of ways, as shown here with Standard Chinese Mandarin Chinese In linguistics , romanization or latinization ... uses a different writing system or none . Methods of romanization include transliteration , for representing ... transcription , which records speech sounds with precision. Each romanization has its own set of rules for pronunciation of the romanized words. Methods of romanization Transliteration Main Transliteration If the romanization attempts to transliterate the original script, the guiding principle is a one ... romanization of Japanese language Japanese allows the informed reader to reconstruct the original ... as faithfully as possible in the target language. The popular Hepburn romanization of Japanese is an example of a transcriptive romanization designed for English speakers. Phonetic See also Phonetic ... a usable romanization involves tradeoffs between the two extremes. Pure transcriptions are generally ... the Nihon shiki romanization zy zyutu may allow someone who knows Japanese to reconstruct the kana ... to guess the pronunciation from the Hepburn version, jujutsu j jutsu . Romanization of specific writing systems Arabic Main Romanization of Arabic The Arabic alphabet is used to write Arabic language ... alphabets of their own. Romanization standards include the following Deutsche Morgenl ndische Gesellschaft ... catdir cpso romanization arabic.pdf Arabic Chat Alphabet Armenian Main Romanization of Armenian Georgian Main Romanization of Georgian Persian Main Romanization of Persian See also Category Persian orthography Hebrew Main Romanization of Hebrew The Hebrew alphabet is romanized using several standards .... ALA LC http www.loc.gov catdir cpso romanization hebrew.pdf Brahmic Indic scripts See also Devanagari transliteration Romanization of Bengali Romanization of Malayalam The Brahmic family ..., ALA LC http www.loc.gov catdir cpso romanization hindi.pdf , although there are a few differences The National Library at Kolkata romanization , intended for the romanization of all Brahmic family ... more details
Unreferenced date January 2007 Romanization schemes for Proto Semitic and various Semitic languages Semitic abjad s Romanization of Arabic ISO 233 DIN 31635 Romanization of Hebrew ISO 259 Northwest Semitic abjad See also Transliteration of Ancient Egyptian Semitic abjad Descendants of the Semitic abjad Cuneiform Transliteration Proto Sinaitic alphabet Category Romanization Writingsystem stub ... more details
The Romanization of Dhivehi , or the representation of the Dhivehi language in the Latin script , varies from one scheme to another. Major romanization methods The following are the major romanization methods for Dhivehi language Dhivehi SADT mainarticle SADT The SADT Standard Alphabet of Dhivehi Transliteration SADT is the standard alphabet for the romanization of Dhivehi. IAST mainarticle IAST The IAST International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration IAST is the most popular academic standard for the romanization of Sanskrit. IAST is the de facto standard used in printed publications, like books and magazines, and with the wider availability of Unicode fonts, it is also increasingly used for electronic texts. The National Library at Kolkata romanization , intended for the romanization of all Brahmic family Indic scripts , is an extension of IAST . Mal Latin mainarticle Mal Latin Unicode M l Le in or Nasiri Latin was a popular romanization scheme for Dhivehi used in 70s. Examples The following table includes examples of Dhivehi words Romanized using the various systems mentioned above. center class wikitable Example words In orthography Meaning SAMT Mal Latin Mahal writing systems Devan gar Wiki IPA style text align center City aharu Shaharu shaharu center Category Dhivehi language ... more details
Wiktionarypar romanisation Romanization may refer to Romanization , the representation in the Latin alphabet of a language normally written in another writing system Romanization cultural , the expansion of Roman culture, law, and language Latinisation literature , translation and adaptation of names into the Latin language Latinisation USSR , the Latinization of languages inside the former USSR Romanization religious , the practice of modifying other rites of the Catholic Church to more resemble the Latin Roman rite. The proper term is Liturgical Latinisation See also Roma etymology Disambig ca Romanitzaci desambiguaci de Latinisierung es Romanizaci n fr Romanisation gl Romanizaci n it Romanizzazione sr ... more details
The romanization or latinization of Serbian is the representation of the Serbian language using Latin letters. Serbian is natively written in its own Serbian Cyrillic alphabet , a variation of Cyrillic alphabet Cyrillic . However, Gaj s Latin alphabet is also used in Serbia as the second official alphabet and the two are directly and completely interchangeable. The Latin variation of the Serbian alphabet is identical to those used in Bosnian language Bosnian and Croatian language Croatian language. Linguistics stub Category Serbian language Category Cyrillic romanization ... more details
There are several romanization schemes for the Malayalam script , including ISO 15919 and Mozhi . ASCII schemes In the late 20th century, typesetting Malayalam on computers became an issue. Lacking diacritics in keyboards led to the innovation of ASCII only romanization schemes. ASCII only schemes remain popular in email correspondence and input methods because of their ease of entry. These schemes are also called Manglish. The disadvantage of ASCII schemes is that letter case is meaningful, so that transliterated names may not be capitalized. Mozhi Even though it has more elaborate scheme, basic Mozhi is as follows https sites.google.com site cibu mozhi . a aa i ee u oo R RR e E ai o O au Ll Lll am aH k kh g gh ng ch chh j jh nj T Th D Dh N th thh d dh n p ph b bh m y r l v S sh s h L zh rr t External links http ml.girgit.chitthajagat.in Girgit Online Indic to Malayalam and vice versa Transliteration of Webpages Bengali , Devanagari , Kannada , Malayalam , Oriya , Punjabi , Tamil , Telugu , Gujarati , English DEFAULTSORT Romanization Of Malayalam Category Malayalam script Category Romanization ... more details
Khmer romanization refers to the representation of the Khmer language Khmer Cambodian language using letters of the Latin alphabet Latin Roman alphabet . Romanization of Khmer is usually applied to Khmer proper nouns such as names of people and geographical names as in a gazetteer . Romanization Systems for Khmer Geographical Cambodian names are often romanized with a transliteration system. An issue seen with the transliteration of Khmer is the results not always reflecting standard Khmer pronunciation as transliteration is a system that maps one script onto another script. It does not always take into account examples such as unpronounced letters and irregular pronunciations, although the two ... used in Khmer Box , which is the plain box with a Khmer poetry written in romanization. This box .... UNGEGN Khmer romanization using the system from UNGEGN United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical .... ALA LC Romanization Tables From the American Library Association and Library of Congress the system for romanizing Khmer uses the original Indic values of Khmer letter for romanization which ... c . Links to romanization tables http www.eki.ee wgrs rom1 km.pdf UNGEGN PDF 166kb http www.loc.gov catdir cpso romanization khmer.pdf ALA LC PDF 1,064kb http www.pcgn.org.uk ROMANIZATION 20SYSTEM ... IPA l lang km lang km q IPA Issues and tradeoffs with romanization Many Khmer Khmer script ... by more than one symbol letter hence, it is sometimes impossible to revert the romanization to the Khmer script. Virtually all romanization systems for Khmer use the letter H to represent a final Aspiration ... Working Group on Romanization Systems http www.loc.gov catdir cpso roman.html ALA LC Romanization Tables External links Links to romanization tables http www.eki.ee wgrs rom1 km.pdf UNGEGN PDF 166kb http www.loc.gov catdir cpso romanization khmer.pdf ALA LC PDF 1,064kb http www.pcgn.org.uk ROMANIZATION 20SYSTEM 20FOR 20KHMER.pdf BGN PCGN PDF 334.49kb Cambodia stub Category Romanization Khmer Category ... more details
The Kyrgyz language language is written in the Kyrgyz alphabet , a modification of the Cyrillic alphabet . There is not one commonly accepted system of romanization of Kyrgyz , i.e. a rendering of Kyrgyz in the Latin alphabet . Some Kyrgyz romanization systems are given below class wikitable style vertical align bottom width 25 Cyrillic width 25 ALA LC romanization ALA LC width 25 BGN PCGN romanization BGN PCGN width 25 ISO 9 a a a b b b v v v g g g d d d e e e yo zh j z z z i i i y j k k k l l l m m m n n n unicode ng ng unicode n o o o unicode p p p r r r s s s t t t u u u unicode u f f f kh kh h unicode ts ts c ch ch sh sh shch shch y y y e unicode iu yu unicode ia ya Besides these systems, one may encounter different romanizations on e.g. road signs in Kyrgyzstan. For instance, may be romanized as Czoc . References http transliteration.eki.ee Transliteration of Non Roman Scripts , a collection of writing systems and transliteration tables, by Thomas T. Pedersen. Includes PDF reference charts for many languages transliteration systems. http transliteration.eki.ee pdf Kirghiz.pdf Kirghiz.pdf PDF file The http www.eki.ee wgrs Working Group on Romanization Systems of the United Nations . Links http www.transliteration.kpr.eu ky Kyrgyz Cyrillic Latin converter See also Kyrgyz alphabet Kyrgyz language Category Cyrillic romanization Kyrgyz Category Languages of Kyrgyzstan ... more details
Unreferenced date September 2009 Japanese writing JSL is a romanization system for transcribing the Japanese language into the Roman alphabet . It was devised by Eleanor Jorden for and named after her 1987 book Japanese The Spoken Language . border 0 cellspacing 2px cellpadding 3px align right style margin left 0.5em bgcolor BECFEB colspan 3 align center Example br tat u bgcolor CFEBBE Conjugation JSL Hepburn bgcolor E7F5DE Mizen 1 tat a tat a bgcolor E7F5DE Mizen 2 tat o tat o bgcolor E7F5DE Ren y tat i tach i bgcolor E7F5DE Sy si tat u. tats u. bgcolor E7F5DE Rentai tat u tats u bgcolor E7F5DE Katei tat e tat e bgcolor E7F5DE Meirei tat e. tat e. JSL is designed for teaching Japanese, and so, it follows the Japanese phoneme system fairly closely. For example, different conjugations of a verb may be achieved by changing the final vowel as in the chart on the right , whereas the common Hepburn romanization may require exceptions in some cases, in order to more clearly illustrate pronunciation to native English speakers. In her book, Jorden says that this choice was made to ease the learning of Japanese grammar, and that relying on romanization to learn Japanese pronunciation is misleading as it is an approximation at best. JSL differs from Hepburn romanization Hepburn in that it uses doubled vowels, rather than macron s, to represent the long vowels IPA o and IPA . Tokyo T ky and Osaka saka , for instance, would be written Tookyoo and Oosaka in JSL. Also, JSL represents , the syllabic n, as an n with a macron over it, unicode n , to avoid the practice that other systems use of sometimes writing n and sometimes n depending on the presence of a following vowel or y . JSL ... doubled vowels must be used instead of macrons. See also Yale Romanization To explain connection ... were also developed in the 1960s and 70s Japanese romanization Japanese language DEFAULTSORT Jsl Romanization Category Japanese romanization de JSL fr Japanese The Spoken Language ... more details
Korean romanization Korean romanization is a system for representing the Korean language using the Roman alphabet. In South Korea Korea , the Korean language is written using hangul , and sometimes hanja . Systems Many romanization schemes are in common use McCune Reischauer MR 1937? , the first transcription ..., these variants are so widespread that any mention of McCune Reischauer romanization may not necessarily ... www.loc.gov catdir cpso romanization korean.pdf title ALA LC Romanization Tables ref Yale Romanization Korean Yale 1942 This system has become the established standard romanization for Korean among .... Indicates disappearance of consonants. Revised Romanization of Korean RR , also called South Korean ... stations on line maps and signs etc. have been changed. Romanization of surnames and existing companies ... here http www.sori.org hangul romanizations.html Roman Intro Fred Lukoff Lukoff romanization ... en dict korpin.html title Korean Romanization Reference ref Chos n Kwahagw n lang ko Hang , Hancha romanization McCune Reischauer based transcriptions and the Revised Romanization differ from each other mainly in the choice of how to represent certain hangul ... br small Hanja small Revised Romanization of Korean RR br small RR transcription in brackets small McCune Reischauer McC Rsr Yale Romanization Korean Yale SKATS wall lang ko wikt br byeok ... Korean Romanization Tools Comparison tables of the different systems http www.eki.ee wgrs rom2 ko.pdf Comparison table of ISO TR 11941, North Korean national system 1992 , Revised Romanization, McCune Reischauer, Yale PDF file from UN Group of Experts on Geographical Names Working Group on Romanization ..., Lukoff, South Korea Ministry of Education, Joseon Gwahagwon, Revised Romanization PDF file ... infoage romaniz.htm Gangmun Romanization http sori.org hangul conv2kr.cgi Online transliteration tool DEFAULTSORT Korean Romanization Category Korean romanization ko ja pl ... more details
Romanization may also refer to linguistics see Romanization disambiguation . Romanization or latinization in the historical and cultural meanings of both terms indicate different historical processes, such as acculturation , social integration integration and cultural assimilation assimilation of newly incorcorporated and peripheral populations by the Roman Republic and the later Roman Empire . Ancient Roman historiography and Italian historiography until the fascist period used to call these various processes the civilizing of barbarians . The acculturation proceeded from the top down, the upper ... in Rome. ref Leonard A. Curchin, The Romanization of Central Spain complexity, diversity ... two or three centuries of the Roman empire ? Process of Romanization The very existence of a process by which romanization can occur is a source of contention amongst modern archaeologists ref ... approach today, was taken by Francis Haverfield ref Haverfield, F., 1912, The Romanization of Roman ... Millet, M., 1990, Romanization historical issues and archaeological interpretation , in Blagg, T. and Millett ... describe as traditional Romanization . Fundamental differences within a province are visible ... Vol 105 No2, pp209 225, ref Romanization occurs as a result of negotiation between different elements of non egalitarian societies. Material culture is therefore ambiguous. Romanization is not a clear ... elements with little or no firm reasoning to do so. As it cannot be used to explain, Romanization ... verifiable process. Results of Romanization all this slowly culminated in many gradual ... the seafaring Mediterranean cultures like the Phoenicia ns and the Ancient Greece Greeks . Romanization ... , Gaul , Dalmatia and Dacia . Romanization in most of these regions remains such a powerful cultural ... ekeltoi volumes vol6 6 6 marco simon 6 6.html on line Interpretatio Romana Interpretatio and the Romanization ... Romanization Category Ancient Rome Category Ancient Roman culture Category Cultural assimilation ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 RCL Legge romanization is a Romanization of Mandarin Chinese transcription system for Mandarin Chinese , used by the prolific 19th century sinologist James Legge . It was replaced by the Wade Giles system, which itself has been mostly supplanted by Pinyin . The Legge system is still to be found in Legge s widely available translation of the Yijing , and in some derivative works such as Aleister Crowley s version of the Yijing. Legge transcription uses the following consonants blockquote f h hs k kh k kh l m n ng p ph r s sh sz t th w y z z h z blockquote And it uses the following vowels blockquote a e i o u ui blockquote The vowel letters also occur in various vowel digraphs, including the following blockquote i o u eh ei ih ui blockquote Features of the Legge system include the use of h s to signal consonantal Aspiration phonetics aspiration so that what Pinyin spells pi and Wade Giles spells p i , Legge spells as ph , the use of the Cyrillic Fraktur letter Fact date May 2008 distinct from z , and the use of italicized consonants distinct from their normal forms. Comparing words in the Legge system with the same words in Wade Giles shows that there are often minor but nonsystematic differences, which makes direct correlation of the systems difficult. NB. Although frequently improperly called a transliteration , Legge s system is a Transcription linguistics transcription of Chinese, as there can be no transliteration of Chinese script into any phonetic script, like the Latin or English language English alphabet . Any system of romanization of Chinese renders the sound s pronunciation and not the characters written form . External links http interglacial.com sburke stuff legge yijing transliterations.html Legge transcription of Yijing hexagram names alongside their Wade Giles and Pinyin forms Category Chinese romanization Category I Ching hr Leggeova latinizacija no Leggeromanisering sr sh Leggeova ... more details
RCL IPA notice Guangdong Romanization refers to the four romanization schemes published by the Guangdong Provincial Education Department in 1960 for transliterating the Standard Cantonese Cantonese , Teochew dialect Teochew , Hakka Chinese Hakka , and Hainanese . The schemes utilized similar elements with some differences in order to adapt to their respective spoken varieties. In certain respects, Guangdong romanization resembles the Mandarin Hanyu pinyin in its distinction of the alveolar consonant ... g or k . Guangdong romanization makes use of diacritic s to represent certain vowels. This includes ... t k rather than p , t , k like other romanization schemes in order to be consistent with their use as unaspirated ... to as the Canton Romanization on the LSHK http humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk Lexis lexi can character database . Although not as popular as other Cantonese romanization schemes such as Yale romanization Yale ... romanziation schemes, Guangdong romanization indicates a difference between the alveolar consonant ... s. However, speech patterns of most Cantonese speakers do utilize both types of consonants and the romanization ... recognized medial glide linguistics glide in the Cantonese Guangdong romanization is u , which occurs in syllables with initials g or k and rimes that begin with a , e , i , or o . In other romanization ... romanization attempts to preserve it as a medial. For simplicity, the u is sometimes grouped with the initials .... In Guangdong Romanization, one may represent the entering r tones either together with tones 1, 3, and 6, as in the other Cantonese romanization schemes, or separately as tones 7, 8, and 9 ... Chinese character Traditional Simplified Chinese character Simplified Romanization guong ... pronunciation of pinyin . This scheme is the romanization scheme currently described in the Teochew ... dialect, which is generally regarded as the de facto standard dialect of Hakka. This scheme is the romanization ... year 1999 isbn 7 5361 2350 7 Guangdong Romanization Cantonese Transliteration Scheme Teochew Transliteration ... more details
Selfref For the romanization of Russian on Wikipedia, see Wikipedia Romanization of Russian Romanization of the Russian alphabet is the process of transliteration transliterating the Russian language from the Cyrillic alphabet into the Latin alphabet . Such transliteration is necessary for writing Russian names and other words in the non Cyrillic letters. Romanization is also essential for the input ... 71 has been in service for over 30 years and is the only romanization system that does not use diacritic ... romanization system The UNGEGN , a Working Group of the United Nations , in 1987 recommended a romanization ... ALA LC Main ALA LC romanization for Russian American Library Association & Library of Congress ALA LC romanization tables for Slavic alphabets updated 1997 are used in North America n libraries, and in the British ... Library to catalogue publications acquired up to 1975 the ALA LC romanization for Russian ... romanization of Russian The BGN PCGN system is relatively intuitive for anglophones to read and pronounce ... can optionally be used to avoid some ambiguity. This particular standard is part of the BGN PCGN romanization BGN PCGN romanization system which was developed by the United States Board on Geographic ... alphabet section date May 2008 In a second sense the romanization of Russian may also indicate the introduction ... a Latinisation system for Russian. See also Romanization of Bulgarian Romanization of Ukrainian Romanization ... U.S. Board on Geographic Names Foreign Names Committee Staff, 1994. Romanization Systems and Roman ... Transliterator for Russian http transliteration.eki.ee pdf Russian.pdf Summary of romanization systems ... United Nations recommended romanization system for Russian Portable Document Format PDF http www.lcweb.loc.gov catdir cpso roman.html American Library Association & Library of Congress Romanization ... including ISO 9 and DIN 1460 for Russian. Category Cyrillic romanization Russian Category Russian language Category Romanization Category Russian language computing de Kyrillisches Alphabet Russisch ... more details
language Korean , and Japanese language Japanese . The Yale romanization for Mandarin was created ... romanization systems for the other three languages were created later, in the 1960s and 1970s. Mandarin ... try to teach recruits to interpret the standard romanization of the time, the Wade Giles system, a new ... romanization they were written ji and chi . The Yale system also avoids the difficulties faced by the beginner trying to read pinyin romanization, which uses certain Roman letters and combinations ... is pronounced something like the ch in chicken and is written as ch in Yale Romanization. Xi ... sounds something like the ger in gerbil , and is written as jr in Yale romanization. For example in Wade Giles, knowledge is chih shih in pinyin, zhishi but in Yale romanization it is written ... needed date June 2009 The tone markings from Yale romanization were adopted for pinyin. Citation ... in fact, during the height of the Cold War , preferring the communist pinyin system over Yale romanization ... China ROC . By 1979, much of the world adopted pinyin as the standard romanization for Chinese ... 2009 IPA notice Unlike the Mandarin Yale romanization, Cantonese Yale is still widely used in books ... as p . Because of this and other factors, Yale romanization is usually held to be easy for American ... Simplified Romanization using Tone Marks Romanization using Numbers lang zh HK lang zh CN gw ng ... n ih h u nei5 hou2 Korean Korean romanization Korean Yale was developed by Samuel Martin linguist Samuel ... romanization for the language. The Yale system places primary emphasis on showing a word s morphophonemic ... Korean, the Revised Romanization of Korean RR and McCune Reischauer . These two usually provide the pronunciation ... known as Chos n sin ch lchap p Hanja lang ko Hant . The Yale romanization represents ... when given its Yale romanization compared to its South Korean hangul spelling. There are separate rules for Middle Korean. For example, o means lang ko RR o in a romanization of the current language ... more details
conventional Cyrillic alphabet Cyrillic orthography into the Latin alphabet . Romanization can be used .... Official use of romanization by Bulgarian authorities is found, for instance, in identity documents ... Features The various romanization systems differ with respect to 12 out of the 30 letter of the modern ... romanization schemes a, b, v, g, d, e, z, i, k, l, m, n, o, p, r, ... Names in Sofia in 1972 and subsequently by the UN in 1977. ref name un UNGEGN Working Group on Romanization ... rre Romanization.html On the Romanization of Bulgarian and English , Contrastive Linguistics ... The New National Standard for the Romanization of Bulgarian. Mathematica Balkanica . New Series Vol ... Romanization scheme of the Library of Congress , and the BGN PCGN romanization of the United States and British governments. The ISO 9 standard, in its 1995 version, has introduced another romanization ... Scientific br ISO 9 ISO R 9 1968 ISO 9 1968 ALA LC romanization ALA LC BGN PCGN romanization BGN ... Unicode Unicode i e e, ya Unicode Unicode u Romanization sample Differences in the romanization ... Romanization of Russian Romanization of Ukrainian Notes reflist External links http www.lingua systems.com ... , DIN 1460 and the Streamlined System for Bulgarian. DEFAULTSORT Romanization Of Bulgarian Category Bulgarian language Category Cyrillic romanization Bulgarian af Gestroomlynde transliterasie stelsel ... transliteracije bugarskog pisma simple Streamlined System for the Romanization of Bulgarian sl Racionaliziran ... more details
The romanization of Japanese is the application of the Latin alphabet to write the Japanese language ... n ji . There are several different romanization systems. The three main ones are Hepburn romanization ... romanization system was based on the Portuguese orthography . It was developed around 1548 by a Japanese ... for the study of early modern Japanese pronunciation and early attempts at romanization ... several systems were developed, culminating in the Hepburn romanization Hepburn system , named ... kw pronunciation in modern Hepburn romanization, this would be written Kwaidan Kaidan lit., ghost ... abolishing the Japanese writing system entirely and using r maji instead. The Nihon shiki romanization ... publisher Age.ne.jp date accessdate 2011 02 25 ref Modern systems Hepburn Main Hepburn romanization ... of romanization uses a macron to indicate some long vowel s, and an apostrophe to note the separation ... foreign students and academics. Hepburn romanization generally follows English phonology with Romance ... for the Romanization of Japanese Modified Hepburn , but this status was abolished on October 6, 1994. Hepburn is the most common romanization system in use today, especially in the English speaking world. Nihon shiki Main Nihon shiki romanization Nihon shiki R maji , Japan style R maji ... phonology and the syllabary order very strictly and is hence the only major system of romanization ... are both zi in Kunrei shiki and both ji in Hepburn romanization, but are zi and di respectively in Nihon ... n see Japanese phonology . JSL Main JSL romanization JSL is a romanization system based on Japanese ... romanization In addition to the standardized systems above, there are many variations in romanization ... written as they are in English, without regard for the rules of romanization. Jya for ... for . The extraneous y seems to be the result of confusion between the romanization systems. Cchi ... is sometimes seen in names. Long vowels The most common variant romanization is to omit the macrons ... more details
Macedonian language The Romanization of Macedonian is the transliteration of text in the Macedonian language from the Macedonian alphabet Macedonian Cyrillic alphabet into the Latin alphabet . Romanization can be used for various purposes, such as rendering of proper name s in foreign contexts, or for informal writing of Macedonian in environments where Cyrillic is not easily available. Official use of Romanization by Republic of Macedonia Macedonian authorities is found, for instance, on road signage and in passports. Several different codified standards of transliteration currently exist and there is widespread variability in practice. For a number of Cyrillic letters, transliteration into matching Latin letters is straightforward. Cyrillic , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , are matched with Latin a, b, v, g, d, e, z, i, k, l, m, n, o, p, r, s, t, u, f , according to all conventions. Cyrillic pronounced ts is mostly rendered as c , in accordance with the conventions for many other Slavic languages. The letter is typically rendered as h , matching the pronunciation in Macedonian. For the Macedonian Serbian letter , the preferred transliteration is its visual ... extended online version . See also US Library of Congress romanization tables http www.loc.gov catdir cpso romanization serbian.pdf . ref and is taught in schools in the Republic of Macedonia. ref ... html RomanizationRomanization Macedonian.pdf Romanization System for Macedonian Cyrillic, BGN PCGN ... Names UNCSGN . ref name UN UNGEGN Working Group on Romanization Systems Report on the Current Status of United Nations Romanization Systems for Geographical Names, Version 2.2, January 2003 http www.eki.ee ... IPA scope col width 14 ISO 9 1995 scope col width 14 BGN PCGN romanization BGN PCGN ref name BGN ... Macedonian language RomanizationRomanization of Belarusian Romanization of Bulgarian Romanization of Russian Romanization of Ukrainian Notes and references reflist Category Cyrillic romanization ... more details
The romanization or Latinization of Ukrainian is the representation of the Ukrainian language using Latin ... of Cyrillic alphabet Cyrillic . Romanization may be employed to represent Ukrainian text or pronunciation ... who are not familiar with the Ukrainian keyboard layout . Methods of romanization include ... the spoken word. In contrast to romanization, there have been several historical proposals ... has caught on. Romanization systems Image Uzhevych Arras MS 6b.png thumb Part of a table of letters ... consonants. Library of Congress system The ALA LC Romanization Tables , published by the American .... ref name British Library BGN PCGN BGN PCGN romanization is a series of standards approved by the United ... a series of romanization systems for Ukrainian, which were replaced by ISO 9 1995. For details ... of Ukraine , January 27, 2010 ref ref http ungegn.cgi.hr ungegn20 11 UKR Romanization 20system 20in 20Ukraine.pdf Romanization system in Ukraine , paper presented on East Central and South East Europe ... ASCII characters. Romanization for other languages Romanization intended for readers of other languages ... romanization Users of public access computers or mobile Short message service text messaging services sometimes improvise informal romanization due to limitations in keyboard or character set. These may .... Requires a special Unicode font. Conventional romanization of proper names This section is linked from Romanization In many contexts, it is common to use a modified system of transliteration that strives .... Citation needed date January 2011 The employment of romanization systems can become complex. For example ... Tables of romanization systems border 0 cellspacing 0 cellpadding 2 style text align center border ..., but always render o and i . 1. gh is used in the romanization of zgh , avoiding confusion ..., Volynj avto. gh is used in the romanization of zgh , avoiding confusion with zh . See also Ukrainian Latin alphabet Romanization of Belarusian Romanization of Bulgarian Romanization ... more details
There are several different Lao romanization systems, which are transcription linguistics transcriptions of the Lao alphabet into the Latin alphabet . History One standard system was devised in the first half of the 20th century when Laos was a French protectorate. There are two important factors that govern the way Lao as opposed to Thai or Isan was transcribed in that system. The first is that the Lao script does not include mute characters. This standard was put into place via a royal edict, which took the form of a letter from the king to the Comit Litt raire . The idea was both to make it easier for non ethnic Laotians to read and write Lao, and to differentiate Lao from Thai, which does include mute characters. The second factor is that the French system for transcribing sounds was used, hence ou , for example, instead of oo or u for an u sound. If not for these two factors, Lao and Thai romanization would appear very similar. The French transcription system is reflected by the BGN and PCGN standards. See below. Tables Consonants The table below shows the Lao consonant letters and their transcriptions according to the US Board on Geographic Names and the British Permanent Committee on Geographical Names BGN PCGN , the US Library of Congress ALA LC and the transcriptions used in the Unicode names of the letters. border 0 cellspacing 2px cellpadding 2px width 25 colspan 3 bgcolor ... Nations romanization systems for geographical names http www.eki.ee wgrs rom2 lo.pdf Lao PDF this document refers to the Lao Commission Nationale de Toponymie . There is no Lao romanization system officially adopted by the UN. Library of Congress romanization table for http www.loc.gov catdir cpso romanization lao.pdf Lao PDF Unicode code chart for http www.unicode.org charts PDF U0E80.pdf Lao ANSI Z39.35 1979, System for the Romanization of Lao, Khmer, and Pali ISBN 0 88738 968 6. DEFAULTSORT Romanization Of Lao Category Languages of Laos Category Romanization Lao ru ... more details
Romanization or Latinization of Belarusian is any system for transliterating written Belarusian language Belarusian from the Cyrillic alphabet to the Latin alphabet Latin . Some of the standard systems for romanizing Belarusian BGN PCGN romanization of Belarusian , 1979 United States Board on Geographic Names and Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use , which is the USA and Great Britain prevailing system for romanising of geographical information Scientific transliteration , or the International Scholarly System for linguistics ALA LC romanization , 1997 American Library Association and Library of Congress ISO 9 1995, which is also Belarusian state standard GOST 7.79 2000 for non geographical information Instruction on transliteration of Belarusian geographical names with letters of Latin script , which is Belarusian state standard for geographical information, adopted by State Committee on land resources, geodetics and cartography of Belarus, 2000 and recommended ref http unstats.un.org unsd geoinfo 9th uncsgn docs e conf 98 crp 21.pdf ref for use by the Working Group on Romanization Systems of the United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names UNGEGN . It was significantly revised in 2007. See also Belarusian Latin alphabet . border 0 cellspacing 0 cellpadding 2 class wikitable width 55 style text align center border 1px solid ccc summary Comparative table of some standard romanisations of the Belarusian letters style font weight bold Comparative table of some standard romanisations of the Belarusian letters valign top style background ccc style font weight normal scope col width 14 Cyrillic style font weight normal scope col width 14 Scholarly ref Parentheses denote older variants. ref style font weight normal scope col width ... Romanization of Bulgarian Romanization of Russian Romanization of Ukrainian Romanization ... Names Category Cyrillic romanization Belarusian Category Belarusian language be ... more details
Romanization of Greek is the representation of Greek language texts, that are usually written in the Greek alphabet , with the Latin alphabet , or a system for doing so. There are several methods for the romanization of Greek, especially depending on whether the language written with Greek letters is Ancient Greek or Modern Greek and whether a phonetic Transcription linguistics transcription or a graphemic transliteration is intended. Different systems of Romanization of Greek have been creating a good deal of confusion with rendering Greek personal and place names in English. For example, the word Holy , Saint , common in many place names, may be variously rendered as http en.wikipedia.org w index.php?title Special 3APrefixIndex&prefix Agios&namespace 0 Agios , http en.wikipedia.org w index.php?title Special 3APrefixIndex&prefix Ayios&namespace 0 Ayios , or http en.wikipedia.org w index.php?title Special 3APrefixIndex&prefix Aghios&namespace 0 Aghios feminine forms http en.wikipedia.org w index.php?title Special 3APrefixIndex&prefix Agia&namespace 0 Agia , http en.wikipedia.org w index.php?title Special 3APrefixIndex&prefix Ayia&namespace 0 Ayia , or http en.wikipedia.org w index.php?title Special 3APrefixIndex&prefix Aghia&namespace 0 Aghia . ref Rough Guide to the Dodecanese & East Aegean islands by Marc Dubin, http books.google.com books?id fJ3gVGqB1uQC&pg PP8&dq ayios agios&hl en&ei g2SjTLyvFYbQsAPFhP35Bg&sa X&oi book result&ct result&resnum 2&ved 0CC0Q6AEwAQ v onepage&q ... are kept in both the BGN PCGN and the UN ELOT romanization systems. There is one exception in the vowel ... languages transliteration systems. The http www.eki.ee wgrs Working Group on Romanization Systems of the United Nations . http www.loc.gov catdir cpso romanization greek.pdf Transliteration chart of the Library ... romanization greeka.pdf Ancient and Medieval Greek transliteration chart of the Library of Congress Greek language Category Greek romanization Category Hellenic scripts Category Greek language br ... more details
Merge from Universal Persian Alphabet date April 2009 Persian alphabet Romanization of Persian is the means by which the Persian language is represented using the Latin alphabet . Several different romanization schemes exist, each with its own set of rules driven by its own set of goals. Romanization ... pronunciations that differ in their unwritten vowel sounds. Thus a romanization paradigm can follow ... transliterations of Persian are often based on Romanization of Arabic transliterations of Arabic ... form. Transliterations commonly used in the English speaking world include BGN PCGN romanization and ALA LC Romanization . Non academic English language quotation of Persian words usually uses a simplification ... of Persian also exists which is called Desphilic Persian Standard Romanization http www.desphilic.com ..., but standard in transliterations of foreign languages such as ALA LC Romanization ref vi s ion IPAslink t colspan 3 C c ref Same value as in National Library at Kolkata romanization and other transliterations ... romanizations of Arabic. Romanization schemes Desphilic Desphilic is one of schemes which targets http www.desphilic.com Persian Standard Romanization PSR by transliterating into ordinary English ... language system. Baha i Persian romanization Main Bah orthography Bah s use a particular and fairly ... national language of Iran. A detailed introduction to the Bah Persian romanization can ... 4 style text align center align center Romanization on Internet A a AA aa B b CH ch D d E e F f G g ... Turco Persian Romanization class wikitable align right style margin 1em 0 1em 1em font size 95 text ... alphabet Persian phonology Romanization Transliteration Romanization of Arabic Desphilic References ... www.eki.ee wgrs rom1 fa.htm UN Romanization of Persian for Geographical Names http www.lib.umich.edu area Near.East persianrom.pdf Library of Congress American Library Association Romanization of Persian ... Standard Romanization home references DEFAULTSORT Romanization Of Persian Category Persian orthography ... more details
There are various systems of romanization of the Armenian alphabet . Transliteration systems H bschmann Meillet 1913 In linguistic literature on Classical Armenian, the commonly used transliteration is that of H bschmann Meillet 1913 . It uses a dot above mark to express the aspirates, t , ch , , p , k . However, the correct support of this diacritic has been poor for long in the past and was not very common on many usual applications and computer fonts or rendering systems. Some documents were published using the ASCII backquote U 0060 as a fallback or even the ASCII apostrophe U 0027 when there was no confusion possible , but the preferred character today is the left half ring modifier letter ... for Classical Armenian in modern publications . BGN PCGN 1981 BGN PCGN romanization 1981 uses a Quotation ... the original spiritus asper motivation. This romanization was taken up by ISO 1996 , and considered .... Like with the BGN PCGN romanization, the right single quotation mark is used to denote most of the aspirates ... to any approved international or Armenian standard, so they are not recommended for the romanization ... 0573 0574 rowspan 5 width 10 style background CCFFCC Romanization of Classical or Eastern Armenian width ... background CCFFCC width 10 BGN PCGN romanization BGN PCGN style background FFCCCC e, ye style ... Romanization of Western Armenian width 10 ALA LC rowspan 2 style background CCCCFF p rowspan 2 style ... 0582 0583 0584 0585 0586 0578 br 0582 0587 rowspan 5 width 10 style background CCFFCC Romanization ... p k width 10 ISO 9985 c rowspan 2 p rowspan 2 k ow ew width 10 BGN PCGN romanization BGN PCGN ... 2 width 10 style background CCCCFF Romanization of Western Armenian width 10 ALA LC rowspan 2 style ... 10646 List of ISO transliterations Romanization of Georgian Wikipedia Naming conventions Armenian Category Armenian alphabet Category Romanization Armenian Category BGN PCGN romanization Armenian Category ALA LC romanization Armenian Category ISO standards br Romanekadur an armenieg ru ... more details
Refimprove date December 2007 The Nihongo Hepburn romanization system Hebon shiki R maji is named after James Curtis Hepburn , who used it to transcribe the sounds of the Japanese language into the Latin alphabet in the third edition of his Japanese English dictionary , published in 1887 . The system was originally proposed by the Society for the Romanization of the Japanese Alphabet http www.roomazi.org R majikai in 1885. The Hepburn system was subsequently revised and called Sh sei Hebon shiki R maji nihongo2 . This revised version was referred to as Hy jun shiki R maji nihongo2 standard style before. The original and revised variants of Hepburn remain the most widely used methods of transcription of Japanese. As Hepburn is based on English phonology, an English speaker unfamiliar with Japanese will generally pronounce a word romanized in Hepburn more accurately ... system now commonly known as Kunrei shiki to be Japan s official romanization for all purposes, but this was overturned .... Variants of Hepburn romanization There are three standard variants of Hepburn romanization. The first ... were written as dz and were written as kuwa , kuwai Features of Hepburn romanization The main ... for party instead of p t . This is also used in the JSL romanization JSL form of romanization. Hepburn romanization charts border 0 cellspacing 2px cellpadding 2px width 100 colspan 5 bgcolor ... book title ANSI Z39.11 1972 American National Standard System for the Romanization of Japanese year ... AAAAIAAJ American National Standard System for the Romanization of Japanese . Obsolete. cite book title BS 4812 1972 Specification for the Romanization of Japanese year 1972 publisher British Standards ... doc hep1.html Preface of first edition of Hepburn s original dictionary, explaining romanization ..., explaining romanization Japanese romanization Japanese language DEFAULTSORT Hepburn Romanization Category Japanese romanization Link GA eo Link FA sl af Hepburn stelsel bg ca Hepburn ... more details
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