For instance, a name with global scope which is the same as file scope in C and the same as the global namespace scope in C is visible in any part of the file. Its scope will end at the end of the translation unit, whether or not that name has been given external or internal linkage. If the name has external linkage, the entity that name ... given internal linkage, such a declaration would denote a distinct entity, although using the same .... A name that has no linkage at all cannot be referred to from declarations in different scopes, not even ... linkage and C and between this simplified overview. Linkage between languages must be done with some ... uses code extern C code to link C and C code. Linkage in C Definition of linkage quoted from ISO IEC ... to formalize linkage blockquote An identifier declared in different scopes or in the same scope more than once can be made to refer to the same object or function by a process called linkage. ref ... application pdf, 3788603 bytes ref blockquote The following is a common example of linkage source lang ... files, with its function body defined in demo2.c. Via linkage, code foo code called in code main code inside demo1.c refers to code foo code in demo2.c. This is an example of external linkage for a function ... more details
Orphan date December 2008 Refimprove August 2010 date August 2010 An acylglyceride linkage is the covalent bond between the organic acid groups such as fatty acid and one of the three hydroxyl groups of glycerol . ref Moore, Randy, et al. 1998 Botany. 2nd Ed. New York WCB McGraw Hill. ISBN 978 0 697 28623 9 ref References references DEFAULTSORT Acylglyceride Linkage Category Chemical bonding biochem stub ... more details
Infobox album Name Linkage Cover Linkage le .jpg Caption CD DVD edition Type Studio album Artist Mami Kawada Released March 24, 2010 Genre J pop , Electronica , Trance music Trance Length 58 10 Label Geneon Producer I ve Sound Reviews Last album Savia album Savia br 2008 This album Linkage br 2010 Misc Extra album cover Upper caption Alternative cover Cover Linkage re .png Lower caption CD only Edition Type album Linkage styled as LINKAGE is the third album by J pop singer Mami Kawada . It was released on March 24, 2010 under Geneon Universal Entertainment . This album contains thirteen tracks which includes her singles PSI Missing , Masterpiece Mami Kawada song Masterpiece and Prophecy Mami Kawada song Prophecy . This album also contains the ending theme for the original video animation anime series Shakugan no Shana Shakugan no Shana S entitled All In Good Time and a cover song of The Cranberries hit song entitled Dreams The Cranberries song Dreams . This album came in a limited CD DVD edition GNCV 1017 ref name cdjapan cite web title nowiki Linkage Mami Kawada w DVD, Limited Edition nowiki url http www.cdjapan.co.jp detailview.html?KEY GNCV 1017 accessdate 2010 03 18 ref and a regular CD only edition GNCV 1018 ref name cdjapan2 cite web title nowiki Linkage Mami Kawada Regular Edition nowiki url http www.cdjapan.co.jp detailview.html?KEY GNCV 1018 accessdate 2010 03 18 ref . The DVD contains the music video for the titular track Linkage . Track listing succession 0 56 Composition Tomoyuki Nakazawa Arrangement Tomoyuki Nakazawa, Takeshi Ozaki CLIMAX 4 05 Composition Tomoyuki Nakazawa Arrangement Tomoyuki Nakazawa, Takeshi Ozaki PSI missing 4 21 Lyrics Mami Kawada Composition ... Kazuya Takase linkage 4 26 Lyrics Mami Kawada Composition Tomoyuki Nakazawa Arrangement Tomoyuki Nakazawa ... Linkage Album Category 2010 albums Category Mami Kawada albums Category 2010 video albums japan album stub es LINKAGE lbum fr Linkage ja LINKAGE ... more details
of freedom engineering degree of freedom mechanical linkage or a five bar, two DOF linkage when the adjustment ... linkage is a series of rigid links connected with joints to form a closed chain, or a series of closed ... degrees of freedom to allow motion between the links. A linkage is called a Machine mechanism ... mechanical advantage . A linkage designed to be stationary is called a structure. History ... and precise motions can be designed into a linkage with only a few parts. The Industrial Revolution ... mathematicians to study linkage synthesis, and James Watt worked very hard to invent the Parallel motion Watt linkage to support his steam engine s piston. Pafnuty Chebyshev Chebyshev worked on mechanical linkage design for over thirty years, which led to his work on Chebyshev polynomials polynomials . ref name dawkins New linkage inventions, designed by need, were instrumental in Power loom ... replaced many linkage applications taken for granted today, such as mechanical computation, typewriting and machining. However, modern linkage design continues to advance, and designs that used to occupy .... The number of degrees of freedom of a linkage is also called its mobility . A simplified version of the Kutzbach ... of one degree of freedom kinematic pairs pin or slider joints Image Linkage mobility.png 600px left Linkage mobility br style clear left A more general form of the Kutzbach Gruebler equation for planar ... the number of independently controlled hydraulic cylinders. Image Linkage path.png thumb 200px right ... will synthesize a linkage by starting with the required output motion, mechanical advantage, velocity and acceleration. A type of linkage is chosen and modified to deliver the required performance. Each ... of the mechanism parts. Types of linkages Four bar linkage s are the simplest closed loop kinematic linkage. They perform a wide variety of motions with a few simple parts. They were also popular in the past .... Image Linkage four bar.png thumb 600px left Types of four bar linkages, s shortest link, l longest ... more details
The Klann linkage is a Plane geometry planar mechanism designed to simulate the gait of legged animal and function as a wheel replacement. The linkage consists of the frame , a Crank mechanism crank , two grounded rockers, and two couplers all connected by pivot joints . The proportions of each of the links in the mechanism are defined to optimize the linearity of the foot for one half of the rotation of the crank. The remaining rotation of the crank allows the foot to be raised to a predetermined height before returning to the starting position and repeating the cycle. Two of these linkages coupled together at the crank and one half cycle out of phase with each other will allow the frame of a vehicle to travel parallel to the ground. The Klann linkage provides many of the benefits of more advanced walking vehicles without some of their limitations. It can step over curbs, climb stairs, or travel into areas that are currently not accessible with wheels but does not require microprocessor control or multitudes of actuator mechanisms. It fits into the technological space between these walking ... show a single linkage in the fully extended, mid stride, retracted, and lifted positions of the walking .... A reasonable understanding of the functioning of the linkage can be gained by focusing on a specific ... enable.html Enable Text , linkage design notes. ref portion of the referenced US patents. Deleted image removed Image klann linkage variations.gif thumb center 650px These figures show 3 configurations ... variables. deletable image caption 1 Wednesday, 7 October 2009 History The Klann linkage was developed ... November 12, 2002 See also Wheel Linkage mechanical Mondo Spider Theo Jansen References reflist External links youtube QwJ5c902jCc Klann Linkage In Phun Animation of the linkage s climbing ability youtube iKCb7u ZVcQ Legs, mk2 Clear side on view of linkage in motion youtube skwF7IdNPIw Son of Mr Crabby CamBam made Klann linkage walking crab robot http www.mechanicalspider.com Mechanicalspider ... more details
Mergefrom Parallel motion discuss Talk Watt s linkage Merge proposal date August 2008 Image Watts linkage.gif thumb 454px Animated depiction of Watt s linkage Image The Kinematics of Machinery Fig 1.png thumb 350px Hand drawn diagram by James Watt 1808 in a letter to his son, describing how he arrived at the design. ref name Watt 1808 Franz Reuleaux, The Kinematics of Machinery 1876 , s Page The Kinematics of Machinery.djvu 26 page 4 . ref Watt s linkage also known as the parallel linkage is a type of mechanical linkage invented by James Watt 19 January 1736 &ndash 25 August 1819 to constrain the movement of a steam engine piston in a straight line. The idea of its genesis using links is contained in a letter he wrote to Matthew Boulton in June 1784. I have got a glimpse of a method of causing a piston rod to move up and down perpendicularly by only fixing it to a piece of iron upon ... I have invented. This linkage does not generate a true straight line motion, and indeed Watt did not claim it did so. In a letter to Boulton on 11 September 1784 he describes the linkage as follows ... Wattslinkage.JPG thumb Watt s linkage as part of an automobile suspension Image GSFRRearViewUnderCropped.jpg thumb Watt s linkage used in a 1998 Ford Ranger EV Watt s linkage is used in the rear beam ... between the axle and body of the car. Watt s linkage approximates a vertical straight line motion ... plane. In a way, Watt s linkage can be seen as two Panhard rods mounted opposite each other. In Watt ... by the short vertical rotating bar. The linkage can be inverted, in which case the centre ... the kinematics slightly. This is used on Australian V8 Supercars . Watt s linkage can also be used ..., mounted parallel to the driving direction. References Commons category Watt s linkage Reflist ... of Watt s linkage. http www.keveney.com watt.html Watt Beam Engine http historical.library.cornell.edu ... linkage of the first kind by Watt http kmoddl.library.cornell.edu model.php?m 146 Lemniscoidal linkage ... more details
Unreferenced date October 2007 Flux linkage is a property of a coil of conducting wire and the magnetic field through which it passes. It is determined by the number of turns in the coil and the flux of the magnetic field. The definition of the flux linkage is the total flux passing through a surface i.e. normal to that surface formed by a closed conducting loop. i.e. math lambda int limits S , vec B cdot dS math where math vec B math is the flux Density flux density , or flux per unit area at a given point in space. The simplest example of such a system is a single circular coil of conductive wire immersed in a magnetic field of constant magnitude at every point and with a direction perpendicular to the surface formed by the loop. In this case the flux linkage is simply the total flux passing through the loop multiplied by its surface area, i.e. math lambda vec B ,A BA math . If several turns of the wire are made, this becomes math lambda NBA math where N is the number of turns. In this case, the surface through which the magnetic flux is passing has been increased by a factor of math N math . Faraday showed that the magnitude of the emf generated in a conductor forming a closed loop is proportional to the rate of change of the total magnetic flux passing through the loop Faraday s law of induction Faraday s law . The flux linkage of a coil is simply an alternative term for this total flux, used for convenience in engineering applications. Therefore, the flux linkage can also be expressed as the time integral of the voltage over the Electromagnetic coil winding and measured in Vs volt second . Because of Faraday s relation the flux linkage of a Electromagnetic coil winding . math lambda int , v , dt math This can also be written in differential form as math v frac d lambda dt math Due to the simplicity of these formulas flux linkage is commonly used to estimate the magnetic flux of an AC motor AC machine . However, errors in the voltage measurement and the resulting ... more details
Linkage isomerism is the existence of Complex chemistry co ordination compound s that have the same composition differing with the connectivity of the metal to a ligand . Typical ligands that give rise to linkage isomers are thiocyanate , SCN sup sup selenocyanate , SeCN sup sup nitrite , NO sub 2 sub sup sup sulfite , SO sub 3 sub sup 2 sup Examples of linkage isomers are violet colored NH sub 3 sub sub 5 sub Co SCN sup 2 sup and orange colored NH sub 3 sub sub 5 sub Co NCS sup 2 sup . The isomerization of the S bonded isomer to the N bonded isomer occurs intramolecularly. ref cite journal doi 10.1021 ic50085a044 author Buckingham, D. A. Creaser, I. I. Sargeson, A. M. title Mechanism of Base Hydrolysis for Co sup III sup NH sub 3 sub sub 5 sub X sup 2 sup Ions. Hydrolysis and Rearrangement for the Sulfur Bonded Co NH sub 3 sub sub 5 sub SCN sup 2 sup Ion journal Inorg. Chem. year 1970 volume 9 issue 3 pages 655 661 ref In the complex, dichlorotetrakis dimethyl sulfoxide ruthenium II , linkage isomerism of dimethyl sulfoxide ligands can be observed in the NMR spectrum due to the effect of S vs. O bonding on the methyl groups of DMSO. The proper notation for linkage isomerism is the kappa notation where the atom directly bonding to the metal is proceeded by the lowercase Greek letter kappa . For example, NO sub 2 sub sup sup is represented as nitrito N and nitrito O, replacing the old system of trivial names such as nitro and nitroso. ref IUPAC. Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. the Gold Book . Compiled by A. D. McNaught and A. Wilkinson. Blackwell Scientific Publications ... example of linkage isomerism had the formula Co NH sub 3 sub sub 5 sub NO sub 2 sub Cl sub 2 sub . The cation ic cobalt Coordination complex complex exists in two separable linkage isomers. In the yellow coloured isomer, the nitro ligand is bound through nitrogen. In the red linkage isomer, the nitrito .... Image LinkageIsomers.png thumb 300px center Structures of the two linkage isomers of Co NH ... more details
Unreferenced date September 2008 Orphan date September 2008 The linkage principle is a finding of auction theory . It states that auction house s have an incentive to pre commit to revealing all available information about each lot, positive or negative. The linkage principle is seen in the art market with the age old tradition of auctioneers hiring art experts to examine each lot and pre commit to provide a truthful estimate of its value. The discovery of the linkage principle was most useful in determining optimal strategy for countries in the process of auctioning off drilling rights as well as other natural resources, such as logging rights in Canada . An independent assessment of the land in question is now a standard feature of most auctions, even if the seller country may believe that the assessment is likely to lower the value of the land rather than confirm or raise a pre existing valuation. Failure to reveal information leads to the winning bidder incurring the discovery costs himself and lowering his maximum bid due to the expenses incurred in acquiring information. If he is not able to get an indepent assessment, then his bids will take into account the possibility of downside risk. Both scenarios can be shown to lower the expected revenue of the seller. The expected sale price is raised by lowering these discovery costs of the winning bidder, and instead providing information to all bidders for free. economics stub Category Economic theories ... more details
Other uses Linkage disambiguation Linkage Citation needed date February 2007 In linguistics, a linkage is a group of undoubtedly related languages for which no proto language can be reconstructed. Common to linkages are defining features absent from its geographic extremes. A linkage may result when the members of a dialect chain diverge while sharing subsequent innovations. An example are the Central Malayo Polynesian languages of the Banda Sea a sea in the South Moluccas in Indonesia . ref name banda cite web url http www.britannica.com eb article 9012118 Banda Sea title Banda Sea accessdate 2007 01 15 work Encyclop dia Britannica Online publisher Encyclop dia Britannica Inc ref The Central Eastern Malayo Polynesian languages are commonly divided into two branches, Central MP and Eastern Malayo Polynesian languages Eastern MP , each having certain defining features that unify them and distinguish them from the other. However, while proto Eastern and proto Central Eastern MP languages can be reconstructed the sibling and parent of Central MP, respectively , a proto Central MP language reconstruction does not seem feasible. It may be that the branches of Central MP are each as old as Eastern MP, but that they went on to exchange features that are now considered to define them as a family. In Eastern MP, common features can be assumed to have been present in the ancestral language, but this is not the case for Central MP. References references Category Linguistics ling stub ru ... more details
A linkage institution is a structure within a society that connects the people to the government or centralized authority. These institutions include elections, political parties, interest groups, and the media. Development Government is formed as a legitimate alternative to violence. These governments create policy making institutions to develop rules by which conflicts within society are to abide by. Democratic governments often elect a legislative body. Monarchies develop a single arbitrator. Aristocracies develop a privileged body of individuals. All of which centralized authority, develop an institutionalized structure, and provides a means by which policy is made. Dynamic social changes occasionally require rules within a society to change. Linkage institutions provide to means to connect those individuals within a society to the centralized authority. ref harvnb Jenkins Klandermans 1995 pp 16 17 ref Political exclusions and oligarchical tendencies within societies create linkage failures . These events create contentions within society and act as motivators towards social protests and rebellion. ref harvnb Jenkins Klandermans 1995 p 20 ref See also Institution References Notes reflist Bibliography refbegin citation last1 Jenkins first1 J. Craig last2 Klandermans first2 Bert title The politics of social protest comparative perspectives on states and social movements url http books.google.com ?id 03EO vVBKV0C&printsec frontcover&dq linkage institution politics year 1995 publisher University of Minnesota Press isbn 9780816624225 refend Poli term stub Category Political activism Category Social institutions ... more details
Genetic linkage is the tendency of certain Locus genetics loci or alleles to be inherited together. Genetic ... is lower than 50 are typically thought to be linked. Genetic linkage can also be understood by looking ... occurs at least half of the time. The latter is known as genetic linkage. This occurs as an exception ... are said to be linked, and are referred to as linkage groups . For example, in fruit flies, the genes .... Discovery Genetic linkage was first discovered by the United Kingdom British geneticists ... Rediscovery of Mendel.27s work rediscovered . The understanding of genetic linkage was expanded ... known as linkage maps. Sturtevant proposed that the greater the distance between linked genes, the greater ... Dakota State University. ref among others. A linkage map is created by finding the map distances ... recombination events. Linkage map A linkage map is a genetic map of a species or experimental population ... of recombination frequency, rather than as specific physical distance along each chromosome. Linkage ... genes by testing for genetic linkage of the already known markers. A genetic map is not a physical ... test often used for linkage analysis in human, animal, and plant populations. The LOD score ... of observing the same data purely by chance. Positive LOD scores favor the presence of linkage, whereas negative LOD scores indicate that linkage is less likely. Computerized LOD score analysis is a simple way to analyze complex family pedigrees in order to determine the linkage between Mendelian ... probability of birth sequence with a given linkage value mbox probability of birth sequence with no linkage ... greater than 3.0 is considered evidence for linkage. A LOD score of 3 indicates 1000 to 1 odds that the linkage ... is considered evidence to exclude linkage. Although it is very unlikely that a LOD score of 3 would ... cutoff of LOD 3 is an arbitrary one and that the difference between certain types of linkage ... is a measure of genetic linkage and is used in the creation of a genetic linkage map. Recombination ... more details
unreferenced date April 2007 Image Chromosomal Recombination.svg thumb Recombination involves the breakage and rejoining of parental chromosomes In genetics complete linkage is defined as the state in which two locus genetics loci are so close together that allele s of these loci are virtually never separated by Chromosomal crossover crossing over . During reproduction, chromosomes on the same chromosome pair, exchange sections of DNA. As a result, genes that were originally on the same chromosome can finish up on different chromosomes genetic recombination . The closer the physical location of two genes on the DNA, the less likely they are to be separated. Category Classical genetics ... more details
Linkage was a policy pursued by the United States of America, championed by Richard Nixon and Henry Kissinger , during the 1970s period of Cold War D tente which aimed to persuade the Soviet Union and Communist China to co operate in restraining revolutions in the Third World in return for concessions in nuclear weapon nuclear and economics economic fields. The policy was, however, fundamentally undermined due to the amount of revolutions occurring during this time wholly independent of Soviet involvement. The premise behind linkage, as a policy, was to connect political and military issues, thereby establishing a relationship making progress in area A dependent on progress in area B. An important aspect of this policy was that deviations from respecting the rights and interests would go punished. The intent of such action is to bring home to the offending state the limitations of acceptable international behaviour and demonstrate that attempts at expansion and upsetting international stability would go punished. In this way, conflict itself would contribute to stabilizing the international order. The Nixon Kissinger approach did not link foreign and domestic arenas. Selective relaxation of tensions is an opposing policy to linkage. Then, an issue of arms control could be addressed and tension diminished while maintaining the status quo in other strategic areas. Further reading Diplomacy Kissinger 1994 ISBN 0 671 65991 X, pp 716 721 Kissinger A Biography by Walter Isaacson 1992 ISBN 0 671 66323 2 Richard Nixon US gov stub Category Presidency of Richard Nixon Category International relations ... more details
Cleanup date September 2009 Image Nrm ld.svg thumb border right 220px alt Graph showing evolution of linkage ... beginning near 0 diminish to 0 Evolution of linkage disequilibrium in randomly generated simulated haploid populations with positive assortative mating In population genetics , linkage disequilibrium ... on the same chromosome . In other words, linkage disequilibrium is the occurrence of some combinations ... linkagelinkage , which is the association of two or more loci on a chromosome with limited Homologous recombination recombination between them. The amount of linkage disequilibrium is the difference ... 9 year 1996 month November pmid 8896562 doi 10.1038 ng1196 316 url issn ref The level of linkage disequilibrium is influenced by a number of factors, including genetic linkage, selection, the rate of recombination ... structure. For example, some organisms such as bacteria may show linkage disequilibrium because they asexual reproduction reproduce asexually and there is no recombination to break down the linkage ... 3 4 375 issue 4 pmid 17245911 pmc 1200443 ref called the linkage disequilibrium ref cite journal ... means that math D ne 0 math . Contrariwise, linkage equilibrium means math D 0 math . The following ... year 2001 title Mutation and linkage disequilibrium in human mtDNA journal Eur. J. Hum. Genet. volume 9 pages 969 972 doi 10.1038 sj.ejhg.5200735 pmid 11840186 issue 12 ref In summary, linkage disequilibrium ... segregation, the linkage disequilibrium measure math D math converges to zero along the time ... to zero. If at some time we observe linkage disequilibrium, it will disappear in future due to recombination ... genes, a sizable fraction of alleles are in linkage disequilibrium. An example of such linkage disequilibrium ... in the population is admitted. style float right class wikitable Table 2. Linkage disequilibrium ... ref name Vogel argued how long would it take that linkage disequilibrium between loci of HLA A and B ... years. The time span seems rather short in the history of humans. Thus observed linkage disequilibrium ... more details
In mechanical engineering , cognate linkages are different four bar linkage s that define the same coupler curve. The Roberts Chebychev theorem in kinematics , after ?????? Roberts and Pafnuty Chebyshev , states that for each coupler curve there are three different linkages. The linkages can be constructed by using similar triangles and parallelgrams, and the Cayley diagram, named after Arthur Cayley . Roberts Chebyschev theorem The theorem states for a given coupler curve there exist three four bar linkages, three geared five bar linkages, and more six bar linkages which will generate the same path. The method for generating the additional two the four bar linkages from a single four bar mechanism is described below, using the Cayley diagram. How to construct cognate linkages Cayley diagram Image CaleyDiagram.gif thumb right 200px Example Cayley diagram for generating cognate linkages. From original triangle, A sub 1 sub ,D,B sub 1 sub br 1. Sketch Cayley diagram 2. Using parallelograms, find A sub 2 sub and B sub 3 sub O sub A sub , A sub 1 sub , D , A sub 2 sub and O sub B sub , B sub 1 sub , D , B sub 3 sub 3. Using similar triangles, find C sub 2 sub and C sub 3 sub A sub 2 sub , C sub 2 sub , D and D , C sub 3 sub , B sub 3 sub 4. Using a parallelogram, find O sub C sub O sub C sub , C sub 2 sub , D , C sub 3 sub 5. Check similar triangles O sub A sub ,O sub C sub ,O sub B sub 6. Separate left and right cognate 7. Put dimensions on Cayley diagram Dimensional relationships Image CognateLinkagesDR.gif thumb right 100px Example linkage for dimensional analysis. The lengths of the four members can be found by using the law of sines . Both K sub L sub and K sub R sub are found as follows. math K L frac sin alpha sin beta math math K R frac sin gamma sin beta math class wikitable style text align center Linkage Ground Crank 1 Crank 2 Coupler Original R sub 1 sub ... Cornell University . See also Chebychev Linkage mechanical Four bar linkage Kinematic pair Category ... more details
About gametic sex other uses, such as sexual intercourse and gender Sex disambiguation pp semi protected small yes Lead too short date February 2010 Image Sperm egg.jpg thumb Successful reproductive sex in animals results in the fusion of a spermatozoon sperm and egg cell . In biology , sex is a process ... s into a male or female variety each known as a sex . Sexual reproduction involves combining specialized ... such that two sex specific types of gametes heterogametes exist male gametes are small, motile, and optimized ... s sex is defined by the gametes it produces males produce male gametes spermatozoa, or sperm ... Scientific accessdate 2008 04 07 ref The reason for the initial evolution of sex, and the reason ... include that sex creates variation among offspring, sex helps in the spread of advantageous traits, and that sex helps in the removal of disadvantageous traits. Sexual reproduction is a process specific ... two sexes? Sex determination in multicellular organisms and protistan mating types , Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology , 18 2007 348 9. ref While the evolution of sex itself dates to the eukaryote stage, the origin of Sex determination system chromosomal sex determination is younger. The ZW sex determination system is shared by birds , some fish and some crustaceans . Most mammals , but also some insects Drosophila and plants Ginkgo use XY sex determination system XY sex determination . X0 sex determination system X0 sex determination is found in certain insect s. No genes are shared ... title A new look at the evolution of avian sex chromosomes journal Cytogenet. Genome Res. volume 117 ... than X or Y, suggesting that the ZW and XY sex determination systems do not share an origin, but that the sex ... year 2004 title In the platypus a meiotic chain of ten sex chromosomes shares genes with the bird ... V. 20. The Benefits of Sex . ref Genetic traits are contained within the DNA deoxyribonucleic acid ... and seek out a partner of the opposite sex for mating . Animals which live in the water can mate ... more details
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