Polyomaviridae genus Polyomavirus species Simian virus 40 Infobox disease Name SV40 Image Caption DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD9 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID D027601 SV40 is an abbreviation ... monkey s and human s. Like other polyomaviruses, SV40 is a DNA virus that has the potential to cause tumor s, but most often persists as a latent infection. SV40 became a highly controversial subject .... ref cite news url http www.newscientist.com article mg18324551.200 does sv40 contamination matter.html title Does SV40 contamination matter? quote More than 40 years after SV40 was first discovered ... nucleotide sequence of SV40 DNA, Nature magazine Nature , 273, 113 120, 1978 ref The virus is dormant ... &mdash due to, for example, infection with Simian immunodeficiency virus &mdash SV40 acts much like ... hamster s, SV40 causes a variety of tumors, generally sarcoma s. In rats, the oncogenic SV40 ... tumors in transgenic neural transplants harboring the SV40 large T antigen. American Journal ... reproduces and alters cell function were previously unknown, and research into SV40 vastly increased biologists understanding of gene expression and the regulation of cell growth. Virology SV40 consists ... Transcription The early promoter for SV40 contains three elements. The TATA box is located approximately .... Theorized role in human disease The hypothesis that SV40 might cause cancer in humans has been ... Is there a role for SV40 in human cancer? journal J. Clin. Oncol. volume 24 issue 26 pages 4356 65 ... ref Several different methods have been used to detect SV40 in a variety of human cancers, although how reliable these detection methods are, and whether SV40 has any role in causing these tumors, remains unclear. ref cite journal author Lowe DB, Shearer MH, Jumper CA, Kennedy RC title SV40 ... that this hypothesis is not supported by the data, ref cite journal author Shah KV title SV40 and human ... pmid 17131333 doi 10.1002 ijc.22425 ref and others arguing that some cancers may involve SV40. ref cite ... more details
orphan date May 2008 The SV40 Cancer Foundation is a lobbying organization devoted to raising the alarm about a potential link between the simian virus SV40 and human cancer. ref http 64.233.169.104 search?q cache 91gZSW4us04J www.sfgate.com cgi bin article.cgi 3Ffile 3D chronicle archive 2001 07 15 MN193825.DTL The virus and the vaccine&hl en&ct clnk&cd 7&gl us Rogue virus in the vaccine Early polio vaccine harbored virus now feared to cause cancer in humans , William Carlsen, San Francisco Chronicle , Sunday, July 15, 2001 ref ref http books.google.com books?id uiAQ0k7 N 0C&dq the virus and the vaccine&pg PP1&ots VslX82yjan&sig ZdgQi5 HqDZwur5YnuW3DxNErZU&prev http www.google.com search?sourceid navclient&ie UTF 8&rls TSHA,TSHA 2005 20,TSHA en&q The virus and the vaccine&sa X&oi print&ct title&cad one book with thumbnail&hl en The Virus and the Vaccine , Debbie Bookchin and Jim Schumacher, St. Martin s Press, 2004, ISBN 0 3122 7872 1 ref ref http www.thevirusandthevaccine.com The Virus and the Vaccine official website ref ref http www.gulfwarvets.com virus.htm The Virus and the Vaccine , Debbie Bookchin and Jim Schumacher, Atlantic Monthly , February 2000. ref The SV40 Cancer Foundation .... The Horwins contend that the polio vaccine their son ingested was contaminated with SV40, leading to his ... SV40 Cancer Foundation official website ref The SV40 Cancer Foundation views their mission as raising ... on Human Rights and Wellness , U.S. Government Reform Committee to hold a hearing into SV40 contamination ... into SV40 , http www.sv40foundation.org SV40 Cancer Foundation official website ref The United States National Cancer Institute announced in 2004 that although SV40 does cause cancer in some animal models, substantial epidemiological evidence has accumulated to indicate that SV40 likely does not cause cancer in humans. References references External links http www.sv40foundation.org SV40 Cancer Foundation SV40 stands for Simian Virus 40 official website http www.ouralexander.org website ... more details
SV40 large T antigen Simian virus 40 Simian Vacuolating Virus 40 TAg is a hexamer protein that is a proto oncogene derived from the polyomavirus SV40 which is capable of Transformation genetics transforming a variety of cell types. The transforming activity of TAg is due in large part to its perturbation of the retinoblastoma Retinoblastoma protein pRB and p53 tumor suppressor proteins. In addition, TAg binds to several other cellular factors, including the transcriptional co activators p300 and CBP, which may contribute to its transformation function. ref Ali SH, DeCaprio JA 2001 . Cellular transformation by SV40 large T antigen interaction with host proteins . Semin Cancer Biol 11 1 15 23. br ref http www.mcb.uct.ac.za cann 335 Papovaviruses.html ref TAg is a product of an early gene transcribed during viral infection by SV40, and is involved in viral genome replication and regulation of host cell cycle. SV40 is a double stranded DNA virus, belongs to Polyomaviridae earlier Papovavirus family, Polyomavirus genus. Polyomaviruses infect a wide variety of vertebrates and it caused solid tumours at multiple sites. SV40 was isolated by Sweet and Maurice Hilleman in 1960 in primary monkey kidney cells cultures being used to grow Albert Sabin Sabin OPV. Polyomavirus genomes are double stranded, circular DNA molecules, and are approximately 5 kilo base pair s in length. Regions The genome is functionally divided into 3 regions Early Expressed early in virus infection, i.e. BEFORE genome replication. Expression of early genes continues during the late stage of infection. Encodes non ... and replication. SV40 DNA replication is initiated by binding of large T antigen to the origin region ... to the SV40 origin. Protein protein interactions between T antigen and DNA polymerase alpha ... promotes DNA replication . The SV40 genome is very small and does not encode all the information necessary .... Nuclear Localization Signal The SV40 Large T antigen has been used as model to protein to study ... more details
File COS 7 Cells 40X Magnification Confocal Microscopy.jpg thumb COS 7 cells, 40X magnification, confocal microscopy COS is a cell line often used by biologists when studying the monkey virus SV40 . Cells from this line are also often transfected to produce recombinant proteins for molecular biology, biochemistry, and cell biology experiments. Two forms of COS cell lines commonly used are COS 1 and COS 7. The COS cell line was obtained by immortalizing a CV 1 ref Jensen FC, Girardi AJ, Gilden RV, Koprowski H 1964 Infection of human and simian tissue cultures with rous sarcoma virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 52 53 59. PMID 14192657 ref cell line derived from kidney cells of the African green monkey with a version of the SV40 genome that can produce SV40 Large T antigen large T antigen but has a defect in genomic replication. ref name Gluzman Gluzman Y 1981 SV40 transformed simian cells support the replication of early SV40 mutants. Cell 23 175 182. PMID 6260373 ref When an expression construct with an SV40 promoter is introduced into COS cells, the vector can be replicated substantially by the SV40 Large T antigen large T antigen . The word COS is an acronym, derived from the cells being C V 1 simian in O rigin, and carrying the S V40 genetic material. ref name Gluzman References Reflist Category Cell lines ... more details
TaqI is a restriction enzyme isolated from the bacterium Thermus aquaticus in 1978. ref cite journal year 1978 first S. last Sato title A single cleavage of Simian virus 40 SV40 DNA by a site specific endonuclease from Thermus aquaticus, Taq I journal J. Biochem Tokyo month February volume 83 issue 2 pages 633 5 ref It has a recognition sequence of 5 TCGA 3 AGCT and makes the cut 5 T CGA 3 3 AGC T 5 References references Category Restriction enzymes Category Bacterial enzymes ja TaqI pt TaqI sv TaqI ... more details
A late protein is a viral protein that is formed after replication of the virus. ref name urlDNA Virus Replication cite web url http pathmicro.med.sc.edu mhunt dna1.htm title DNA Virus Replication format work accessdate ref An example is VP4. ref name pmid17658947 cite journal author Daniels R, Sadowicz D, Hebert DN title A very late viral protein triggers the lytic release of SV40 journal PLoS Pathog. volume 3 issue 7 pages e98 year 2007 month July pmid 17658947 pmc 1924868 doi 10.1371 journal.ppat.0030098 url http www.plospathogens.org article info doi 10.1371 journal.ppat.0030098 ref References reflist Viral proteins Category Proteins ... more details
Multiple issues orphan November 2006 context October 2009 Small T intron exist in some plasmid vector s used for protein expression . The function of this intron in the vectors is unknown, but it is theorized that it might be involved in splicing or translation efficiency. ref name pmid1690852 cite journal author Huang MT, Gorman CM title The simian virus 40 small t intron, present in many common expression vectors, leads to aberrant splicing. journal Mol Cell Biol volume 10 issue 4 pages 1805 10 year 1990 pmid 1690852 ref ref name pmid1654158 cite journal author Hunt AG, Mogen BD, Chu NM, Chua NH title The SV40 small t intron is accurately and efficiently spliced in tobacco cells. journal Plant Mol Biol volume 16 issue 3 pages 375 9 year 1991 pmid 1654158 ref Vectors contain such as pME18s contain it. References reflist DEFAULTSORT Small T Intron Category Gene expression Cell biology stub ... more details
The following is a list of monkey viruses , and is not exhaustive. Many viruses specific to monkeys nevertheless are known to jump and infect humans. class wikitable cellpadding 5 style background ccf Simian Virus Name style background ccf Primary Host style background ccf Human Transmission Case style background ccf Severity in Humans style background ccf Severity in Monkeys Chimpanzee Herpesvirus Chimp ?? ?? Latent infection Langur Herpesvirus Langur ?? ?? Latent infection Lymphotrophic polyomavirus LPV Monkeys Yes Common ?? ?? Herpes B virus Macaque Yes Rare High Mortality Rate Latent infection Mason pfizer monkey virus MPMV Monkeys No Unknown Immunodeficiency Cancer in Old World Monkey s Simian foamy virus SFV Monkeys Yes Unknown Latent infection Simian immunodeficiency virus SIV Monkeys No Unknown Immunodeficiency in Macaques Simian hemorrhagic fever virus SHFV Patas No Unknown Deadly in Macaques Simian varicella virus SVV Monkeys No Unknown Rash and latent infection SV40 Monkeys Yes Common Cancer Cancer Titi monkey adenovirus TmAdV Titi monkey Yes Rare Respiratory Illness Deadly Virus stub Category Viruses Category Monkeys ... more details
and SV40 , which cause tumors in animals. He joined the faculty in the Department of Microbiology ... replication systems capable of duplicating the complete genomes of adenovirus and SV40. The SV40 system proved to be a particularly useful system because SV40 relies largely on the cellular replication machinery for the duplication of its genome. Thus, biochemical analysis of the SV40 system made it possible ... pubmed 19101707 SV40 DNA replication from the A gene to a nanomachine . Virology 384 352 9. Kelly ... more details
and PNETs in children, adolescents and adults Cancer in press ref Model Using gene transfer of SV40 ... neural transplants harboring the SV40 large T antigen journal Am. J. Pathol. volume 144 issue ... of SV40 Large T antigen, other than p53. ref name pmid1933879 cite journal author Ohgaki H, Eibl RH ... more details
Image Hugo Van Heuverswyn 080703.jpg thumb 200px right Hugo Van Heuverswyn Hugo Van Heuverswyn born 1948 is a Belgium Belgian molecular biologist , biotech pioneer, entrepreneur and businessman . He has been the chairman of the Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie VIB , Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie Flanders Institute for Biotechnology , since its inception in 1995. Education He obtained a chemistry degree at University of Ghent in 1971, and he obtained a Ph.D. at the Department of Molecular Biology, under Prof. Walter Fiers , where together with his colleagues, he determined for the first time the structure and regulatory mechanisms of a comlete viral DNA genome the virus SV40 . ref Fiers W, Contreras R, Haegemann G, Rogiers R, Van de Voorde A, Van Heuverswyn H, Van Herreweghe J, Volckaert G, Ysebaert M., Complete nucleotide sequence of SV40 DNA, Nature, 273, 113 120, 1978 ref ref Van Heuverswyn H, Van de Voorde A, Van Herreweghe J, Volckaert G, De Winne P, Fiers W, Nucleotide sequence of simian virus 40 DNA structure of the middle segment of the HindII III restriction fragment B sixth part of the T antigen gene and codon usage, Eur J Biochem. 1980 May 106 1 199 209 ref Career In 1979 he created, together with Dr. Carlos Morel , the first molecular biology laboratory in Brazil , at the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation in Rio de Janeiro . After his return to Belgium in 1981, he continued to apply recombinant DNA research in the field of immunology at the university of Ghent. In 1982 he founded the biotech company Biogent and managed it during the first years of its existence, after which he founded Innogenetics NV in 1985 together with Erik Tambuyzer and Rudy Marien, who became the major private investor. In 2001 he founded BioMaric, a Belgian biotech start up, together with Dr. Maan Zrein and Eric Saman, and in 2002 he founded Biotech Incubation Partners. In 2003 he initiated together with Rudy Dekeyser the creation of FlandersBio , the association of biotechnology c ... more details
virus 40 SV40 . The avian polyomavirus sometimes referred to as the Budgerigar fledgling disease ... viruses do not fall into these clades and the taxonomy of this family is on going. SV40 clade an avian clade murine polyomavirus clade The SV40 clade has a number of members SV40 JC polyomavirus BK ... , BK virus , KI virus and WU virus are closely related to SV40 and infection with these viruses can be confused with SV40 infection. ref name pmid16963733 cite journal author Poulin DL, DeCaprio JA title Is there a role for SV40 in human cancer? journal Journal of Clinical Oncology volume 24 issue ... pmid14566815 cite journal author zur Hausen H title SV40 in human cancers an endless tale? journal International ... . The SV40 replicates in the kidneys of monkey s without causing disease, but causes sarcoma s in hamster ... for SV40 with known human polyomaviruses BK virus and JC virus that are widespread and by common use of SV40 DNA as a near universal reagent in scientific laboratories. ref name pmid14566815 Most virologists dismiss SV40 as a cause for human cancers. ref name pmid16963733 Replication Prior to genome ... as the T antigen see SV40 Large T antigen . Early mRNA s, encoding T antigen are produced by host RNA ... The interaction of SV40 small tumor antigen with protein phosphatase 2A stimulates the map kinase ... of polyomavirus JC and SV40 results in the release of virions that are mostly deficient in DNA content ... PML , a cross reactive antibody to SV40 T antigen commonly Pab419 is used to stain tissues directly ... more details
Taxobox virus group i familia Polyomaviridae subdivision ranks Genera subdivision Polyomavirus br Papillomavirus A Papovavirus is any member of the former virus family biology family of Papovaviridae . ref name Merriam Webster Page 23a in cite book author title Merriam Webster s collegiate dictionary publisher Merriam Webster, Inc location Springfield, Mass year 2003 pages isbn 0 87779 809 5 oclc doi accessdate ref They are mainly associated with various neoplasm s in mammals. ref name Merriam Webster The family of Papovaviridae is not longer used in recent taxonomy, but is split into the Papillomaviridae and the Polyomaviridae . ref http www.stanford.edu group virus polyoma 2004temple polyoma.html Polyomaviridae 2004 Stanford University. Referring to the Seventh Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses ref The name derives from three abbreviations Pa for papillomavirus , Po for polyomavirus , and Va for Vacuole Vacuolation vacuolating simian vacuolating virus 40 or SV40 , which is now known to be part of the polyomavirus genus . Papovaviruses are DNA virus es containing double stranded DNA , are icosahedron icosahedral in shape, and do not have a lipoprotein envelope. They are commonly found in humans and other species, mostly mammals. The one that most often causes disease in humans is the human papillomavirus . References reflist Baltimore classification Category DNA viruses ar cs Papovaviridae da Papovaviridae de Papovaviridae es Papovaviridae eu Papobabirus fr Papovaviridae nl Papovavirus pl Papowawirusy ru zh ... more details
signals of SV40 T Antigen monopartite , C myc monopartite and nucleoplasmin bipartite , and showed ... stimulated research in the area and two years later the first NLS was identified in SV40 Large T antigen or SV40, for short . However a functional NLS could not be identified in another nuclear protein simply on the basis of similarity to the SV40 NLS. In fact only a small percentage of cellular non viral nuclear proteins contained a sequence similar to the SV40 NLS. A detailed examination ... arm. One of these elements was similar to the SV40 NLS but was not able to direct a protein ... more details
to study how the genome of SV40 simian virus 40 SV40 is duplicated in cells. Eventually his ... reconstitution with purified proteins of the complete replication of the SV40 DNA genome. This system utilized the virus encoded T antigen that binds to the SV40 virus origin of DNA replication, the start ... S. coauthors Bauer, G. and Stillman B. title Reconstitution of complete SV40 DNA replication with purified ... more details
team were the first to reveal the complete nucleotide sequence of SV40 . ref Fiers W, Contreras ... M., Complete nucleotide sequence of SV40 DNA, Nature, 273, 113 120, 1978 ref The development of totally ... more details
Infobox scientist name Lionel Crawford image imagesize 180px birth place death date death place death cause nationality United Kingdom field virology, cancer research work institution University of California, Berkeley br California Institute of Technology br Glasgow Institute of Virology br Imperial Cancer Research Fund br University of Cambridge alma mater Emmanuel College, Cambridge doctoral advisor known for prizes Gabor Medal 2005 Lionel Vivian Crawford Royal Society FRS Royal Society of Edinburgh FRSE is a British cancer expert and virologist. He was educated at Rendcomb College between 1941 and 1950 before being called up for Conscription in the United Kingdom National Service . After demobilization in 1952 he studied at Emmanuel College, Cambridge with a State Scholarship UK State Scholarship , graduating with a first class degree in Botany, Zoology, Organic Chemistry and Biology in 1955. ref name craw1 cite web url http www.biochemist.org bio 02606 0063 026060063.pdf title New Honourary Members for the Biochemical Society Dr Lionel Crawford FRSE FRS publisher The Biochemical Society accessdate 2009 02 05 ref after graduate work at the Cambridge Department of Chemical Microbiology he completed his PhD in 1958 in biochemistry. Until 1960 he worked as a visiting researcher at the University of California, Berkeley and the California Institute of Technology , at which point he became a researcher at the Glasgow Institute of Virology. ref name craw1 In 1968 he became head of the Department of Virology at the Imperial Cancer Research Fund , a position he held until 1988 when he returned to the University of Cambridge to join the Pathology Department as a researcher. ref name craw1 The same year he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society . He was awarded the Gabor Medal of the Royal Society in 2005 in recognition for his work on the small DNA tumour viruses, specifically the papova virus group, papilloma, polyoma and SV40 . ref cite web url http royalsociety.org ... more details
infected with the SV40 virus Simian Virus 40 . ref name SV cite web title Simian Virus 40 SV40 , Polio ... ref SV40 was also discovered in 1960 and is a naturally occurring virus that infects monkeys. In 1961, SV40 was found to cause tumors in rodent s. ref name Eddy 1961 cite journal author Eddy B, Borman ... determined that SV40 causes these cancers. ref name Engels cite journal author Engels E title Cancer ... 2 pages 197 206 year 2005 pmid 15889993 doi 10.1586 14760584.4.2.197 ref SV40 was found to be present ... of polio vaccine between 1955 to 1963 when a proportion of vaccine was contaminated with SV40 it has been estimated that 10 30 million Americans may have received a dose of vaccine contaminated with SV40 ... contaminated meaning hundreds of millions more may have been exposed to SV40. ref cite web author Bookchin ... incidence of cancer in persons who may have received vaccine containing SV40. ref name Strickler ... SV40 and those who did not. ref name Olin 1998 cite journal author Olin P, Giesecke J title Potential exposure to SV40 in polio vaccines used in Sweden during 1957 no impact on cancer incidence ... of whether SV40 causes cancer in humans remains controversial however, and the development of improved assays for detection of SV40 in human tissues will be needed to resolve the controversy. ref ... more details
1 2010 ref Model Using gene transfer of SV40 large T antigen in neuronal precursor cells of rats ... neural transplants harboring the SV40 large T antigen. Am J Pathol. 1994 Mar 144 3 556 64 ... the other binding partners of SV40 Large T antigen, other than p53. ref Ohgaki H, Eibl RH, Wiestler ... more details
Image Vero cells.jpg thumb right 200px Phase contrast microscopic image of Vero cells. under green light. 100 fold magnification. Vero cells are lineages of cell biology cells used in cell cultures . ref History and Characterization of the Vero Cell Line A Report prepared by CDR Rebecca Sheets, Ph.D., USPHS CBER OVRR DVRPA VVB for the Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee Meeting to be held on May 12, 2000 OPEN SESSION http www.fda.gov ohrms dockets ac 00 backgrd 3616b1a.pdf www.fda.gov pdf ref The Vero lineage was isolated from kidney epithelial cells extracted from an African green monkey Chlorocebus sp. formerly called Cercopithecus aethiops , this group of monkeys has been split into several different species . The lineage was developed on 27 March 1962, by Yasumura and Kawakita at the Chiba University in Chiba, Chiba Chiba, Japan . ref name Yasumura 1963 cite journal author Yasumura Y, Kawakita M title The research for the SV40 by means of tissue culture technique journal Nippon Rinsho year 1963 volume 21 issue 6 pages 1201&ndash 1219 url http scholar.google.com scholar?q Yasumura Kawakita&ie UTF 8&oe UTF 8&hl en&btnG Search ref The original cell line was named eo Vero Vero after an abbreviation of eo Verdo Verda eo Reno Reno , which means green kidney in esperanto , while vero itself means truth also in Esperanto. ref cite book author Shimizu B editor Seno K, Koyama H, Kuroki T title Manual of selected cultured cell lines for bioscience and biotechnology language Japanese year 1993 publisher Kyoritsu Shuppan location Tokyo pages 299 300 isbn 4 320 05386 9 url http www.amazon.co.jp gp switch language product 4320053869 ?ie UTF8&language en 5FJP ref Vero cells are used for many purposes, including screening for the toxin of Escherichia coli , first named Vero toxin after this cell line, and later called Shiga like toxin due to its similarity to Shiga toxin isolated from Shigella dysenteriae . as host cells for growing virus for example, to ... more details
, he cleaved cut into fragments the monkey virus SV40. He then cleaved the double helix of another ... the SV40 to DNA from the bacteriophage lambda. The final step involved placing the mutant genetic material ... step. The SV40 was known to cause cancer tumors to develop in mice. Additionally, the E. coli ..., the other investigators feared that the final step would create cloned SV40 DNA that might escape ... more details
PBB geneid 4733 Developmentally regulated GTP binding protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DRG1 gene . ref name pmid7929244 cite journal author Schenker T, Lach C, Kessler B, Calderara S, Trueb B title A novel GTP binding protein which is selectively repressed in SV40 transformed fibroblasts journal J Biol Chem volume 269 issue 41 pages 25447 53 year 1994 month Nov pmid 7929244 pmc doi ref ref name pmid1449490 cite journal author Sazuka T, Tomooka Y, Ikawa Y, Noda M, Kumar S title DRG a novel developmentally regulated GTP binding protein journal Biochem Biophys Res Commun volume 189 issue 1 pages 363 70 year 1992 month Dec pmid 1449490 pmc doi 10.1016 0006 291X 92 91567 A ref ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene DRG1 developmentally regulated GTP binding protein 1 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 4733 accessdate ref The PBB Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template PBB Controls to Stop updates. PBB Summary section title summary text References reflist Further reading refbegin 2 PBB Further reading citations cite journal author Sazuka T, Kinoshita M, Tomooka Y, et al. title Expression of DRG during murine embryonic development. journal Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. volume 189 issue 1 pages 371 7 year 1992 pmid 1280421 doi 10.1016 0006 291X 92 91568 B cite journal author Mahajan MA, Park ST, Sun XH title Association of a novel GTP binding protein, DRG, with TAL oncogenic proteins. journal Oncogene volume 12 issue 11 pages 2343 50 year 1996 pmid 8649774 doi cite journal author Zhao XF, Aplan PD title SCL binds the human homologue of DRG in vivo. journal Biochim. Biophys. Acta volume 1448 issue 1 pages 109 14 year 1999 pmid 9824680 doi cite journal author Dunham I, Shimizu N, Roe BA, et al. title The DNA sequence of human chromosome 22. journal Nature volume 402 issue 6761 pages 489 95 year 1999 pmid 10591208 doi 10.1038 990031 cite journal author Li B, Trueb ... more details
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