Semai may refer to Semai people Semai language dab Short pages monitor This long comment was added to the page to prevent it from being listed on Special Shortpages. It and the accompanying monitoring template were generated via Template Long comment. Please do not remove the monitor template without removing the comment as well. ... more details
A y r k semai also spelled y r k sema i , y r k sema i , or y r k sem is a musical form in Ottoman classical music . It was a movement of a fas l suite . It is generally composed in an Usul music usul rhythmic structure of 6 8 or 6 4. Tanburi Cemil Bey was a noted composer of y r k semai . In Arabic music , there is an iqa rhythmic mode called y ruk sam , which is commonly used in the muwashshah genre. External links http www.maqamworld.com rhythms muwashahat2.html yuruk samai Y r k semai page http www.iktmo.com index eng.html Y r k semai page http www.oud.eclipse.co.uk turkishforms.html Y r k semai page See also Saz semai Sama i DEFAULTSORT Yuruk Semai Category Turkish music Category Turkish words and phrases Category Musical forms Turkey stub music genre stub ... more details
Infobox language name Semai states Peninsular Malaysia speakers 44,000 date 2003 ethnicity Semai people familycolor Austro Asiatic fam2 Aslian languages Aslian fam3 Senoic languages Senoic iso3 sea Semai is a Mon Khmer language of Western Malaysia spoken by about 44,000 Semai people . It is perhaps the only Aslian language which is not endangered, and even has 2,000 monolingual speakers. One notable aspect of Semai phonology is its highly irregular pattern of expressive reduplication , showing discontiguous copying from just the edges of the reduplicant s base, thus forming a minor syllable . References Diffloth, Gerard. 1976a. Minor Syllable Vocalism in Senoic Languages. In Philip N. Lenner, Laurence C. Thompson, and Stanley Starosta eds. , Austroasiatic Studies, Part I , 229 247. Honolulu The University of Hawaii Press. Diffloth, Gerard. 1976b. Expressives in Semai. In Philip N. Lenner, Laurence C. Thompson, and Stanley Starosta eds. , Austroasiatic Studies, Part I , 249 264. Honolulu The University of Hawaii Press. Hendricks, Sean. 2001. Bare Consonant Reduplication Without Prosodic Templates Expressive Reduplication in Semai. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 10 287 306. Category Languages of Malaysia Category Mon Khmer languages malaysia stub AustroAsiatic lang stub ms Bahasa Semai ... more details
The saz semai is also spelled saz sema i , saz sema i , saz sema i , saz sema , saz sem , sazsemai , saz semaisi , or sazsemaisi . In the Arab world , it is called Sam i . It is an instrumental form in Ottoman classical music . It was typically the closing movement of a fas l suite . The saz semai was metered and typically used the Usul music usul rhythmic structure called Aksak Semai . A saz semai is typically in 4 movement music movement s, called Hane , door , each movement followed by a teslim refrain . The teslim and the three first Hane are usually in rhythm structure 10 8, unlike the fourth Hane which will be in 6 4. Like First Hane Rhythm 10 8 Teslim Rhythm 10 8 Second Hane Rhythm 10 8 Teslim Third Hane Rhythm 10 8 Teslim Fourth Hane Rhythm 6 4 Teslim Common Saz Semaisi Some Saz Semaisi are very known and played in the all makam music area From Greece to Irak, and from Irak to Marokko . Here a few of them Sam i al Thakil also called Arap saz semai. This samai is in makam Bayati. Sam i Al Aryan also called Sam i Bayati. Sam i Shad Araban Shet araban saz semaisi. Composed by Tanburi Cemil Bey. Sam i Husseyni. Composed by Tanburi Cemil Bey. Sam i Nahawand Nihavend saz semaisi. Commposed by the son of Tanburi Cemil Bey Mas ud Cemil Bey. Saz Semai s Composers Tanburi Cemil Bey was a noted composer of saz semai . We must mention the name of a contemporary turkish kanun player who composed a very beautiful semai. He is called G ksel Baktagir . He composed the Hicaz saz semai called Garip . Bibliography Walter Feldman Music of the Ottoman court Makam, composition in the early Ottoman instrumental repertoire Intercultural Music Studies, 1996. External links http www.iktmo.com index eng.html Saz semai page http www.oud.eclipse.co.uk turkishforms.html Saz semai page See also Sama i Y r k semai Category Turkish music Category Turkish words and phrases Category Musical forms Turkey stub music genre stub ... more details
other uses Semai Island ethnic group group Orang Semai image Image Semai nymonh.jpg thumb right Sculpture of a Semai woman at the New York Museum of Natural History caption flag population 34,248 ref name ... a form of Animism langs Semai language , Aslian languages , Aboriginal Malay languages , Malay language Malay related Semang , Senoi , and Proto Malay Contradict date August 2011 The Semai are a semisedentary ... Citation needed date August 2011 . They speak Semai language Semai , a Mon Khmer languages Mon Khmer language. The Senai belong to the Senoi ethnic group. The Semai are horticulturalist ... primarily by public opinion. The Semai themselves say There is no authority here but embarrassment. Although popular and verbally facile individuals are influential in public affairs, the Semai have no formal leaders. Disputes in the Semai community are resolved by holding a becharaa , or public ... the community. The Semai have a saying that there are more reasons to fear a dispute than a tiger. ref De Waal, Our Inner Ape , p. 166. ref Semai children are never punished or forced against ... says I don t want to, the matter is ended. However, Semai parents use fear of strangers and violence ... to give way to others so as to preserve the peace and harmony of the village. The games Semai children ... and thatched roofs using palm leaves. Semai houses have no visible bedrooms, especially for the children ... permission is a transgression and entails some sort of natural retribution. It is thought that the Semai ... to Keene State College s Orang Asli Archive, in 1991 there were 26,627 Semai living on the Malay ... of Semai or mixed descent, most of whom have assimilated into other cultures and have abandoned ... in the larger cities. Spirituality & Beliefs The animist traditions of the Semai include a thunder .... The Semai world of animals includes cheb that has feathers and flies, ka has rounded scales ... includes fungi . The Semai usually have restrictions on eating animals that straddle two groups. Snakes ... more details
Sebakor Bay lang id Teluk Sebakor , is a bay on the west of Bomberai Peninsula in northern Papua Indonesian province Province of Papua . Karas Island Karas and Semai Island Semai islands are in the bay. coord missing Indonesia date December 2010 Category Bays of Indonesia Category Western New Guinea Papua geo stub ... more details
A vocal piece of Ottoman Turkish music composed in 6 8 meter, or usul semai, or y r k semai. This form and meter usul in Turkish is often confused with the completely different Saz semai Saz Semaisi , an instrumental form consisting of three to four sections, in 10 8 meter, or usul aksak semai broken semai in Turkish . Semai is one of the most important forms in Ottoman Turkish Sufi music. English Language References The Music of the Ottoman Court Walter Feldman br Sufism, Music and Society Swedish Research Institute br Makam Karl Signell br Meaning in Turkish Musical Culture Eugenia Popescu Judetz br External links http www.neyzen.com ney klasik eserler.htm many pieces of Ottoman sheet music http www.turkmusikisi.com usuller usuller index.htm many of the most common usul See also Saz semai Y r k semai Category Turkish music Category Musical forms Category Classical and art music traditions Turkey stub music genre stub fr Samai ... more details
Nev K r 2 Pen g h Beste Hisar Devr i Kebir Beste ve Aksak Semai M h r A r Aksak Semai Rehav Beref an Beste Buselik Hafif Beste ve Y r k Semai Seg h A r Semai Seg h Y r k Semai Bayat ember Beste Bestenig r Darb Fetih Beste D g h Hafif Beste Isfahan Zencir Beste ve A r Aksak Semai Nikriz Muhammes Beste R hatu l Ervah Zencir Beste Irak Aksak Semai Rast Aksak Semai N h ft Aksak Semai Acema iran Y r k Semai Rehav Pe rev N h ft Pe rev ve Saz Semaisi Nev K r References Reflist Persondata Metadata ... more details
, Suznak, Rast makam makams melodic form , the saz semai s in the H seyni, S znak, Rast makams and more ... Bestenigar Pe rev Fahte Hicaz ark Bilsen ne bela ge ti u bi are serimden Sengin Semai Hicaz ark ... yar ad eylesin Curcuna Hicazkar ark Ben are ararken dil bi areye senden Sengin Semai Hicazkar ... Curcuna H seyni Pe rev H seyni Pe rev Devr i Kebir H seyni Saz Semai H seyni Saz Semaisi Aksak Semai ... Saz Semai H seyni A iran Saz Semaisi Aksak Semai H zzam ark A t m y z n talat didar na bakt m ... Saz Semai Karci ar Saz Semaisi Aksak Semai Karc ar ark Kemend z lf esiri z lf yar oldum Aksak ... K rdilihicazk r Saz Semai K rdi li Hicazkar Saz Semaisi Aksak Semai K rdilihicazk r ark Sohbetinle ... Semai M stear ark Ta yir olunmu guya havas T rk Aksa Neva da U ak ark Gam zedeyim deva bulmam ... Sengin Semai Nihavend ark Meftunu g n l oldu o uhane nigah n Sengin Semai Rast ark Beni dilgir ederken ah visali Aksak Rast ark Bir g nl me bir hal peri an ma bakt m Sengin Semai ... dil mestane olsun Curcuna Rast Pe rev Rast Pe rev D yek Rast Saz Semai Rast Saz Semaisi Aksak Semai ... halet Sengin Semai Suzinak ark Atf etme sak n han er m jgan n nagah Sengin Semai Suzinak ark ... Aksak Suzinak ark Efendim nev civan ms n Sengin Semai Suzinak ark Gel ela g zl m efendim yan ma ... Pe rev Suzinak Pe rev enber Suzinak Saz Semai Suzinak Saz Semaisi Aksak Semai Suzinak ark Suznak ... Saz Semai U ak Saz Semaisi Aksak Semai Notes reflist References cite album notes title Ermeni Bestekarlar ... more details
images notalar ferahfeza ferahfeza ss buyuk osman02.gif Ferahfeza Saz Semai instrumental Aksak Semai 10 8 Hicaz Pe rev Hicaz Pe rev Devrikebir 28 4 Hicazk r Saz Semaisi Hicazk r Saz Semai Aksak Semai ... hisarbuselik hisarbuselik ss tanburi osman02.gif Hisarbuselik Saz Semai Aksak Semai 10 8 H zzam Saz Semaisi H zzam Saz Semai Aksak Semai 10 8 H zzam Pe rev H zzam Pe rev Devrikebir 28 4 Mahur Pe rev Mahur ... Semai Aksak Semai 10 8 Maye Pe rev Maye Pe rev Devrikebir 28 4 Nihavend Pe rev, http neyzen.com images ... Devrikebir 28 4 Ni aburek Pe rev Ni aburek Pe rev Hafif 32 2 N h ft Saz Semaisi N h ft Saz Semai Aksak Semai 10 8 N h ft Pe rev, http neyzen.com images notalar nuhuft nuhuft p osman bey1.gif , http ... p osman bey3.gif N h ft Pe rev Devrikebir 28 4 Rast Saz Semaisi Rast maqam Rast Saz Semai Aksak Semai 10 8 Revnakn ma Saz Semaisi Revnakn ma Saz Semai Aksak Semai 10 8 Revnakn ma Pe rev Revnakn ma ... neyzen.com images notalar saba saba ss osman bey02.gif Saba maqam Saba Saz Semai Aksak Semai 10 ... Pe rev Seg h Pe rev Devrikebir 28 4 Suzidil Saz Semaisi Suzidil Saz Semai Aksak Semai 10 8 eddiaraban Pe rev eddiaraban Pe rev Hafif 32 2 Tarz nevin Saz Semaisi Tarz nevin Saz Semai Aksak Semai 10 ... more details
Infobox language family name Senoic altname Sakai ethnicity Senoi region Peninsular Malaysia familycolor Austro Asiatic fam2 Nuclear Mon Khmer fam3 Nico Monic fam4 Asli Monic fam5 Aslian languages Aslian child1 Semai language Semai child2 Temiar language Temiar child3 Lanoh language Lanoh child4 Sab m language Sab m child5 Semnam language Semnam The Senoic languages also called Sakai are a group of Aslian languages spoken by about 33,000 people in the main range of the Malay peninsula . ref name Britannica cite web title Senoic languages work Encyclop dia Britannica date 2006 09 09 url http secure.britannica.com eb article 9066775 accessdate 2006 09 09 ref Languages in the group are Semai language Semai and Temiar language Temiar the main languages , ref name Britannica along with Lanoh language Lanoh , Sab m language Sab m and Semnam language Semnam . ref name ethnologue cite web last Gordon first Raymond G., Jr. title Language Family Trees Austro Asiatic, Mon Khmer, Aslian, Senoic work Ethnologue Languages of the World publisher SIL International year 2005 url http www.ethnologue.com show family.asp?subid 91236 accessdate 2006 09 09 ref References reflist Category Languages of Malaysia Category Mon Khmer languages AustroAsiatic lang stub ms Bahasa Senoi ... more details
, Semai, Jah Hut, Mah Meri, Semaq Beri, Semelai, and Temoq . ref name Austro asiatic Subgroupings ... language Temoq , Semoq Beri language Semoq Beri Senoic languages Senoic Semai language Semai , Temiar ... Semai k p k p centipede ref name Minor syllabic vocalism in Senoic languages. Diffloth, Gerard.1976a ... are a further source of disyllables Jah Hut sura sing , from Malay suara voice Semai tiba arrive ... of Mon Khmer proto Semai vowels Diffloth, Gerard. 1977. Towards a history of Mon Khmer proto Semai ... in Semai dialects, especially on vowels preceded by h or . Phonemic vowel length has been retained in Senoic languages such as Semai , Temiar and Sabum . Contrastive length has been lost by the whole ... of Mon Khmer. Proto Semai is reconstructed with 10 11 long monophthongal vowels, but with only one ... into the root. The most important liquid infix is the causative r , which is productive in Semai and Temiar. Semai root has 2 initial consonants, infix comes between them k c be wet , kr c moisten something . ref name Ambigu t morphologique en semai Diffloth, Gerard. 1972b. Ambigu t morphologique en semai. In J. Thomas and L.Bernot, eds. LTNS I 91 93, Paris Klincksieck ref Nasal infixes ... Khmer of Malay Peninsular In Semai , count nouns are derived from mass nouns by using a root external ... external infix. ref name Aslian Mon Khmer of Malay Peninsular This is present in Semai and Temiar , which have a verbal infix a . In Semai , it forms resultative verbs, while in Temiar , it marks the simulfactive ..., if the root has two consonants, the suffix a is inserted between them Semai sl r lay flat objects ... so that the a can be inserted between the original and its copy. Semai c s tear off cac s be torn ... t m pound tmt m is pounding Semai Senoic laal stick out one s tongue lllaal is sticking out one ..., monomorphemic lexemes e.g. Semai th to make fun of elders sexually . ref name Relations between the animals and the humans in Semai society Diffloth, Gerard. 1976e. Relations between the animals ... more details
s master live entertainers. In his newest CD titled Semai Sky in Tigrinya , Abraham collaborates with several ... Hope is my supply or kit 1994 MsTir fQri Secret of Love 1998 Hadera Promise 2000 semai Sky aka The Sky ... more details
Stuart Wavell is a United Kingdom British journalist . Previously Arts editor and Media editor of The Guardian and Paris correspondent, he s now a senior feature writer and author of the Weekly Profile for the UK The Sunday Times UK The Sunday Times . Stuart has travelled extensively, spending time with the Semai Senoi aborigines in Malaysia , Canadian Indians in the Arctic , and a traditional Inuit hunting community on Baffin Island . He is the author of Trails To Heaven , an archeological adventure novel set on Baffin Island. External links http www.stuartwavell.com Official Website http www.trailstoheaven.co.uk Trails To Heaven Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Wavell, Stuart ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Wavell, Stuart Category Year of birth missing living people Category Living people Category Baffin Island UK journalist stub ... more details
Use dmy dates date October 2011 Pe rev pronounced IPA tr pe ev in Turkish , Pi rev IPA pi ev , peshrev, or pishrev called bashraf in Arabic language Arabic is an instrumental form in Turkish classical music . It is the name of the first piece of music played during a group performance called a fas l IPA tr fa s . It also serves as the wiktionary Penultimate penultimate piece of the Mevlevi ayini , ritual music of the Mevlevi Mevlevi order , under the name son pe rev final pe rev , preceding son semai . It usually uses long rhythm cycles, stretching over many measures as opposed to the simpler Usul music usul the other major form of instrumental music uses, saz semai . Along with the saz semai called sama i in Arabic language Arabic , it was introduced into Arabic music in the 19th century, and became particularly popular in Egypt . Etymology In Ottoman Turkish language Ottoman Turkish , it was a Persian language Persian loanword composed of the particles p , which means before, ahead , and rev , that which goes coming to mean that which comes first . In Persian, the word pi daramad Need Persian script is used instead to denote the first piece of a traditional music performance. Structure Pe revs are composed of movements called hane IPA ha ne lit. house , at the end of which there is always an unchanging particle introducing the teslim Is this originally an Arabic or Turkish word, and what is the spelling of this in Arabic script? IPA tes li m lit. handing in sc aka m lazime IPA myla zi me lit. that which is inseparable or constant , i.e. the refrain. Pe revs are named after the makam used in the first hane and usually end with this makam in Turkish classical music theory, they are said to be bound to this makam . There are always modulations to other makam s in the hane s that follow the first hane , but with the refrain teslim , the piece always regains the principal mode. At the end of each hane , a pause is made on the strong degree of its makam , ... more details
Infobox language family name Jahaic altname Semang, North Aslian region Peninsular Malaysia and Thailand familycolor Austro Asiatic fam2 Nuclear Mon Khmer fam3 Nico Monic fam4 Asli Monic fam5 Aslian languages Aslian child1 Chewong language Chewong child2 Eastern child3 Tonga language Thailand Tonga child4 Western The Jahaic languages also called Semang and North Aslian are a group of Aslian languages spoken by about 5,000 people in inland areas of Peninsular Malaysia , with a few pockets in southern Thailand . The most distinctive language in the group is Chewong language Chewong , which is spoken south of Semai . The other languages apart from Tonga language Thailand Tonga can be split into two divisions Chewong language Chewong Jahaic proper Eastern Batek language Batek , Jehai language Jehai , Minriq language Minriq , Mintil language Mintil Western Kintaq language Kintaq , Kensiu language Kensiu Maniq Also Tonga language Thailand Tonga . Category Languages of Malaysia Category Languages of Thailand Category Mon Khmer languages AustroAsiatic lang stub ms Bahasa Jahaik ... more details
The Senoi also spelled Sengoi and Sng oi are a set of Malaysia n Hunter gatherer hunting and gathering Orang Asli peoples. Demography The Senoi tribes live in the central part of the Malaya peninsula, ref http www.keene.edu library orangasli map1.cfm Map , Keen State College ref and consist of five different groups, the Semai people Semai , Temiar people Temiar , Mah Meri people Mah Meri , Jah Hut , Sema Berisi and the Che Wong , all of who speak Senoic languages and have a total population of about 60,000. ref http www.coac.org.my codenavia portals coacv2 code main main art.php?parentID 11374494101180&artID 11432750280711 POPULATION STATISTICS , ref History Their ancestors are believed to have arrived from southern Thailand about 4,500 years ago. ref http www.encyclopedia.com.my volume4 neolithiclife.html ECONOMIC PATTERNS OF NEOLITHIC LIFE , The Encyclopedia of Malaysia ref During the Malayan Emergency , the guerrilla war fought from 1948 to 1960 a small fighting force, the Senoi Praaq was created, which is now part of the General Operations Force of the Royal Malaysia Police . Lucid dreaming Kilton Stewart , who had traveled among the Senoi before the World War II Second World War wrote about the Senoi in his 1948 doctoral thesis ref http www2.lse.ac.uk anthropology research research students PhD theses theses1927 60.aspx Magico Religious Beliefs and Practices in Primitive Society a Sociological Interpretation of their Therapeutic Aspects , London School of Economics LSE ref and his 1954 popular book Pygmies and Dream Giants . This work was publicized by parapsychology Parapsychologist Charles Tart and pedagogue George Burr Leonard George Leonard in books and at the Esalen Institute retreat center, and in the 1970s Patricia Garfield describes use of dreams among Senoi, based on her contact with some Senoi at the aborigine hospital in Gombak , Malaysia in 1972. ref http www.amazon.com Creative Dreaming Patricia Garfield Ph D dp 0345331443 Creative Dreaming , Patri ... more details
Ethnic group group Mah Meri image poptime Year 2005 2200 popplace Pulau Carey langs Besisi rels Forest & Natural Spirituality related Senoi subgroup which includes the Che Wong, Jah Hut, Semoq Beri, Semai & Temiar The Mah Meri are one of the 18 tribes of Orang Asli living in West Malaysia. They are of the Senoi subgroup. Most of the members of the Mah Meri tribe live along the coast of South Selangor from Sungei Pelek up to Pulau Carey , although there is at least one Mah Meri Community on the other side of the Klang River . According to the Orang Asli Office of the Malaysian government ref http www.jheoa.gov.my e orangasli.htm ref , they numbered around 2200 in 2005. Most of the Mah Meri live in small villages kampungs on the fringes of other cities and on Pulau Carey, which has five separate villages of Mah Meri. Political Organization In common with other Orang Asli Villages, each kampung elects its own Batin Village Headman and a council of elders to represent the people living in the kampung. The Batin is paid an annual salary by the Malaysian government. The Bomoh, who functions as a shaman in their society, plays an important role in the kampung. Mah Meri Kampungs class wikitable Name of Kampung Nearest Town Kampung Orang Asli Bukit Bangkong Sungei Pelek Kampung Orang Asli Tg Sepat Kampung Orang Asli Sungei Kurau Pulau Carey Kampung Orang Asli Sungei Judah Pulau Carey Kampung Orang Asli Sungei Bumbun Pulau Carey Kampung Orang Asli Sungei Jugra Pulau Carey Language The Mah Meri language, sometimes also called Besisi is one of the Mon Khmer language group but has also borrowed from Malay. References references Orang asli Category Ethnic groups in Malaysia fr Mah Meri id Mahmeri ms Mahmeri zh ... more details
Image lemang cooking.jpg thumb right 250px Lemang cooking process Lemang is a traditional Malay ethnic group Malay Malay cuisine food made of glutinous rice and coconut milk and cooked in a hollowed bamboo stick lined with banana leaves in order to prevent the rice from sticking to the bamboo. ref ms http www.travelfeeder.com travel tips travel snapshot celebrate hari raya aidilfitri with lemang ref The cooking method using bamboo container is popular in Iban people Iban Dayak tribe of Borneo . Usually prepared for celebrations such as the Iban harvest festival of Gawai Dayak Hari Gawai , lemang is usually eaten with meat dishes such as chicken curry . In fact, the cooking process used in making lemang, also known as pansoh pansuh , is the traditional delicacy preparation by indigenous Dayak communities for a wide variety of meats. ref ms http findarticles.com p articles mi 8016 is 20080928 ai n44416554 ref Lemang is popular in Malaysia, Malays ethnic group Malay communities of Indonesia, Minangkabau people and Iban communities of Borneo , Manado usually prepared by using the tapai method. Lemang can now be found throughout Indonesia due to the spread of Minangkabau people throughout the country. Lemang is ubiquitous among Malay communities and commonly eaten to mark the end of daily fasting during the annual Muslim Malaysian holidays of Eid ul Fitr Hari Raya Aidilfitri and Eid ul Adha Hari Raya Haji . The aboriginal communities of West Malaysia Orang Asli also practice cooking rice in bamboo. ref http books.google.com.my books?id u6P kAO2u98C&pg PA59&dq malay bamboo rice&cd 9 v onepage&q malay 20bamboo 20rice&f false The Negritos of Malaya By Ivor Hugh Norman Evans. ref . In East Malaysia, the Negrito , ref http books.google.com.my books?id u6P kAO2u98C&pg PA59&dq malay bamboo rice&cd 9 v onepage&q malay 20bamboo 20rice&f false The Negritos of Malaya By Ivor Hugh Norman Evans. ref dan Semai also have the tradition of serving lemang. ref http books.google.com.my boo ... more details
citations missing date January 2011 otheruses Usul disambiguation In Ottoman classical music , usul is an underlying rhythm ic cycle that complements the melodic rhythm and sometimes helps shape the overall structure of a composition. An usul can be as short as two beat music beat s or as long as 128 beats. Usul is often translated as meter music meter , but usul and meter are not exactly the same. Both are repeating rhythmic patterns with more or less complex inner structures of beats of differing duration and weight. But a student learning Turkish music in the traditional me k system first memorizes the usul kinetically by striking the knee s with the hand s. The student then sings the vocal or instrumental composition while performing the underlying usul. This pedagogical system helps the student memorize the composition while internalizing the underlying rhythmic structure. Usul patterns have standard pronounceable vocables built from combinations of the syllables d m , d m , tek , tekkyaa , teke , te ek , where d m, d m indicate a strong low beat of single or double duration, and tek, tekkya, teke, te ek indicate various combinations of light beats of half, single or double duration. Long usul s e.g., 28 4, 32 4, 120 4 are compound metric structures that underlie longer sections of entire compositions. In Ottoman times, the usul was realized by drummers. Drums are generally omitted in modern performances except for Mevlevi. When performing music for the Mevlevi ceremony, drummers traditionally play embellished velveleli versions of the usuls. Instrumental improvisations taksim and vocal improvisations gazel Ghazal , mersiye , etc. are generally performed in free rhythm, with no usul. The melodic counterport to usul rhythmic mode is makam melodic mode. The parallel system to usul in Music of India Indian music is tala music tala . Usul 2 Nimsofyan 3 Semai 4 Sofyan 5 T rkaksa 6 Y r ksemai , Senginsemai, A rsemai 7 Devrihindi, Devrituran 8 D yek, A rd yek ... more details
Music of Turkey sidebar Image Zournas.jpg thumb 150px Zurna Turkish folk music T rk Halk M zi i combines the distinct cultural values of all civilisations that have lived in Anatolia and the Ottoman Empire Ottoman territories in Europe and Asia . Its unique structure includes regional differences under one umbrella. Varieties of style, scales, and rhythm Music accompanied by words can be classified under the following headings T rk folksongs , Ko ma free form folk songs about love or nature , Semai folk song in Semai poetic form , Mani a traditional Turkish quatrain form , Dede Korkut Destan epic , Deyi speech , Uzun Hava long melody , Bozlak a folk song form , A t a lament , Hoyrat , Maya a variety of Turkish folksong , Bo az Havas throat tune , Teke Zorlatmas , Ninni lullaby , Tekerleme a playful form in folk narrative , etc. These are divided into free forms or improvisations with no obligatory metrical or rhythmic form, known as Uzun Hava , and those that have a set metrical or rhythmic structure, known as K r k Havalar broken melodies . Both can also be employed at the same time. Music generally played without words, and dance tunes, go by the names Halay , Bengi , Kar lama , Zeybek , Horon , Bar , etc. Each region in Turkey has its own special folk dances and costumes. Here are some of the most popular Horon Hora This Black Sea dance is performed by men only, dressed in black with silver trimmings. The dancers link arms and quiver to the vibrations of the kemenche an instrument similar to violin . Ka k Oyunu The Spoon Dance is performed from Konya to Silifke and consists of gaily dressed male and female dancers clicking out the dance rhythm with a pair of wooden spoons in each hand. K l Kalkan The Sword and Shield Dance of Bursa represents the Ottoman conquest of the city. It is performed by men only, in Ottoman battle dress, who dance to the sound of clashing swords and shields, without music. Zeybek In this Aegean Islands Aegean dance, dancers, call ... more details
Refimprove date January 2008 In cultural anthropology and sociology , reciprocity is a way of defining people s informal Trade exchange of Good economics goods and labour economics labour that is, people s informal economic systems. It is the basis of most Non market economics non market economies . Since virtually all humans live in some kind of society and have at least a few Ownership possession s, reciprocity is common to every culture . Marshall Sahlins , a well known American cultural anthropologist, identified three main types of reciprocity in his book Stone Age Economics 1972 . ref cite book last Sahlins first Marshall authorlink Marshall Sahlins title Stone Age Economics publisher Aldine Atherton location Chicago year 1972 isbn 0202010996 ref Basic types Generalized reciprocity is the exchange of goods and services without keeping track of their exact value, but often with the expectation that their value will balance out over time. 2010 . ref cite book last Bonvillain first Nancy title Cultural Anthropology publisher Prentice Hall location Upper Saddle River NJ year 2010 isbn 10 0 205 68509 9 ref In industrial society this occurs mainly between parents and children, or within married couples. In advanced society social and economic assistance is moderated by treasurers. In other cultures generalized reciprocity can occur within entire clan s or large kin groups, for instance among the east Semai of Malaya. Between people who engage in generalized reciprocity, there is a maximum amount of trust and a minimum amount of social distance . It is a very informal system of exchange. The expectation that the giver will be repaid is based on trust and social consequences that is, a mooch who accepts gifts and favors without ever giving himself will find it harder and harder to obtain those favors. In industrial societies this can be found among relatives, friends, neighbors, and coworkers. Balanced reciprocity involves a moderate amount of trust and social distanc ... more details
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