In the field of linguistics , a sentence is an Expression language expression in natural language , and often ... of finite verb finite clause s A simple sentence consists of a single independent clause with no dependent clause s. A compound sentencelinguistics compound sentence consists of multiple independent ... title Calculate Average Sentence Length publisher Linguistics Forum date Jun 23, 2011 accessdate ... and January 3, 2011 respectively . DEFAULTSORT SentenceLinguistics philosophy of language Category ... bear minimal syntactic relation to the words that precede or follow it. A sentence can include words ... command or suggestion . ref cite web url http dictionary.reference.com browse sentence title Sentence Definitions from Dictionary.com publisher Dictionary.com accessdate 2008 05 23 ref A sentence can ... in Lincoln s Inn Hall. Implacable November weather. The first sentence involves one single word, a proper noun. The second sentence has only a non finite verb. The third is a single nominal group ... properties distinct to natural language, such as characteristic intonation linguistics intonation ... dog . Components of a sentence Clauses A clause typically contains at least a subject noun phrase and a finite ... sentence for example, I am sad . A subordinate clause is not a complete sentence for example, because I have no friends . See also copula linguistics copula for the consequences of the verb to be on the theory of sentence structure. A simple complete sentence consists of a single clause ... conjunctions , punctuation , or both. A complex sentence consists of at least one independent clause and one dependent clause. A complex compound sentence or compound complex sentence consists of multiple ... can also be classified based on their purpose A declarative sentence or declaration, the most common type, commonly makes a statement I have to go to work. An interrogative sentence or question is commonly ... question . An exclamatory sentence or exclamation is generally a more emphatic form of statement ... more details
wiktionary sentenceSentence or sentencing may refer to Sentencelinguistics , a grammatical unit of language Sentence mathematical logic , a formula with no free variables Sentence music , a particular type of musical phrase Sentence law , a penalty applied to a person or entity found guilty of a criminal act Sentencing The Wire Sentencing The Wire , the thirteenth episode of The Wire Sentences , a 12 century book of theology by Peter Lombard Sentences The Life of MF Grimm , an autobiographical graphic novel by the MF Grimm , published by Vertigo in 2007 disambig da S tning de Satz eo Frazo io Frazo su Pindah sk Veta sv Sats uk ... more details
Sentencelinguisticssentence s Semantics , the study of the meaning of words lexical semantics and fixed ...about the field of study the journal Linguistics journal linguisticsLinguistics is the scientific study of human language . ref Cite book title Linguistics An Introduction to Linguistic Theory last Fromkin ... 0631197117 page 3 ref ref cite book title Elements of General Linguistics last Martinet first Andr authorlink Andr Martinet others Tr. Elisabeth Palmer Studies in General Linguistics, vol. i. location London publisher Faber year 1960 page 15 ref ref Cite book title On Language and Linguistics first ... title Linguistics and ethnology journal Southwestern Journal of Anthropology volume 4 pages 140 47 year 1948 last Greenberg first Joseph authorlink Joseph Greenberg ref Linguistics can be broadly broken ... followed by the speakers or hearers of a language. It encompasses morphology linguistics morphology ... from these words , and phonology sound systems . Phonetics is a related branch of linguistics concerned .... The study of language Meaning linguistics meaning is concerned with how languages employ ... includes evolutionary linguistics , which considers the origins of language historical linguistics ... of texts and conversation s. Although linguistics is the scientific study of language, a number ... Literary theorists study the use of language in literature . Linguistics additionally draws on and informs ... of synchronic analysis linguistics synchronic analysis , however, this focus has shifted ref Cite ... States, ref A. Morpurgo Davies Hist. Linguistics 1998 4 I. 22. ref where it was never as popular ... the term linguistics is first attested in 1847. ref name etymonline linguist http www.etymonline.com ... language, applies within the field to someone who either studies linguistics or uses linguistic methodologies ... Linguistics concerns itself with describing and explaining the nature of human language. Fundamental ... govern how native speakers use language. Linguistics has many sub fields concerned ... more details
Sentence length may refer to In linguistics, the length of a Sentencelinguistics In penology, the length of a Sentence law In music, the length of a Sentence music dab ... more details
A simple sentence is a sentence structure that contains one independent clause and no dependent clause s. Examples The runner jumped. This simple sentence has one independent clause which contains one subject grammar subject , runner , and one Predicate grammar predicate , jumped . The singer bowed. This simple sentence has one independent clause which contains one subject grammar subject , singer , and one Predicate grammar predicate , bowed . The baby cried. This simple sentence has one independent clause which contains one subject grammar subject , baby , and one Predicate grammar predicate , cried . The girl ran into her bedroom. This simple sentence has one independent clause which contains one subject grammar subject , girl , and one Predicate grammar predicate , ran into her bedroom . This example is distinct from the previous three in that its verb phrase consists of more than one word. In the backyard, the dog barked and howled at the cat. This simple sentence has one independent clause which contains one subject grammar subject , dog , and one Predicate grammar predicate , barked and howled at the cat . This predicate has two verbs, known as a compound predicate barked and howled . This compound verb should not be confused with a compound sentencelinguistics compound sentence . In the backyard and at the cat are prepositional phrase s. See also Compound sentencelinguistics Compound sentence Complex sentence Complex compound sentence References cite book author Rozakis, Laurie title The Complete Idiot s Guide to Grammar and Style pp. 167&ndash 168 publisher Alpha year 2003 isbn 1 59257 115 8 http wakish.info anatomy of a simple sentence in english language Anatomy Of A Simple Sentence In English Language at http wakish.info Wakish Wonderz External links http www.arts.uottawa.ca writcent hypergrammar sntstrct.html The Structure of a Sentence Category Sentences by type br Frazenn eeun ca Oraci simple nl Enkelvoudige zin pl Zdanie pojedyncze uk ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Unreferenced date January 2009 Sentence arrangement refers to the location of ideas and the placement of emphasis within a Sentencelinguisticssentence . Based on these factors, a sentence may be classified as loose , balanced , periodic , or cumulative . Examples A loose sentence expresses the main thought near the beginning and adds explanatory material as needed. We bashed the pi ata for 15 minutes without denting it , although we at least avoided denting one another s craniums and, with masks raised, finally pried the candy out with a screwdriver. A cumulative sentence places the general idea in the main clause and gives it greater precision with Grammatical modifier modifying words , phrase s, or clauses placed before it, after it, or in the middle of it. In this example, the phrases eyes squinting , puffy , and always on alert look forward to the pronoun he in the main clause the phrases after the word forest look back to the word week in the main clause. Eyes squinting, puffy, always on alert, he showed the effects of a week in the forest , a brutal week, a week of staggering in circles driven by the baying of wolves. Category Grammar Category Syntax ling stub ... more details
pp semi small yes expiry 01 54, 4 October 2012 UTC A complex sentence is a sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause . Examples I ate the meal that you cooked. I ate the meal is an independent clause and that you cooked is a relative clause . I enjoyed the apple pie that you bought for me. I enjoyed the apple pie is an independent clause and that you bought for me is a relative clause. I ate breakfast before I went to work. I ate breakfast is an independent clause, and before I went to work is a dependent clause, meaning it cannot stand alone as a sentence . Examples of sentences that have more than one clause but are not complex sentences include the following I was scared, but I didn t run away. Both clauses are independent. Therefore, this is a compound sentence but not a complex sentence. The dog that you gave me barked at me, and it bit my hand. This is a compound complex sentence with two independent clauses The dog barked at me and It bit my hand and one dependent clause that you gave me . See also Simple sentence Compound sentencelinguistics Compound sentence Complex compound sentence External links http owl.english.purdue.edu owl resource 573 02 MLA Guide http www.arts.uottawa.ca writcent hypergrammar sntstrct.html The Structure of a Sentence http www.rockpicklepublishing.com essays complexsentencessubordinateclausesadverbclauses.html Complex Sentences Subordinate Clauses as Adverb Clauses Category Syntactic entities Category Sentences by type br Frazenn gevrennek de Satzgef ge ja ru uk Ling stub ... more details
A pro sentence is a function word or expression that substitutes for a whole Sentencelinguisticssentence whose content is recoverable from the context. Pro sentences are a kind of pro form s and are therefore Anaphora linguistics anaphoric . In English language English , yes and no yes , no , okay and amen are common pro sentences. In response to the question Does Mars have two moons? , the sentence Yes can be understood to abbreviate Mars has two moons. Pro sentences are sometimes seen as grammatical interjection s, since they are capable of very limited syntax syntactical relations. But they can also be classified as a distinct part of speech , given that other interjections have Meaning linguistic meaning s of their own and are often described as expressions of feeling s or emotion s. Yes and no main Yes and no In some languages, the equivalents to yes and no may substitute not only a whole sentence, but also a part of it, either the Subject grammar subject and the verb , or the verb and a Complement linguistics complement , and can also constitute a subordinate clause . The Portuguese language Portuguese word wikt sim Portuguese sim yes gives a good example Q Ela est em casa? A Acredito que sim . Q Is she at home? A I believe that she is literally, that yes . Ela n o saiu de casa, mas o John sim . She didn t leave home, but John did literally, John yes . In some languages, such as English, yes rebuts a negative question, whereas no affirms it. However, in Japanese language Japanese , the equivalents of no iie , uun , i ya rebut a negative question, whereas the equivalents of yes hai , ee , un affirm it. Q Wakarimasen deshita ka Did you not understand? A Hai, wakarimasen deshita No, I didn t Literally That s right, I didn t understand Some languages have a specific ... as ascribing properties to the sentence p , but as a pro sentence whose content is the same as that of p. Brandom calls . . .is true a pro sentence forming operator. References Grover, Belnap, Camp ... more details
Cumulative sentence may refer to Grammar Loose sentence , or cumulative sentence, a type sentence structure Law Consecutive terms of imprisonment. See Sentence law disambig ... more details
A run on sentence is a sentencelinguisticssentence in which two or more independent clauses i.e., complete sentences are joined without appropriate punctuation or conjunction. It is generally considered a stylistic error, though it is occasionally used in literature and may be used as a rhetorical device. An example of a run on is a comma splice , in which two independent clauses are joined with a comma without an accompanying coordinating conjunction. ref cite web title Run ons Comma Splices Fused Sentences url http owl.english.purdue.edu owl resource 598 02 date 2006 08 31 accessdate 2008 01 24 ref ref cite web title Run on Sentences, Comma Splices url http grammar.ccc.commnet.edu grammar runons.htm accessdate 2008 01 24 ref Some linguistic prescription prescriptivists exclude comma splices from the definition of a run on sentence ref Cite document last1 Hairston first1 Maxine last2 Ruszkiewicz first2 John J. last3 Friend first3 Christy title The Scott, Foresman Handbook for Writers edition 5th publisher Longman year 1998 location New York page 509 postscript None ref , though this does not imply that they consider comma splices to be acceptable. The mere fact that a sentence is long does not make it a run on sentence sentences are run ons only when they lack proper separation between independent clauses, so the writer who is vigilant in the use of appropriate punctuation and sentence construction will violate no usage rule limiting the number of independent clauses that may be assembled in a single sentence, though stylistic concerns and a desire not to emulate ... in this overlong, but nonetheless technically correct and run on free sentence. A run on sentence ... A run on sentence, with no punctuation or conjunction between gas and we My car is out of gas we cannot reach town before dark. A comma splice , which is considered a run on sentence in English by some usage experts It is nearly half past five, we cannot reach town before dark. Linguistics ... more details
pp semi small yes A compound Sentencelinguisticssentence is composed of at least two independent clause s. It does not require a dependent clause . The clauses are joined by a coordinating Grammatical conjunction conjunction with or without a comma punctuation comma , a correlative conjunction with or without a comma , a semicolon that functions as a conjunction, or a conjunctive adverb preceded by a semicolon. A conjunction can be used to make a compound sentence. The use of a comma to separate two independent clauses is called a comma splice and is generally considered an error when used in the English language . Examples My friend invited me to a tea party, but my parents didn t let me go. Do you want to stay here, or would you like to go shopping with me? I have a lot of work to finish, so I will be up all night. See also Simple sentence Complex sentence Complex compound sentence References refbegin cite book author Rozakis, Laurie title The Complete Idiot s Guide to Grammar and Style pp. 167&ndash 168 publisher Alpha year 2003 isbn 1 59257 115 8 refend External links http www.arts.uottawa.ca writcent hypergrammar sntstrct.html The Structure of a Sentence Category Syntactic entities Category Sentences by type br Frazenn liesrann ca Oraci coordinada de Satzverkn pfung es Oraci n coordinada nl Samengestelde zin ru sl Priredje uk zh ... more details
Mergeto Parallelism rhetoric discuss Talk Parallelism rhetoric Merge proposal date March 2009 A balanced sentence is a Sentence linguistics sentence that employs parallel structure of approximately the same length and importance. Examples It was the best of times, it was the worst of times... A Tale of Two Cities ref name ex1 citeweb url http writing2.richmond.edu writing wweb parstruc.html title Focusing Sentences Through Parallelism accessdate 2008 03 11 ref White chickens lay white eggs, and brown chickens lay brown eggs so if white cows give white milk, do brown cows give chocolate milk? ref name ex1 From Lincoln s Gettysburg Address on November 19, 1863, two powerful examples But in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate we cannot consecrate we cannot hallow this ground. and .... that government of the people, by the people, for the people , shall not perish from the earth. Control it before it controls you By Sami Musa References reflist Category Fiction Category Grammar Category Literature Category Style fiction Category Narratology Category Writing ... more details
Sentence words also called word sentences are single words that form a full sentencelinguisticssentence , such as wikt Alas Alas . and yes and no Yes. and No. . Henry Sweet described them as a variety of words which have the peculiarity of always forming a sentence by themselves . The Dutch linguist J. M. Hoogvliet calls them wikt volzinwoorden volzinwoorden . They were also noted in 1891 by Georg von der Gabelentz , whose observations were extensively elaborated by Hoogvliet in 1903. Wegener called them wikt Worts tze Worts tze . ref cite book title Reflections on Language and Language Learning editor Marcel Bax, C. Jan Wouter Zwart, and A. J. van Essen author Jan Noordegraaf pages 24 chapter J. M. Hoogvliet as a teacher and theoretician publisher John Benjamins B.V. isbn 9027225842 date 2001 ref ref name Graffi cite book title 200 Years of Syntax author Giorgio Graffi pages 121 publisher John Benjamins B.V. date 2001 isbn 1588110524 ref Sweet gives sentences such as Come , John , Alas as examples of sentence words, in addition to Yes. and No. . Gabelentz does not list Yes. and No. as sentence words, however. ref cite book title A New English Grammar author Henry Sweet chapter Adverbs pages 127 date 1900 publisher Clarendon Press location Oxford isbn 1402153759 ref ref name Graffi Many sentence words have formed from a process of devaluation and semantic erosion. Various phrases in various languages have devolved into the words for yes and no which can be found discussed in detail in yes and no , and these include expletive sentence words such as Well and the French Ben a parallel to wikt bien Bien . ref name Fonagy cite book title Languages Within Language author Ivan ... suffer from this loss of lexical meaning. A subset of sentence words, which Fonagy calls nominal ... of the original, which to a native Hungarian speaker is neither ellipsis linguistics elliptical ... name Fonagy Modern Hebrew exhibits some sentence words too, e.g. . IPA am It is hot. or . ... more details
Unreferenced date February 2011 In linguistics , sentence function refers to a speaker s purpose in uttering a specific sentence, phrase, or clause. Whether a listener is present or not is sometimes irrelevant. It answers the question Why has this been said? The four basic sentence functions in the world .... See also Grammatical polarity Implicature Logic Rhetorical question Sentencelinguistics ... to a statement , question , exclamation , and command respectively. Typically, a sentence ... sentence is released because of, and expresses strong emotion. They many times feel like involuntary ... sentence gives anything from a command or order, to a request, direction, or instruction ... more naturally and freely make use of Displacement linguistics displacement . Displacement refers ... animals. Declarative The declarative sentence is the most common kind of sentence in language, in most situations, and in a way can be considered the default function of a sentence. What this means essentially is that when a language modifies a sentence in order to form a question or give a command ... and violets are blue. She must be out of her mind. Interrogative An interrogative sentence asks a question ... linguistics negative , and we can say that, Joanna is late and Joanna is not late , both technically qualify as declarative sentences. Declarative refers to a sentence s function or purpose, while affirmative and negative deal with a sentence s veracity, or grammatical polarity, which is why the different ... that can occur between the slight distinction of the affirmative, and the positive linguistics ... , while affirmative refers to the perceived validity of the entire sentence. Thus, all three terms ..., so that the sentence, This hummer does not seem to be eco friendly , has all negative, positive ... There are many instances in which a sentence can be grammatically shaped as one function, yet in actual ... be changed to another in order for the sentence to make sense in the present context of conversation ... more details
nofootnotes date March 2011 Image Xbarst1.jpg thumb X bar theory graph of the sentence He studies linguistics at the university. IP Inflectional phrase. In pedagogy , a sentence diagram is a pictorial representation of the grammar grammatical structure of a natural language natural language Sentencelinguisticssentence . A sentence diagram is a form of a parse tree . Is this one of the first parse trees? History Most methods of diagramming are based on the work of Alonzo Reed and Brainerd Kellogg in their book Higher Lessons in English, first published in 1877, though the method has been updated with recent understanding of grammar. Reed and Kellogg were preceded by, and their work probably ..., see Chapter 2 of Kitty Burns Florey s book listed in Further Reading below. Modern linguistics ... of a sentence according to their offices and relations, and not in the order of speech, has been ... to a most searching examination of the sentence, brings him face to face with every difficulty, and compels a decision on every point. blockquote The Reed Kellogg System A simple sentence is shown ... solid black am style border left 2px solid black The diagram of a simple sentence begins with a horizontal ... must contain a verb , and the verb either requires other sentence elements to complete the predicate ... linguistics complement is drawn on a line protruding horizontally from a point near the bottom ... on a floating line separate from the rest of the sentence diagram. It is only one word. References .... http www.ablongman.com catalog academic product 0,1144,0205551262,00.html Sentence Diagramming A Step .... ISBN 978 0 205 55126 2 External links http www.german latin english.com basicdiagrams.htm Sentence ... program that specializes in Reed Kellogg diagrams http itunes.apple.com gb app sentence diagram id439657177?mt 8 Sentence Diagram , an iPad Application software app that specializes in Reed Kellogg diagrams http 1aiway.com nlp4net services enparser Reed Kellogg Sentence Diagrammer online Category ... more details
Sentence extraction is a technique used for automatic summarization of a text. In this shallow approach, heuristic computer science statistical heuristics are used to identify the most salient sentences of a text. Sentence extraction is a low cost approach compared to more knowledge intensive deeper approaches which require additional knowledge bases such as ontology computer science ontologies or linguistics linguistic knowledge . In short sentence extraction works as a filter which allows only important sentences to pass. The major downside of applying sentence extraction techniques to the task of summarization is the loss of coherence in the resulting summary. Nevertheless, sentence extraction summaries can give valuable clues to the main points of a document and are frequently sufficiently intelligible to human readers. Procedure Usually, a combination of heuristics is used to determine the most important sentences within the document. Each heuristic assigns a positive or negative score to the sentence. After all heuristics have been applied, the highest scoring sentences are included in the summary. The individual heuristics are weighted according to their importance. Early approaches and some sample heuristics Seminal papers which laid the foundations for many techniques used today have been published by H. P. Luhn in 1958 ref Cite journal author H. P. Luhn title The Automatic Creation of Literature Abstracts journal IBM Journal year 1958 month April pages 159&ndash 165 url http www.research.ibm.com journal rd 022 luhn.pdf ref and H. P Edmundson in 1969. ref Cite journal author H. P. Edmundson year 1969 title New Methods in Automatic Extracting journal Journal of the ACM volume 16 issue 2 pages 264&ndash 285 doi 10.1145 321510.321519 url http courses.ischool.berkeley.edu i256 f06 papers edmonson69.pdf ref Luhn proposed to assign more weight to sentences at the beginning ... linguistics Category Natural language processing ar ... more details
Mergefrom Zero copula discuss Talk Nominal sentence Merger Proposal date August 2009 The term nominal sentence can refer to two different phenomena a sentencelinguisticssentence with a predicate grammar predicate consisting of the copula linguistics copula to be plus a predicative adjectival or nominal predicative , like Bob is a postman. ref name Duden a sentence with a predicate lacking a finite verb , like The more the merrier . Usually, the missing verb is understood to be a form of to be , as seen in colloquial English You from out of town? see Zero copula . ref name Duden citation title Duden. Deutsches Universalw rterbuch publisher Dudenverlag location Mannheim Leipzig Wien Z rich language German year 2007 isbn 3 411 05506 5 ref ref citation last Bu mann first Hadumod title Lexikon der Sprachwissenschaft publisher Kr ner location Stuttgart language German year 2002 isbn 3 520 45203 0 ref ref citation editor last Gl ck editor first Helmut title Metzler Lexikon Sprache publisher Kr ner location Stuttgart Weimar language German year 2005 isbn 978 3 476 02056 7 ref ref name Fortson citation last Fortson first Benjamin W. title Indo European Language and Culture publisher Blackwell Publishing year 2004 isbn 1 4051 0316 7 page 143 ref Examples of sentences lacking a finite verb While nominal sentences are rare in English, they are far more common in certain other languages Russian language Russian , . Here is a man who has lost hope , literally Here a man who has lost hope Arabic language Arabic h l k tibu ma h run This writer is famous , literally This writer famous Hebrew language Hebrew ha melex erom The king is naked Nominal sentences were also common in the old Indo European languages ref name Fortson Ancient Greek emo d chos and to me there is pain Latin na sal s vict s one salvation is remains ... La phrase nominale DEFAULTSORT Nominal Sentence Category Sentences by type Ling stub de Nominalsatz ... more details
Orphan date October 2006 att April 2011 Refimprove date April 2007 An inverted sentence is when the predicate verb comes before the subject noun Down the street lived the man and his wife without anyone suspecting that they were really spies for a foreign power. br Because there s no object following the verb, the noun phrase after the verb lived can be decoded as subject without any problem. Examples Inversion linguistics Inversion after initial negatives I will never do that again Rarely have I eaten better food. Hardly ever does he come to class on time. Not until a frog develops lungs does it leave the water and live on the land. Not only was Mary Ann Shadd famous for helping escaped slaves, she was also the first African Canadian woman to establish a newspaper. Hardly ever have there been so many choices for young people entering the work force as there are today. Inversion after other structures So high is Mount Everest that climbers can take only a couple of steps per minute as they near the summit. Off the coast of North Carolina lie the Barrier Islands, a popular summer resort area. Only after the earthquake had taken place did the lack of safety measures become obvious. Category Grammar zh ... more details
Donkey sentences are sentences that contain a certain type of Anaphora linguistics anaphora , such as Every farmer who owns a donkey beats it. Every police officer who arrested a murderer insulted him. Donkey sentences became a major force in advancing semantics semantic research in the 1980s, with the introduction of discourse representation theory DRT . During that time, an effort was made to settle the inconsistencies which arose from the attempts to translate donkey sentences into first order logic . Donkey sentences present the following problem, when represented in first order logic The systematic translation of every existential expression in the sentence into existential quantifiers produces an incorrect representation of the sentence, since it leaves a free occurrence of the variable y in BEAT x . y math forall x , text FARMER x and exists y , text DONKEY y and text OWNS x,y rightarrow text BEAT x,y math Trying to extend the scope of existential quantifier also does not solve the problem math forall x , exists y , text FARMER x and text DONKEY y and text OWNS x,y rightarrow text BEAT x,y math In this case, the logical translation fails to give correct truth conditions to donkey sentences Imagine a situation where there is a farmer owning a donkey and a pig, and not beating any of them. The formula will be true in that situation, because for each farmer we need to find at least one object that either is not a donkey owned by this farmer, or is beaten by the farmer. Hence, if this object denotes the pig, the sentence will be true in that situation. A correct translation into first order logic for the donkey sentence seems to be math forall x , forall y , text FARMER x and text DONKEY y and text OWNS x,y rightarrow text BEAT x,y math Unfortunately, this translation leads to a serious problem of inconsistency. Indefinites must sometimes be interpreted as existential ... that Discourse representation theory DRT provides for the donkey sentence problem can be roughly ... more details
. Sornicola, R. 1988. It clefts and Wh clefts two awkward sentence types. Linguistics , 24 343 379. refend DEFAULTSORT Cleft Sentence Category Grammar de Spaltsatz ko ja ...A cleft sentence is a complex sentence one having a main clause and a dependent clause that has a meaning that could be expressed by a simple sentence . Clefts typically put a particular constituent into Focus linguistics focus . This focusing is often accompanied by a special intonation. In English language English , a cleft sentence can be constructed as follows it conjugated form of to be X subordinate clause where it is a cleft pronoun and X is usually a noun phrase although it can also be a prepositional phrase , and in some cases an adjectival or adverbial phrase . The focus is on X , or else on the subordinate clause or some element of it. For example It s Joey who we re looking for. It s money that I love. It was from John that she heard the news. It was meeting Jim that really started me off on this new line of work. Types English is very rich in cleft constructions. Below are examples of other types of clefts found in English, though the list is not exhaustive see Lambrecht 2001 for a comprehensive survey, Collins 1991 for an in depth analysis of it clefts and wh clefts in English ..., such as Topic linguistics topicalization , word order changes, Focus linguistics focusing particles ... Constituent linguistics constituent of the relative clause, and function as its Phrase structure rules ... are copula linguistics copula constructions in which the Focus linguistics focused element serves as the Predicate grammar predicate of the sentence. 1 Ang babae ang bumili ng bahay. sc nom woman sc ... University Linguistics Club, Bloomington. Delin, J. 1989. Cleft constructions in discourse ... constraints on discourse structure the case of it clefts. Linguistics , 33 456 500. Emonds, J ... for the analysis of cleft constructions. Linguistics, 39 3 463 516. Luo, C. 2009. Cleftability ... more details
Criminal procedure trial A deferred sentence is a sentence that is suspended until after a defendant has completed a period of probation . If the defendant fulfills the stipulations surrounding probation, a judge may then throw out the sentence and guilty plea, clearing the incident from their record. If the defendant violates probation, he or she must serve the full sentence immediately. ref http definitions.uslegal.com d deferred sentence ref A defendant must plead guilty to at least one of the crimes he or she is accused of in order to receive a deferred sentence. The promise of a deferred sentence is often traded in exchange for a guilty plea in plea bargain s. Deferred sentences are often given to first time offenders, or to those who have committed relatively minor crimes, although ultimately, the choice to defer a sentence is left to a judge s discretion. In the state of New York , a similar process is known as adjournment in contemplation of dismissal ACOD . What typically happens in such a case is that the potential sentence is deferred for six months, and if the defendant stays out of trouble, the charge is dropped entirely with no public record of the offense. ref http www.saratoga lawyer.com acod.html ACOD ref A deferred sentence is not exactly the same as an ACOD. One of the primary differences is that receiving an ACOD doesn t require an admission of guilt or plea of guilty unlike a deferred sentence which requires such. Upon completion of the ACOD, the charges are automatically sealed, fingerprints & mugshots are destroyed, and the arrest is annulled. There is no conviction and all rights you had prior to arrest are restored. In order to enter the deferred sentence program, a plea of guilt must be made. Even though successful completion of a deferred sentence ... of the program. Furthermore, completion of a deferred sentence program usually requires a request to the court to have the underlying charges and arrest sealed. See also Suspended sentence Deferred Adjudication ... more details
A split sentence is a sentence which the defendant serves up to half of his term of imprisonment outside of prison. Martha Stewart received a split sentence. ref citation title How To Prosecute Eliot Spitzer author Harlan J. Protass date March 11, 2008 url http www.slate.com id 2186345 ref The Bureau of Prisons general counsel has opined that when an offender has received a sentence of imprisonment, the Bureau of Prisons does not have general authority, either upon the recommendation of the sentencing judge or otherwise, to place such an offender in community confinement at the outset of his sentence or to transfer him from prison to community confinement at any time BOP chooses during the course of his sentence. ref http biotech.law.lsu.edu blaw olc bopimprisonment2.htm ref A split sentence is only available to defendants who fall into Zone C of the Federal Sentencing Table . ref USSGSub 5 c 1 1 ref A reverse split sentence is one whereby the defendant is sentenced to a term of probation which may be followed by a period of incarceration or, with respect to a felony, into community control. Reverse split sentences are authorized by some states. References Reflist Category Sentencing law US law stub ... more details
In mathematical logic , an algebraic sentence is one that can be stated using only equations between terms with free variable s. Inequalities and quantifiers are specifically disallowed. Sentential logic is the subset of first order logic involving only algebraic sentences. Saying that a sentence is algebraic is a stronger condition than saying it is elementary sentence elementary . mathlogic stub Related Algebraic theory Algebraic definition Category Mathematical logic ... more details
In mathematical logic , an elementary sentence is one that is stated using only finitary first order logic , without reference to set theory or using any axioms which have consistency strength equal to set theory. Saying that a sentence is elementary is a weaker condition than saying it is algebraic sentence algebraic . Related Elementary theory Elementary definition References Saunders Mac Lane Mac Lane and Moerdijk, Sheaves in Geometry and Logic A First Introduction to Topos Theory, page 4. mathlogic stub Category Mathematical logic ... more details
For the non custodial punishment for a crime in Canada conditional sentence Canada In grammar , conditional sentences are sentencelinguistics sentences discussing fact ual implications or hypothesis hypothetical situations and their Material conditional consequences . Languages use a variety of conditional constructions and verb forms such as the conditional mood to form such sentences. Full conditional sentences contain two clause s the condition or Protasis linguistics protasis , and the consequence or apodosis . If it rains condition , then the picnic will be cancelled consequence . syntax Syntactically , the condition is the subordinate clause, and the consequence is the main clause. However, the properties of the entire sentence are primarily determined by the properties of the protasis condition its Grammatical tense tense and degree of factualness . Categories English conditional sentences can be divided into the two broad classes of factual predictive and hypothetical counterfactual , depending on the form of the verb in the condition protasis . The terms factual and counterfactual broadly correspond to the linguistic modality linguistic modalities called realis and irrealis . Factual In these constructions, the condition clause expresses a condition the truth of which is unverified. The verb in the condition clause is in the past tense with a past tense interpretation or in the present tense with a present or future tense interpretation . The result clause can be in the past ... of wish, you can use would or will in both clauses of the same sentence If the band would rehearse ... sentence e.g. go eastwards a mile and you ll see it means if you go eastwards a mile, you ... Conditional would is sometimes used in both clauses of an if sentence. This is common in spoken ... of a conditional sentence i.e. if p , then q , the intuitive interpretation of conditional statements ... involves the possible outcome of an event that is less likely to occur various sentence structures ... more details
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