A sequela , IPAc en icon s k w i l plural sequel or sequelae , Latin sequela, from sequi follow is a pathological condition resulting from a disease , injury , or other Psychological trauma trauma . Chronic liver disease , for example, is sometimes a sequela of diabetes , and neck pain is a common sequela of whiplash or other trauma to the cervical vertebrae . Post traumatic stress disorder may be a psychological sequela of rape . Sequelae of traumatic brain injury include headache and dizziness , anxiety , apathy , depression mood depression , aggression, cognitive impairments, personality changes, mania , psychosis . Typically, a sequela is a chronic condition that is a complication medicine complication of an acute condition that begins during the acute condition. This is in contrast to a late effect . Some conditions may be retrospective diagnosis diagnosed retrospectively from their sequelae. An example is pleurisy . Other examples of sequelae include those following neurological injury including aphasia , ataxia , hemi and quadriplegia , and any number of other changes that may be caused by neurological trauma. Note that these pathologies can be related to both physical and chemical traumas, as both can cause lingering neuron damage. The phrase status post , abbreviated in writing as s p , is used to discuss sequelae with reference to their cause. Clinicians typically use the phrase to refer to acute traumatic conditions. For example the patient had neck pain status post a motor vehicle accident . External links http www.tmjheadaches.com caus.html Traumatic causes of Tempormandibular Joint Disorder dysfunction James A Lindsey, http www.cdc.gov ncidod eid vol3no4 lindsay.htm Chronic Sequelae of Foodborne Disease , Emerging Infectious Disease, Vol 3, No 4, 1997. Category Medical terms disease stub da F lgesygdom pt Sequela sv Sequela ... more details
Infobox Disease Name Multiple abnormalities Image Caption DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD10 Q 87 q 80 ICD9 ICD9 759.7 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID D000015 Multiple abnormalities multiple anomaly , multiple deformity is a term used to describe congenital abnormality that can not be primarily identified with a single system of the body or single disease process. Although most medical conditions can have systemic sequela e, the term is generally reserved where the effects on multiple systems is immediately obvious. Phakomatoses and other congenital malformations not elsewhere classified Category Congenital disorders medicine stub ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 A Gibbus Deformity is a form of structural kyphosis , where one or more adjacent vertebrae become wedged. Gibbus deformity can be a sequela of advanced skeletal tuberculosis and is the result of collapse of vertebra l bodies. ref Kasper D.L. et al., Harrisons principles of internal medicine, 16.ed, 2005 p.958 ref This can in turn lead to spinal cord compression causing paraplegia . ref Davidson s Principles and Practice of Medicine, 20th Ed, 2006. ref When viewed from behind, the deformity is sharply angled, with the resulting humpback being more easily seen when bending forward. ref http www.spineuniverse.com displayarticle.php article1437.html ref A Gibbus deformity may result from the sail vertebrae associated with cretinism , the childhood form of hypothyroidism . References reflist Category Skeletal disorders medicine stub ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 A sequestrum is a piece of dead bone that has become separated during the process of necrosis from normal sound bone. It is a complication sequela of osteomyelitis . The pathological process is as follows infection in the bone leads to an increase in intramedullary pressure due to inflammatory exudates the periosteum becomes stripped from the osteum, leading to vascular thrombosis bone necrosis follows due to lack of blood supply sequestra are formed Image Bony sequestrum in a child femur.jpg thumb right An X ray of a child s femur showing a bony sequestrum highlighted by the blue arrow. The sequestra are surrounded by sclerotic bone which is relatively avascular without a blood supply . Within the bone itself, the haversian canals become blocked with scar tissue, and the bone becomes surrounded by thickened periosteum. Due to the avascular nature of this bone, antibiotics which travel to sites of infection via the bloodstream poorly penetrate these tissues. Hence the difficulty in treating chronic osteomyelitis. At the same time as this, new bone is forming known as involucrum . Opening in this involucrum allow debris and exudates including pus to pass from the sequestrum via sinus tracts to the skin. Rarely, a sequestrum may turn out to be an osteoid osteoma, a rare tumor of the bone. Osteochondropathy Category Bone fractures Category Gross pathology Pathology stub ... more details
of gestation, the fetus with symmetrical IUGR is more likely to have permanent neurological sequela ... of IUGR is intrinsic to the fetus, growth is restricted due to genetic factors or as a sequela of infection ... more details
A hydrocoele US English hydrocele denotes a pathology pathological accumulation of serous fluid in a body cavity . It can also be noted as a minor malformation of newborns due to high levels of lead in the mother s blood during pregnancy . File Ultrasound Scan ND 0124155309 1600360.png thumb Communicating hydrocele, caused by the failure of the processus vaginalis closure. A hydrocele testis is the accumulation of fluids around a testicle , and is fairly common. It is caused by fluid secreted from a remnant piece of peritoneum wrapped around the testicle, called the tunica vaginalis . It can be the result of cancer , trauma such as a hernia , or orchitis , and can also occur in infants undergoing peritoneal dialysis . It may be treated surgery surgically . Hydroceles are usually not painful, but neither are testicular tumor s. A common way of diagnosing a hydrocele is by attempting to shine a strong light through the enlarged scrotum . A hydrocele will usually pass light, while a tumor will not. A related region in females that can have a hydrocele is the canal of Nuck . ref GPnotebook 771358673 ref A hydrocele can also be the result of a plugged inguinal lymphatic system caused by repeated, chronic infection of Wuchereria bancrofti or Brugia malayi , two mosquito borne parasite s of Africa and Southeast Asia , respectively. As such, the condition would be a part of more diffuse sequela e commonly referred to as elephantiasis , which also affects the lymphatic system in other parts of the body. References references External links http emedicine.medscape.com article 777386 overview Medscape Hydrocele http www.pedisurg.com PtEduc Hydrocele.htm Texas Pediatric Surgical Associates Hydrocele Category Urological conditions Category Gross pathology pathology stub cs Vodn k la de Hydrozele es Hidrocele eo Hidrocelo fr Hydroc le it Idrocele no Vannbrokk pl Wodniak fi Vesikives te ... more details
In medicine , a late effect is a condition that appears after the acute medical acute phase of an earlier, causal condition has run its course. A late effect can be caused directly by the earlier condition, or indirectly by the treatment for the earlier condition. Some late effects can occur decades later. Historically, late effects have been very difficult to connect with their causes, but as survivorship and life span has increased and follow up has become standard practice, these connections are becoming established. Examples Chickenpox may be followed decades later by herpes zoster see herpes zoster Chemotherapy , radiation therapy and surgery to cure a cancer may result years later in another, unrelated cancer ref cite web url http www.cancer.net patient Survivorship Late Effects title Late Effects publisher American Society of Clinical Oncology date 2010 10 14 accessdate 2011 05 15 ref Female survivors of childhood leukemia treated with cranial radiation therapy may be unable to breastfeeding breastfeed because they do not lactation lactate ref name pmid17763465 cite journal author Johnston K, Vowels M, Carroll S, Neville K, Cohn R title Failure to lactate A possible late effect of cranial radiation. journal Pediatr Blood Cancer volume 50 issue 3 pages 721 year 2007 pmid 17763465 doi 10.1002 pbc.21291 ref See also Sequela Complication medicine Adverse effect References reflist External links http www.acor.org ped onc survivors cardio.html Late effects of the heart http www.eicd.com Guidelines General.htm General inpatient coding guidelines Category Epidemiology disease stub ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Symptomatic treatment is any medicine medical therapy of a disease that only affects its symptom s, not its cause, i.e., its etiology . It is usually aimed at reducing the signs and symptoms for the comfort and well being of the patient, but it also may be useful in reducing organic consequences and sequela e of these signs and symptoms of the disease. In many diseases, even in those whose etiologies are known e.g., most viral disease s, such as influenza , symptomatic treatment is the only one available so far. Examples of symptomatic treatments Analgesic s, for pain Anti inflammatory agents, for inflammation caused by arthritis Antitussive s, for cough Antihistaminic s, for allergy Cerebral shunt s, to alleviate hydrocephalus When the etiology for the disease is known, then specific treatment may be instituted, but it is generally associated to symptomatic treatment, as well. Symptomatic treatment is not always recommended, and in fact it may be outright dangerous, because it may mask the presence of an underlying etiology which will then be forgotten or treated with great delay. Examples Low grade fever for 15 days or more sometimes is the only symptom of bacteremia by staphylococcus bacteria. Suppressing it by symptomatic treatment will hide the disease from effective diagnosis and treatment with antibiotics . The consequence may be severe rheumatic fever , nephritis , endocarditis , etc. Chronic headache may be caused simply by a constitutional disposition or be the result of a brain tumor or a brain aneurysm . Finally, symptomatic treatment is not exempt of adverse effect medicine adverse effect s, and may be a cause of iatrogenic consequences i.e., ill effects caused by the treatment itself , such as allergic reaction s, stomach bleeding , central nervous system effects nausea , dizziness , etc. . See also Palliative care Iatrogenesis DEFAULTSORT Symptomatic Treatment Category Therapy Category Medical terms Category Hospice eu ... more details
with routine healing G subsequent encounter for fracture with delayed healing S sequela of fracture ... with nonunion P subsequent encounter for fracture with malunion S sequela O31 O32, O33.4 O33.7 ... hospital admission S00 S78 A initial encounter D subsequent encounter S sequela S79.0, S79.1 A fracture ... with malunion S sequela S79.8, S79.9, S80 S81, S83 S88, S89.8, S89.9, S90 S99 A initial encounter D subsequent encounter S sequela S82 A fracture not designated as open or closed should be coded ... fracture type IIIA, IIIB, or IIIC with malunion S sequela S89.0, S89.1, S89.2, S89.3 A fracture not designated ... S sequela T15 T28, T33 T85, T88 A initial encounter D subsequent encounter S sequela V00 V99, W00 W99, X00 X99, Y00 Y04, Y08 Y38, A initial encounter D subsequent encounter S sequela See also ... more details
Infobox disease Name Coxa vara Image FemurAngles.jpg Caption Different femoral abnormalities. DiseasesDB ICD10 M21.1, Q65.8 ICD9 ICD9 736.32 , ICD9 755.62 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID Coxa vara is a deformity of the hip, whereby the angle between the ball and the shaft of the femur is reduced to less than 120 degrees. This results in the leg being shortened, and therefore a limp occurs. It is commonly caused by injury, such as a fracture. It can also occur when the bone tissue in the neck of the femur is softer than normal, meaning it bends under the weight of the body. This may either be congenital , also known as Mau Nilsonne Syndrome, or the result of a bone disorder. The most common cause of coxa vara is either congenital or developmental . Other common causes include metabolic bone diseases e.g. Paget s disease of bone , post Perthes deformity, osteomyelitis , and post traumatic due to improper healing of a fracture between the greater trochanter greater and lesser trochanter . Shepherds Crook deformity is a severe form of coxa vara where the proximal femur is severely deformed with a reduction in the neck shaft angle beyond 90 degrees. It is most commonly a sequela of osteogenesis imperfecta , Paget s disease of bone Pagets disease , osteomyelitis , tumour and tumour like conditions e.g. fibrous dysplasia . Symptoms The condition is asymptomatic if congenital or developmental. However in unilateral cases eg. post traumatic , there may be shortening, leading to a short limb gait characterised by limp which is seen as a vertical dip on the affected side during the stance phase as opposed to a lurch characterised in a Trendelenburg gait . In severe cases abduction maybe severely restricted, causing a waddling type gait. The biomechanics of the hip will be affected as the lever arm is lengthened causing more shear forces through the femoral neck predisposing it to stress fractures. This may also lead to progression of the deformity. Di ... more details
Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis HGE is a disease of dog s characterized by sudden vomiting and bloody diarrhea . The symptoms are usually severe, and HGE can be fatal if not treated. HGE is most common in young adult dogs of any breed, but especially small dogs such as the Toy Poodle and Miniature Schnauzer . ref name Ettinger 1995 cite book author Ettinger, Stephen J. Feldman, Edward C. title Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine edition 4th ed. publisher W.B. Saunders Company year 1995 isbn 0 7216 6795 3 ref It is not contagious. Cause The cause is uncertain. Suspected causes include abnormal responses to bacteria or bacterial endotoxin , or a hypersensitivity to food. ref name Merck cite web title Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis work The Merck Veterinary Manual date 2006 url http www.merckvetmanual.com mvm index.jsp?cfile htm bc 23311.htm accessdate 2007 03 20 ref Pathologically there is an increase in the permeability of the intestinal lining and a leakage of blood and proteins into the bowel. Clostridium perfringens has been found in large numbers in the intestines of many affected dogs. ref name Ettinger 1995 Signs and symptoms Profuse vomiting is usually the first symptom, followed by depression and bloody diarrhea with a foul odor. Severe hypovolemia low blood volume is one of the hallmarks of the disease, and severe hemoconcentration concentrated blood is considered necessary for diagnosis. The progression of HGE is so rapid that hypovolemic Shock circulatory shock and death can occur within 24 hours. ref name Ettinger 1995 Disseminated intravascular coagulation DIC is a possible sequela of HGE. Diagnosis Symptoms of HGE and canine parvovirus CPV are similar enough that they need to be differentiated. HGE is different from CPV in that there is no fever or low white blood cell count, and that there is a high hematocrit. A negative fecal parvovirus test is sometimes necessary to completely rule out CPV. Other potential causes of vomiting and diarrhea, white foam f ... more details
Infobox disease Name Wernicke Korsakoff syndrome Image Thiamine 2D skeletal.png Caption Thiamine ICD10 ICD10 E 51 2 e 50 , ICD10 F 10 6 f 10 ICD9 ICD9 294.0 OMIM 277730 MedlinePlus 000771 eMedicineSubj med eMedicineTopic 2405 MeshID D020915 Wernicke Korsakoff syndrome also called wet brain , Korsakoff s psychosis, alcoholic encephalopathy, Wernicke s disease, and encephalopathy alcoholic ref http www.nlm.nih.gov medlineplus ency article 000771.htm MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia Wernicke Korsakoff syndrome Bot generated title ref is a manifestation of thiamine vitamin B sub 1 sub deficiency, or beriberi . This is usually secondary to alcohol abuse . It mainly causes vision changes, ataxia and impaired memory. ref name medlineplus Korsakoff s syndrome and Wernicke s encephalopathy The syndrome is a combined manifestation of two eponymous disorders, Korsakoff s syndrome and Wernicke s encephalopathy , named after Sergei Korsakoff and Carl Wernicke . Wernicke s encephalopathy is characterized by confusion pathologic nystagmus nystagmus involuntary eye movement ophthalmoplegia impaired eye movement anisocoria unequal size of pupils ataxia lack of muscle coordination sluggish pupillary reflexes coma and death if untreated Korsakoff s syndrome Korsakoff s psychosis is characterized by anterograde amnesia inability to form new memories retrograde amnesia loss of existing memories confabulation false perceptions or memories hallucination s ref name medlineplus http www.nlm.nih.gov medlineplus ency article 000771.htm MedlinePlus Wernicke Korsakoff syndrome ref Causes Wernicke Korsakoff syndrome results from thiamine deficiency. It is generally agreed that Wernicke s encephalopathy results from severe acute deficiency of thiamine vitamin B sub 1 sub , whilst Korsakoff s psychosis is a chronic neurologic wikt sequela sequela after Wernicke s encephalopathy. The metabolically active form of thiamine is thiamine diphosphate which plays a major role as a cofactor biochemistry co ... more details
In these two breeds, at least, the cause appears to be immune mediated disease immune mediated as a sequela ... ref Sequelae Volvulus or mesenteric torsion is a rare sequela of EPI in dogs. ref name Ettinger ... more details
Infobox Disease Name Constrictive pericarditis Image Caption DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD10 I 31 1 i 30 ICD9 ICD9 423.2 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic eMedicine mult MeshID D010494 In many cases, constrictive pericarditis is a late sequela, in other words a condition that is the consequence of a previous disease, of an inflammatory condition of the pericardium . The inflammatory condition is usually an infection that involves the pericardium, but it may also occur after a myocardial infarction heart attack or after coronary artery bypass surgery heart surgery . Causes Almost half the cases of constrictive pericarditis in the developing world are idiopathic in origin. In regions where tuberculosis is common, it is the cause in a large portion of cases. Causes of constrictive pericarditis include Infectious Tuberculosis Incomplete drainage of purulent pericarditis Fungal and parasitic infection s Inflammatory and autoimmune Chronic pericarditis Postviral pericarditis Postsurgical Following pericarditis associated with acute myocardial infarction Following Dressler s syndrome post myocardial infarction Dressler s syndrome In association with pulmonary asbestosis Prior mediastinal radiation therapy Chronic renal failure Connective tissue disorders Neoplastic pericardial infiltration Pathophysiology Constrictive pericarditis is due to a thickened, fibrotic pericardium that forms a non compliant shell around the heart. This shell prevents the heart from expanding when blood enters it. This results in significant respiratory variation in blood flow in the chambers of the heart. During inspiration, the negative pressure in the thoracic cavity will cause increased blood flow into the right ventricle. This increased volume in the right ventricle will cause the interventricular septum to bulge towards the left ventricle, leading to decreased filling of the left ventricle. Due to the Frank Starling law , this will cause decreased pressure generated by the left ventr ... more details
Infobox Disease Name Tracheoesophageal fistula Image Tracheoesophageal Fistula Types.JPG Caption DiseasesDB 30034 ICD10 ICD10 J 95 0 j 95 , ICD10 Q 39 1 q 38 ICD10 Q 39 2 q 38 ICD9 ICD9 530.84 , ICD9 750.3 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj med eMedicineTopic 3416 MeshID D014138 A tracheoesophageal fistula TEF , or TOF see American and British English spelling differences Simplification of ae and oe spelling differences is an abnormal connection fistula between the esophagus and the Vertebrate trachea trachea . TEF is a common congenital abnormality, but when occurring late in life is usually the sequela of surgical procedures such as a laryngectomy . Causes Congenital TEF can arise due to failed fusion of the tracheoesophageal ridges during the third week of embryological development. ref name pmid10068713 cite journal author Clark DC title Esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula journal American Family Physician volume 59 issue 4 pages 910 6, 919 20 year 1999 month February pmid 10068713 doi url http www.aafp.org afp 990215ap 910.html ref A fistula, from the Latin meaning a pipe, is an abnormal connection running either between two tubes or between a tube and a surface. In tracheo esophageal fistula it runs between the trachea and the esophagus. This connection may or may not have a central cavity if it does, then food within the esophagus may pass into the trachea and on to the lungs or alternatively, air in the trachea may cross into the esophagus. TEF can also occur due to pressure necrosis by a tracheostomy tube in apposition to a nasogastric tube NGT . Reference Advanced Surgical Recall , 3rd Ed. By Dr. Lorne H. Blackbourne, pg. 206. Associations Babies with TEF or esophageal atresia are unable to feed properly. Once diagnosed, prompt surgery is required to allow the baby to take in food. Few children with TEF have problems after surgery, however a number develop feeding difficulties and chest problems. Some babies with TEF are also born with other ... more details
Refimprove date January 2010 Infobox disease Name Tick borne meningoencephalitis Image Caption DiseasesDB 29274 ICD10 ICD10 A 84 a 80 ICD9 ICD9 063 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID D004675 File TBE symptoms.svg thumb 220px Symptoms of TBE infection Tick borne encephalitis TBE is a virus viral infectious disease involving the central nervous system . The disease most often manifests as meningitis , encephalitis , or meningoencephalitis . Although TBE is most commonly recognized as a neurological disorder , mild fever can also occur. Long lasting or permanent neuropsychiatric sequela e are observed in 10 20 of infected patients. The number of reported cases has been increasing in most countries. ref name pmid18761916 cite journal author Suss J title Tick borne encephalitis in Europe and beyond the epidemiological situation as of 2007 journal Euro Surveill. volume 13 issue 26 pages year 2008 month June pmid 18761916 doi url http www.eurosurveillance.org ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId 18916 ref The virus is known to infect a range of hosts including ruminants, birds, rodents, carnivores, horses and humans. The disease can also be zoonotic, with ruminants and dogs providing the principal source of infection for humans. ref name WikiVet http en.wikivet.net Tickborne Encephalitis Virus Tickborne Encephalitis Virus reviewed and published by WikiVet , accessed 12 October 2011. ref Presentation The virus can infect the brain encephalitis , the meninges meningitis or both meningoencephalitis . ref name pmid18755391 cite journal author Kaiser R title Tick borne encephalitis journal Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am. volume 22 issue 3 pages 561 75, x year 2008 month September pmid 18755391 doi 10.1016 j.idc.2008.03.013 url http linkinghub.elsevier.com retrieve pii S0891 5520 08 00027 5 ref In general, mortality is 1 to 2 , with deaths occurring 5 to 7 days after the onset of neurologic signs. In dogs, the disease also manifests as a neurological disorder with sign ... more details
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