good article infobox rubidiumRubidium IPAc en icon r b d i m respell roo BID ee m is a chemical element with the symbol Rb and atomic number 37. Rubidium is a soft, silvery white metallic element of the alkali metal group. The atomic weight is 85.4678. Elemental rubidium is highly reactive, with properties ... in Earth s atmosphere air . Rubidium has only one stable isotope, sup 85 sup Rb. The isotope sup 87 sup Rb, which composes almost 28 of naturally occurring rubidium, is radioactive and has a half ... . German chemists Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff discovered rubidium in 1861 by the newly developed ... have chemical and electronic applications. Rubidium metal is easily vaporized and has a convenient spectral absorption range, making it a frequent target for laser manipulation of atom s. Rubidium is not known to be necessary for any living organisms. However, like caesium , rubidium ions are handled ... and living animal cell s. Characteristics Rubidium is a very soft, ductility ductile , silvery ... is usually vigorous enough to ignite the hydrogen gas it liberates. Rubidium has also been reported to ignite spontaneously in air. ref name Ohly cite book chapter Rubidium title Analysis, detection and commercial ... 1910 url http books.google.com ?id dGUuAQAAIAAJ ref Rubidium has a very low ionization energy of only ..., Conrad L author3 Jurs, Peter C date 2009 01 21 ref Rubidium and potassium shows a very similar ... BROKEN LINK. As a symmetrical effect of rubidium metal s high reactivity toward oxidation and tendency to subsequent formation of the rubidium cation Rb sup sup , this cation, once formed, is very stable ... mDXzAAAAMAAJ&q Rubidium coordination&dq Rubidium coordination&hl de&ei 5GB9Tc7pJ4f2sgax7ZTsBw&sa X&oi ... also Rubidium compounds Rubidium chloride RbCl is probably the most used rubidium compound it is used ... to replace potassium, and does only occur in small quantities in living organisms. Other common rubidium compounds are the corrosive rubidium hydroxide RbOH , the starting material for most rubidium ... more details
saved book title Rubidium subtitle An overview cover image Rb5.JPG cover color Rubidium An overview Overview Rubidium Isotopes Isotopes of rubidium Miscellany Category Wikipedia books on chemical elements Category Rubidium ... more details
A rubidium standard or rubidium atomic clock is a frequency standard in which a specified hyperfine level hyperfine transition of electron s in rubidium 87 atoms is used to control the output frequency. They are the most inexpensive, compact, and widely used type of atomic clock , used to control the frequency of television station s, cellular base station cell phone base stations , in test equipment, and global navigation satellite system s like Global Positioning System GPS . Commercial rubidium clocks are less accurate than Cesium clock cesium atomic clock s which serve as Primary standard primary frequency standards , so the rubidium clock is a secondary frequency standard . However, rubidium fountains are currently being developed that are even more stable than caesium fountain clocks. All commercial rubidium frequency standards operate by disciplining a crystal oscillator to the rubidium hyperfine transition of 6 834 682 610.904 324 Hz. The amount of light from a rubidium discharge lamp that reaches a photodetector through a resonance cell will drop by about 0.1 when the rubidium vapor in the resonance cell is exposed to microwave power near the transition frequency . The crystal oscillator is stabilized to the rubidium transition by detecting the light dip while sweeping an Radio frequency RF frequency synthesizer synthesizer referenced to the crystal through the transition frequency. See also Atomic clock Caesium standard Hydrogen maser References NIST PD http tf.nist.gov general enc re.htm resonancefrequency FS1037C External links http tf.nist.gov general enc re.htm resonancefrequency NIST Time & Frequency A Z Glossary Resonance Frequency ... USNO Rubidium Fountain Project http www.npl.co.uk science technology time frequency microwave frequency standards research rb fountain NPL Rubidium Fountain Category Electronics standards Category Clocks Category Rubidium physics stub hu Rub diumoszcill tor ... more details
chembox verifiedrevid 402666715 ImageFile Rubidium fluoride 3D ionic.png ImageSize 150px ImageName Rubidium fluoride IUPACName Rubidium fluoride OtherNames Rubidium I Fluoride Section1 Chembox Identifiers ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 75311 InChI 1 FH.Rb h1H q 1 p 1 InChIKey AHLATJUETSFVIM REWHXWOFAO SMILES Rb . F StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S FH.Rb h1H q 1 p 1 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey AHLATJUETSFVIM UHFFFAOYSA M CASNo 13446 74 7 CASNo Ref cascite correct CAS PubChem 83473 RTECS VL8740000 Section2 Chembox Properties Formula RbF MolarMass 104.4662 g mol Appearance white crystalline solid Density 3.557 g cm sup 3 sup MeltingPt 795 C 1068 K BoilingPt 1408 C 1681 K Solubility 130.6 g 100 mL 18 C Section7 Chembox Hazards ExternalMSDS EUIndex Not listed MainHazards Toxic RPhrases SPhrases FlashPt Non flammable Section8 Chembox Related OtherAnions Rubidium chloride br Rubidium bromide br Rubidium iodide OtherCations Lithium fluoride br Sodium fluoride br Potassium fluoride br Caesium fluoride Rubidium fluoride RbF is the fluoride salt of rubidium . It is an octahedral crystal . There are several methods for synthesising rubidium fluoride. One involves reacting rubidium hydroxide with hydrofluoric acid RbOH HF RbF H sub 2 sub O Another method is to neutralize rubidium carbonate with hydrofluoric acid Rb sub 2 sub CO sub 3 sub 2HF 2RbF H sub 2 sub O CO sub 2 sub The least used method due to expense of rubidium metal is to react it directly with fluorine gas, as rubidium reacts violently with halogen s 2Rb F sub 2 sub 2RbF References Citation style date September 2007 reflist cite web url http www.webelements.com webelements compounds text Rb F1Rb1 13446747.html title WebElements accessdate 2006 02 23 Rubidium compounds DEFAULTSORT Rubidium Fluoride Category Rubidium compounds Category Fluorides inorganic compound stub ar de Rubidiumfluorid nl Rubidiumfluoride ja ... more details
chembox Name Rubidium telluride ImageFile ImageSize ImageName OtherNames Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo 12210 70 7 Section2 Chembox Properties Formula Rb sub 2 sub Te Appearance yellow green powder MolarMass 298.64 g mol Density Solubility MeltingPt 775 C BoilingPt Rubidium telluride or Rb sub 2 sub Te is a chemical compound of the elements rubidium and tellurium . It is a difficult compound to synthesize this is in part due to the instability of the substance St we . Rubidium telluride is prepared from the elements in liquid ammonia . It is a yellow green powder that melts congruently at 775 C or 880 C as two different values are reported . This compound is very rare and there for are a limited number of suppliers. Pfaltz and Bauer sells Rb sub 2 sub Te for approximately 760 USD per gram 2010 . Rubidium telluride has found some uses as Ultraviolet UV detectors in space. References Citation style date September 2007 reflist St we, K. and Appel S Agnew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2002 , 41 5 , p. 2726. Sangester J. and Pelton AD Journal of Phase Equilibria , 1997 , 18 4 p. 394. External links http www.webelements.com webelements compounds text Rb Rb2Te1 12210707.html Webelements.com entry Rubidium compounds DEFAULTSORT Rubidium Telluride Category Tellurides Category Rubidium compounds ... more details
chembox verifiedrevid 402666645 ImageFile Rubidium bromide 3D ionic.png ImageSize 150px ImageName Rubidium bromide IUPACName Rubidium bromide OtherNames Rubidium I bromide Section1 Chembox Identifiers ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 74217 InChI 1 BrH.Rb h1H q 1 p 1 InChIKey JAAGVIUFBAHDMA REWHXWOFAB SMILES Rb . Br StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S BrH.Rb h1H q 1 p 1 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey JAAGVIUFBAHDMA UHFFFAOYSA M CASNo 7789 39 1 CASNo Ref cascite correct CAS PubChem 4670918 Section2 Chembox Properties Formula RbBr MolarMass 165.372 g mol Appearance white crystalline solid Density 3.350 g cm sup 3 sup MeltingPtC 693 BoilingPtC 1340 Solubility 98 g 100 mL Section3 Chembox Hazards ExternalMSDS EUIndex Not listed RPhrases SPhrases FlashPt Non flammable Section8 Chembox Related OtherAnions Rubidium fluoride br Rubidium chloride br Rubidium iodide OtherCations Lithium bromide br Sodium bromide br Potassium bromide br Caesium bromide Rubidium bromide is the bromide of rubidium . It has a Sodium chloride NaCl crystal structure, with a lattice constant of 685 picometres. ref cite journal journal Phys. Rev. B volume 39 issue 17 pages 12838 12844 year 1989 author G. Chern, J. G. Skofronick, W. P. Brug ,S. A. Safron doi 10.1103 PhysRevB.39.12838 title Surface phonon modes of the RbBr 001 crystal surface by inelastic He atom scattering ref There are several methods for synthesising rubidium bromide. One involves reacting rubidium hydroxide with hydrobromic acid RbOH HBr RbBr H sub 2 sub O Another method is to neutralize rubidium carbonate with hydrobromic acid Rb sub 2 sub CO sub 3 sub 2HBr 2RbBr H sub 2 sub O CO sub 2 sub Rubidium metal would react directly with bromine to form RbBr, but this is not a sensible production method since rubidium metal is substantially more expensive than the carbonate .... Rubidium compounds Category Rubidium compounds Category Bromides inorganic compound stub ar ... more details
chembox verifiedrevid 401044966 IUPACName Rubidium hydroxide OtherNames Section1 Chembox Identifiers ... br Caesium hydroxide OtherCpds Rubidium oxide Rubidium Hydroxide RbOH is a strong Base chemistry basic chemical and alkali that is formed by one rubidium ion and one hydroxide ion. Rubidium hydroxide does not appear in nature. However it can be obtained by Chemical synthesis synthesis from rubidium oxide . In addition, rubidium hydroxide is commercially available in form of an aqueous solution from a few suppliers. Rubidium hydroxide is highly corrosive , therefore suitable protective clothing, gloves and eye face protection are required when handling this material. Synthesis Rubidium hydroxide can be synthesized from rubidium oxide by dissolving the oxide into water Rb sub 2 sub O s H sub 2 sub O l 2 RbOH aq Rubidium hydroxide is also commercially available from a certain number of chemical suppliers in form of 50 or 99 water aqueous solution at multiples of 5 gram g . Uses Rubidium ... can perform nearly all the industrial functions of rubidium hydroxide in a less violent and hence safer way. Rubidium hydroxide is used in scientific research. It is often used sparingly to prevent waste of the expensive element rubidium . Despite the fact that rubidium hydroxide is rarely used in normal industrial processes, it is notable that the synthesis of nearly all rubidium compounds involves rubidium hydroxide as an intermediate. Natural rubidium oxide is added to water, and the resulting reaction forms soluble rubidium hydroxide as a product. Hazard prevention Rubidium hydroxide is a corrosive ... leakage of rubidium hydroxide onto human skin. Dilution of this strong alkali must be done ... Sodium hydroxide Rubidium References Citation style date September 2007 reflist http www.webelements.com webelements compounds text Rb O1Rb2 18088114.html Rubidium oxide on WebElements. Accessed in August 2005. http www.chemexper.com chemicals supplier cas 1310 82 3.html Rubidium hydroxide on ChemExper ... more details
chembox Reference ref name hand Citation last Lide first David R. year 1998 title Handbook of Chemistry and Physics edition 87 publication place Boca Raton, FL publisher CRC Press isbn 0 8493 0594 2 pages 4 79 ref IUPACName Rubidium hydride OtherNames Rubidium I hydride ImageFile NaCl polyhedra.png Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo 13446 75 8 Section2 Chembox Properties Formula RbH MolarMass 86.476 g mol Appearance white cubic crystal system cubic crystals Density 2.60 g cm sup 3 sup MeltingPt Decomposes at 170 C Solubility reacts Section3 Chembox Structure CrystalStruct cubic , Pearson symbol cF8 SpaceGroup Fm u style text decoration overline 3 u m, No. 225 Section4 Chembox Thermochemistry DeltaHf 52.3 kJ mol DeltaHc Entropy HeatCapacity Section8 Chembox Related OtherAnions Rubidium oxide br Rubidium chloride OtherCations Lithium hydride br Sodium hydride br Potassium hydride Rubidium hydride is the hydride of rubidium . It is synthesized using rubidium metal to react with hydrogen gas. As a hydride of an alkali metal , it is reactive towards even weak oxidizing agent s. A redox reaction will occur with chlorine or fluorine and a lot of heat will evolve. Rubidium hydride will react violently with water or air and careful storage is necessary. References reflist Rubidium compounds Category Rubidium compounds Category Metal hydrides inorganic compound stub ar de Rubidiumhydrid ja ru simple Rubidium hydride zh ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2010 Chembox verifiedrevid 401045058 ImageFile Rubidium nitrate.png ImageSize 150px IUPACName Rubidium nitrate OtherNames Section1 Chembox Identifiers ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 23971 InChI 1S NO3.Rb c2 1 3 4 q 1 1 InChIKey RTHYXYOJKHGZJT UHFFFAOYAE SMILES Rb . O N O O StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S NO3.Rb c2 1 3 4 q 1 1 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey RTHYXYOJKHGZJT UHFFFAOYSA N InChIKey1 RTHYXYOJKHGZJT UHFFFAOYSA N CASNo 13126 12 0 CASNo Ref cascite correct CAS EINECS 236 060 1 PubChem 25731 InChI RTECS QV0900000 Section2 Chembox Properties Formula RbNO sub 3 sub MolarMass 147.473 g mol Appearance White hygroscopic solid Density 3.11 g cm sup 3 sup MeltingPt 310 C decomp. BoilingPt 578 C Solubility 44.28 g 100 mL 16 C SolubleOther Solvent RefractIndex 1.524 Section7 Chembox Hazards ExternalMSDS EUIndex Not listed EUClass RPhrases SPhrases MainHazards Oxidant NFPA H 1 NFPA F 0 NFPA R 0 NFPA O OX FlashPt Non flammable LD50 4625 mg kg rat, oral Section8 Chembox Related OtherAnions OtherCations Lithium nitrate br Sodium nitrate br Potassium nitrate br Caesium nitrate OtherCpds Rubidium sulfate br Rubidium chloride Rubidium nitrate is a stable rubidium Salt chemistry salt of nitric acid , which has a chemical formula of RbNO sub 3 sub . Rubidium nitrate is an oxidant ... left thumb Solubility of rubidium nitrate in water Rubidium nitrate is a white crystalline powder that is highly ... for preparation of other rubidium compounds and rubidium metal, for manufacture of catalyst s and in scintillation ... RbNO sub 3 sub may be produced by a reaction between rubidium hydroxide or elemental rubidium ... H sub 2 sub Rubidium compounds DEFAULTSORT Rubidium Nitrate Category Rubidium compounds Category ... compound stub ar de Rubidiumnitrat fr Nitrate de rubidium nl Rubidiumnitraat ja simple Rubidium nitrate ... more details
chembox verifiedrevid 401044846 ImageFile ImageSize IUPACName Rubidium carbonate OtherNames Section1 Chembox Identifiers ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 10950 InChI 1 CH2O3.2Rb c2 1 3 4 h H2,2,3,4 q 2 1 p 2 InChIKey WPFGFHJALYCVMO NUQVWONBAM SMILES Rb . Rb . O C O O StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S CH2O3.2Rb c2 1 3 4 h H2,2,3,4 q 2 1 p 2 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey WPFGFHJALYCVMO UHFFFAOYSA L CASNo 584 09 8 CASNo Ref cascite correct CAS PubChem 11431 RTECS FG0650000 Section2 Chembox Properties Formula Rb sub 2 sub CO sub 3 sub MolarMass 230.945 g mol Appearance White powder, br very hygroscopic Density MeltingPt 837 C ref Pradyot Patnaik. Handbook of Inorganic Chemicals . McGraw Hill, 2002, ISBN 0070494398 ref BoilingPt 900 C decomp Solubility Very soluble Section7 Chembox Hazards ExternalMSDS EUIndex Not listed MainHazards Irritant FlashPt Non flammable Section8 Chembox Related OtherCations Lithium carbonate br Sodium carbonate br Potassium carbonate br Caesium carbonate Rubidium carbonate , Rb sub 2 sub CO sub 3 sub , is a convenient compound of rubidium it is stable, not particularly reactive, and readily soluble in water, and is the form in which rubidium is usually sold. Preparation It can be prepared by adding ammonium carbonate to rubidium hydroxide . ref http www.1911encyclopedia.org Rubidium 1911encyclopedia.com ref Uses It is used in some kinds of glass making by enhancing stability and durability as well as reducing its conductivity. It is also used as a part of a catalyst for preparing short chain alcohols from feed gas. ref http patents1.ic.gc.ca claims?patent number 1258668&language X Canada Patents ref References references Rubidium compounds DEFAULTSORT Rubidium Carbonate Category Carbonates Category Rubidium compounds inorganic compound stub de Rubidiumcarbonat nl Rubidiumcarbonaat ja zh ... more details
chembox Watchedfields changed verifiedrevid 269349128 ImageFile Rubidium oxide xtal 3D vdW B.png IUPACName Rubidium oxide OtherNames Rubidium I oxide br Dirubidium oxide Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo ... g moL Appearance Yellow solid Density 4 g cm sup 3 sup Solubility Reacts violently to give Rubidium ... Rubidium suboxide br Rubidium peroxide br Rubidium superoxide Function rubidium oxide s OtherCpds Rubidium hydroxide Rubidium oxide is the chemical compound with the chemical formula formula Rb sub 2 sub O. Rubidium oxide is highly reactive towards water, and therefore it would not be expected to occur naturally. The rubidium content in mineral s is often calculated and quoted in terms of Rb sub 2 sub O. In reality, the rubidium is typically present as a component of actually, an impurity in silicate or aluminosilicate . A major source of rubidium is lepidolite , KLi sub 2 sub Al Al,Si sub ... relative to their positions in calcium fluoride CaF sub 2 sub , with rubidium ions 8 coordinate ... is a strong base chemistry base . Thus, Rb sub 2 sub O reacts exothermically with water to form rubidium ... that it is considered hygroscopic . Upon heating, Rb sub 2 sub O reacts with hydrogen to rubidium hydroxide and rubidium hydride sup 4 sup Rb sub 2 sub O H sub 2 sub RbOH RbH Syntheses For laboratory ... Rb sub 6 sub O and copper colored Rb sub 9 sub O sub 2 sub . sup 5 sup The suboxide s of rubidium ... ref The final product of oxygenation of Rb is principally RbO sub 2 sub , rubidium superoxide Rb O sub 2 sub RbO sub 2 sub This superoxide can then be reduced to Rb sub 2 sub O using excess rubidium ... www.diracdelta.co.uk science source r u rubidium 20oxide source.html Rubidium oxide at Engineering ... Rubidium oxide at WebElements , accessed in December 2005. https www1.fishersci.com Coupon?gid 221420&cid 1335 Rubidium oxide at Fisher Scientific , accessed in August 2005. H. Nechamkin, The Chemistry ... Chemistry Academic Press San Diego, 2001. Commons category Rubidium oxide Rubidium compounds DEFAULTSORT ... more details
chembox verifiedrevid 401045159 ImageFile rubidium perchlorate.png ImageSize 120px IUPACName Rubidium perchlorate OtherNames Perchloric acid rubidium salt, br Rubidium chlorate VII Section1 Chembox Identifiers ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 145966 InChI 1 ClHO4.Rb c2 1 3,4 5 h H,2,3,4,5 q 1 p 1 InChIKey NQYGGOOZLKJKPS REWHXWOFAS StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S ClHO4.Rb c2 1 3,4 5 h H,2,3,4,5 q 1 p 1 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey NQYGGOOZLKJKPS UHFFFAOYSA M CASNo 13510 42 4 EINECS 236 840 1 PubChem 166834 SMILES Rb . O Cl O O O Section2 Chembox Properties Formula RbClO sub 4 sub MolarMass 184.918 g mol Appearance Colorless crystals Density 2.878 g cm sup 3 sup br 2.71 g cm sup 3 sup over 279 C MeltingPtC 281 BoilingPt 600 C decomp. Solubility see chart Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards NFPA H 2 NFPA F 0 NFPA R 0 NFPA O OX RPhrases R8 , R36 38 SPhrases S2 , S46 FlashPt Autoignition Reference ref name chtas F. Brezina, J. Mollin, R. Pastorek, Z. Sindelar. Chemicke tabulky anorganickych sloucenin Chemical tables of inorganic compounds . SNTL, 1986. ref Rubidium perchlorate , RbClO sub 4 sub , is the perchlorate of rubidium . It is an oxidizing agent , as are all perchlorate s. It has two allotropes. One, below 279 C crystallizes in orthorhombic crystal system with lattice constant s a 0.927 nm, b 0.581 nm, c 0.753 nm. Over 279 C, it has Cubic crystal system cubic structure with lattice constant a 0.770 nm. ref name chtas Table of solubility in water ref name chtas class wikitable Temperature C 0 8.5 14 20 25 50 70 99 Solubility g 100 ml 1.09 0.59 0.767 0.999 1.30 3.442 6.72 17.39 References references External links http www.sciencelab.com xMSDS Rubidium Perchlorate 9924845 MSDS at Science Lab Rubidium compounds Category Perchlorates Category Rubidium compounds Category Oxidizing agents inorganic compound stub ar de Rubidiumperchlorat ... more details
chembox verifiedrevid 401612260 Name Rubidium chloride ImageFile Rubidium chloride 3D ionic.png ImageSize 150px ImageName Rubidium chloride s NaCl structure ImageFile1 Rubidium chloride CsCl structure 3D ionic.png ImageSize1 150px ImageName1 Rubidium chloride s CsCl structure OtherNames rubidium I chloride ... kg rat Section8 Chembox Related OtherAnions Rubidium fluoride br Rubidium bromide br Rubidium iodide OtherCations Lithium chloride br Sodium chloride br Potassium chloride br Caesium chloride Rubidium ... common. A cubic crystal system cubic close packed arrangement of chloride anion s with rubidium cation ... ref name Shriver . Sphalerite tetrahedral 4 4 The sphalerite polymorph of rubidium chloride is extremely ... Synthesis The most common preparation of pure rubidium chloride involves the reaction of its hydroxide .... It is offered in a variety of forms for chemical and biomedical research. Uses Rubidium chloride has ... rhythm, even for stressed organisms ref name Hallonquist . Infusing tumor cells with rubidium chloride .... This is thought to occur through rubidium chloride s inactivation of essential ionic hydrogen . RbCl ... of a rubidium chloride rb 82 radioactive isotope to evaluate perfusion of myocardium heart ... and polymorphism in solid rubidium chloride journal Journal of Chemical Physics volume 40 pages 156 ... Kirkland, A. I. Harding, J. H. title Cohesion and polymorphism in solid rubidium chloride journal ... http www.webelements.com webelements compounds text Rb Cl1Rb1 7791119.html Compounds of Rubidium ... Rubidium chloride fuses split circadian activity rhythms in hamsters housed in bright constant light ..., J. Gr goire, J. C. title Marking bark beetle parasitoids within the host plant with rubidium for dispersal ... isbn 0 658 00291 0 oclc doi url http books.google.com ?id 7QvKqNZrxocC&lpg PA101&dq Rubidium 20antidepressant ... 0 oclc doi url http books.google.com ?id 7QvKqNZrxocC&lpg PA101&dq Rubidium 20antidepressant&pg PA101 v onepage&q ref Rubidium compounds Antidepressants Stimulants Psychostimulants DEFAULTSORT Rubidium ... more details
Rubidium Rb has 24 isotope s, with naturally occurring rubidium being composed of just two isotopes Rb 85 72.2 and the radioactive Rb 87 27.8 . Normal mixes of rubidium are radioactive enough to fog photographic film in approximately 30 to 60 days. Standard atomic mass is 85.4678 3 unified atomic mass unit u Rb 87 has a half life of 4.88× 10 sup 10 sup years. It readily substitutes for potassium in mineral s, and is therefore fairly widespread. Rb has been used extensively in rock dating dating rocks Rb 87 decays to stable strontium 87 by emission of a negative beta particle . During Fractional crystallization geology fractional crystallization , Sr tends to become concentrated in plagioclase , leaving Rb in the liquid phase. Hence, the Rb Sr ratio in residual magma may increase over time, resulting in rocks with increasing Rb Sr ratios with increasing rock differentiation differentiation . Highest ratios 10 or higher occur in pegmatite s. If the initial amount of Sr is known or can be extrapolated, the age can be determined by measurement of the Rb and Sr concentrations and the Sr 87 Sr 86 ratio. The dates indicate the true age of the minerals only if the rocks have not been subsequently altered. See rubidium strontium dating for a more detailed discussion. Rb 82 is used in some ... of Sr 82. Rubidium 87 Rubidium 87 is an isotope of rubidium . Rubidium 87 was the first and the most popular atom for making Bose Einstein condensate s in dilute atomic gas ses. Even though rubidium 85 is more abundant, rubidium 87 has a positive scattering length, which means it is mutually ... wavelength. Rubidium 87 has an atomic mass of 86.9091835 u, and a binding energy of 757853 keV. Its ..., and isomer data selected from the following sources. See editing notes on Talk Isotopes of rubidium ... 978 0849304859 Isotope nav element rubidium lighter Isotopes of krypton heavier Isotopes of strontium Category Rubidium Category Isotopes of rubidium Category Lists of isotopes by element Rubidium ca ... more details
Information Description en 1 1 gram rubidium. Original size of the vial in cm 0.5 x 5 Source http images of elements.com rubidium.php Author User Jurii Jurii Date 2009 10 21 Permission CC BY other versions ... more details
The rubidium strontium dating method is a radiometric dating technique that geology geologists use to determine the rock dating age of rocks . Development of this process was aided by Fritz Strassmann , who later went on to discover nuclear fission with Otto Hahn and Lise Meitner . The utility of the rubidium strontium isotope system results from the fact that sup 87 sup Rb one of the isotopes of rubidium decays to sup 87 sup Sr with a halflife of 49 billion years. Different mineral s in a given geologic setting can have a distinctly different ratio of strontium 87 to strontium 86 sup 87 sup Sr sup 86 sup Sr as a consequence of different ages, original Rb Sr values and the initial sup 87 sup Sr sup 86 sup Sr. If these minerals Fractional crystallization geology crystallized from the same silica silicic melt, each mineral had the same initial sup 87 sup Sr sup 86 sup Sr as the parent melt. However, because Rb substitutes for K in minerals and these minerals have different Potassium K Calcium Ca ratios, the minerals will have had different Rb Sr ratios. During Fractional crystallization geology fractional crystallization , Sr tends to become concentrated in plagioclase , leaving Rb in the liquid phase. Hence, the Rb Sr ratio in residual magma may increase over time, resulting in rocks with increasing Rb Sr ratios with increasing differentiation. Highest ratios 10 or higher occur in pegmatite ... , biotite , and muscovite . Each of these minerals has a different initial rubidium strontium ... at which the minerals formed. Rubidium substitutes for potassium within the lattice of minerals ... books?id k90iAnFereYC&pg PA162 chapter Rubidium Strontium Dating title Isotopes in the Earth Sciences ... isbn 9780763759223 chapter Rubidium Strontium Systematics pages 383 385 External links http www.dpr.csiro.au ... Radiometric dating Category Rubidium Category Strontium de Strontiumisotopenanalyse fr Datation par le couple rubidium strontium nl Rubidium strontiumdatering ... more details
Rubidium silver iodide is a ternary compound ternary inorganic compound with the formula RbAg sub 4 sub I sub 5 sub . It an unusual solid where the electrical conductivity involves movement of silver ion s within the crystal lattice. It was discovered while searching for chemicals which had the ionic conductivity properties of alpha phase silver iodide at temperatures below the 146 C for AgI. ref name Smart Rubidium silver iodide can be formed by melting together ref name Popov or grinding together ref name Peng stoichiometric quantities of rubidium iodide and silver I iodide . The reported conductivity is 25 Siemens unit siemens per metre that is a 1 1 10 mm bar would have a resistance of 400 ohms along the long axis . The crystal structure is composed of sets of iodine tetrahedra they share faces through which the silver ions are able to diffuse. ref cite journal title Crystal Structure of the Solid Electrolyte, RbAg4I5 first S. last Geller journal Science year 1967 volume 157 issue 3786 doi 10.1126 science.157.3786.310 pages 310 312 pmid 17734228 ref Rubidium silver iodide was proposed around 1970 as a solid electrolyte for batteries, and has been used in conjunction with electrodes of silver and of triiodide RbI sub 3 sub . ref name Smart Rubidium silver iodide family is a group of compounds and solid solutions which are isostructural with the RbAg sub 4 sub I sub 5 sub alpha modification. The examples of such advanced superionic conductors with mobile Ag sup sup and Cu sup sup cation s are KAg sub 4 sub I sub 5 sub , NH sub 4 sub Ag sub 4 sub I sub 5 sub , K sub 1 x sub Cs sub x sub Ag sub 4 sub I sub 5 sub , Rb sub 1 x sub Cs sub x sub Ag sub 4 sub I sub 5 sub , CsAg sub 4 sub Br sub 1 x sub I sub 2 x sub , CsAg sub 4 sub ClBr sub 2 sub I sub 2 sub , CsAg sub 4 sub Cl sub 3 sub I sub 2 sub , RbCu sub 4 sub Cl sub 3 sub I sub 2 sub , KCu sub 4 sub I sub 5 sub ... 25 pages 1636 1640 ref Category Metal halides Category Iodides Category Rubidium compounds Category ... more details
saved book title Alkali metals subtitle An overview cover image Nametal.JPG.jpg cover color Alkali metals An overview Properties Alkali metal Alkali halide Elements Lithium Sodium Potassium Rubidium Caesium Francium Category Wikipedia books on chemistry Category Wikipedia books on chemical elements Category Alkali metals ... more details
The alkali halides are the family of ionic compound s with simple chemical formula X sup sup Y sup sup or XY, where X is an alkali metal and Y is a halogen . One of the most well known of these is sodium chloride or common table salt. In standard room conditions dry alkali halides tend to exist as white or translucent crystalline solids. The internal crystalline structure is centered cubic , usually face centered cubic . The numbers beside the compounds show the electronegativity difference between the elements based on the Pauling scale . The higher the number is, the more ionic the bond is. The table below provides links to each of the individual articles for these compounds center class wikitable style text align center colspan 2 rowspan 2 colspan 6 Alkali Metals Lithium Sodium Potassium Rubidium Caesium rowspan 5 H br a br l br o br g br e br n br s Fluorine Lithium fluoride LiF 3.0 Sodium fluoride NaF 3.1 Potassium fluoride KF 3.2 Rubidium fluoride RbF 3.2 Caesium fluoride CsF 3.3 Chlorine Lithium chloride LiCl 2.0 Sodium chloride NaCl 2.1 Potassium chloride KCl 2.2 Rubidium chloride RbCl 2.2 Caesium chloride CsCl 2.3 Bromine Lithium bromide LiBr 1.8 Sodium bromide NaBr 1.9 Potassium bromide KBr 2.0 Rubidium bromide RbBr 2.0 Caesium bromide CsBr 2.1 Iodine Lithium iodide LiI 1.5 Sodium iodide NaI 1.6 Potassium iodide KI 1.7 Rubidium iodide RbI 1.7 Caesium iodide CsI 1.8 center Category Alkali metals Category Halides Category Metal halides Category Crystals Category Salts inorganic compound stub nl Alkalihalide ... more details
In telecommunication s, a secondary frequency standard is a frequency standard that does not have inherent accuracy , and therefore must be calibrated against a primary standard primary frequency standard . Secondary standards include crystal oscillator s and rubidium standard s. A crystal oscillator depends for its frequency on its physical dimensions, which vary with fabrication and environmental conditions. A rubidium standard is a secondary standard even though it uses atomic transitions, because it takes the form of a gas cell through which an optical Signalling telecommunication signal is passed. The gas cell has inherent inaccuracies because of gas pressure variations, including those induced by temperature variations. There are also variations in the concentrations of the required buffer gases, which variations cause frequency deviations. References FS1037C Category Electronics standards Category Telecommunications standards telecomm stub ... more details
saved book title Period 5 elements subtitle cover image Rb5.JPG cover color Period 5 elements Overview Period 5 element Elements Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Category Wikipedia books on the periodic table Period 5 elements Category Wikipedia books on chemical elements ... more details
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