Merge to Complications of pregnancy date July 2011 Factors increasing the risk to either the woman, the fetus es, or both of pregnancy beyond the normal level of risk may be present in a woman s medical ... title Riskfactors present before pregnancy url http www.merckmanuals.com home womens health issues pregnancy at high riskriskfactors present before pregnancy.html work Merck Manual Home Health Handbook publisher Merck Sharp & Dohme ref Common riskfactors Some common factors include Age of either ... . ref group MMHE cite web last Merck title Riskfactors present before pregnancy url http www.merckmanuals.com home womens health issues pregnancy at high riskriskfactors present before pregnancy.html ... cite web last Merck title Riskfactors present before pregnancy url http www.merckmanuals.com home womens health issues pregnancy at high riskriskfactors present before pregnancy.html work Merck Manual ... pregnancy and or requiring a cesarean delivery. ref group MMHE cite web last Merck title Riskfactors present before pregnancy url http www.merckmanuals.com home womens health issues pregnancy at high riskriskfactors present before pregnancy.html work Merck Manual Home Health Handbook publisher ... ref References Reflist Reflist group MMHE Use dmy dates date July 2011 DEFAULTSORT RiskFactors In Pregnancy ... publisher US National Library of Medicine ref These pre existing factors may relate to physical ... MEDICATION USE IN RELATION TO RISK OF PRETERM DELIVERY journal Women s Health Issues volume 19 ... increased risk of placenta previa mislocated placenta . ref group MMHE cite web last Merck title Riskfactors present before pregnancy url http www.merckmanuals.com home womens health issues pregnancy at high riskriskfactors present before pregnancy.html work Merck Manual Home Health Handbook publisher Merck Sharp & Dohme ref See multiple births Social and socioeconomic factors . Generally speaking, unmarried women and those in lower socioeconomic groups experience an increased level of risk ... more details
Merge from Breast cancer calcium and vitamin D date June 2011 Riskfactors of breast cancer may be divided ... riskfactors. Although many epidemiological riskfactors have been identified, the cause of any ... of new breast cancers are attributable to hereditary syndromes and well established riskfactors accounted ... established risk factor they reflect the influence of riskfactors that are not yet well understood ... title Proportion of breast cancer cases in the United States explained by well established riskfactors ..., although the absolute risk remains low. Dietary factors Alcohol Main Alcohol and breast cancer ... for Factors Linked to Breast Cancer Risk journal JAMA volume 8 issue 7 pages 436 438 year 2006 ref Mushrooms ... 10 03 . http www.cancer.org docroot CRI content CRI 2 4 2X What are the riskfactors for breast cancer 5.asp What Are the RiskFactors for Breast Cancer? Retrieved 2006 03 30. ref However, not only sex ... s are potential riskfactors of breast cancer. Diethylstilbestrol DES is a synthetic form of estrogen ... s industrially made estrogenic compounds are endocrine disruptor s, and potential riskfactors of breast ... 07 11. ref The risk of getting breast cancer increases with age. A woman is more than 100 times more ... risk is lower than that, because 90 of women die before age 95, most commonly from heart attacks ... tends to be more aggressive in younger people. Sex Men have a much lower risk of developing breast ... risk. ref name pmid9544766 cite journal author Malone KE, Daling JR, Thompson JD, O Brien CA, Francisco ... who carry a harmful BRCA mutation have a 60 to 80 risk of developing breast cancer in their lifetimes ... . If a mother or a sister was diagnosed breast cancer, the risk of a hereditary BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene ... risk for breast cancer. Combinations of such variants could lead to multiplicative effects. Sporadic cancers likely result from the complex interplay between the expression of low penetrance gene s risk variants and environmental factors. However, the suspected impact of most of these variants on breast ... more details
There are a number riskfactors for tuberculosis infection worldwide the most important of these is HIV ... than 20 cigarette s a day increases the risk of TB by two to four times ref cite journal last Davies ... 16325875 ref while silicosis increases the risk about 30 fold. ref name table3 cite journal title ... Tuberculosis Infection ref Diabetes mellitus is also an important risk factor that is growing in importance ... 4 pages 436 8 pmid 17638190 ref Other disease states that increase the risk of developing tuberculosis ... have an approximately 30 fold greater risk for developing TB. ref name table3 Silica particles irritate ... this interference and blockage of macrophage function that increases the risk of tuberculosis ... failure and also on hemodialysis have an increased risk. ref name pmid20413440 cite journal author ... greatly increases the risk of tuberculosis, more research about the effect of various indoor or outdoor ... that work by blocking tumor necrosis factor alpha an inflammation causing cytokine , raise the risk ... risk factor for tuberculosis. The risk of developing TB is estimated to be between 20 37 times greater ... body weight is associated with risk of tuberculosis. A body mass index BMI below 18.5 increases the risk by 2 to 3 times. An increase in body weight lowers the risk. ref cite journal author Leung CC title Lower risk of tuberculosis in obesity journal Arch. Intern. Med. volume 167 issue 12 pages 1297 ... IOI70054F1 OI70054F1 ref People with diabetes mellitus are at increased risk of contracting tuberculosis ... Tuberculosis Infection ref Diet may also modulate risk. For example, among immigrants in London from ... risk of tuberculosis, compared to Muslim s who ate meat and fish daily. ref name Strachan cite journal title Vegetarian diet as a risk factor for tuberculosis in immigrant south London Asians journal ... thx.50.8.915 c ref this increased risk could be caused by micronutrient deficiencies possibly ... between vitamin D deficiency and an increased risk of contracting tuberculosis. ref cite journal ... more details
riskfactors RE2 Analyse Risk RE2.1 Define IT risk analysis scope RE2.2 Estimate IT risk RE2.3 Identify ... frequency and impact, based on the risk factor computing riskfactors . Risk response The purpose ...Cleanup date January 2011 notability date November 2011 Risk IT provides an end to end, comprehensive view of all risk s related to the use of Information technology IT and a similarly thorough treatment of risk management, from the tone and culture at the top, to operational issues. Risk IT was published ... FW 18Nov09 Research.pdf ISACA THE RISK IT FRAMEWORK registration required ref It is the result of a work ... such as IBM , PricewaterhouseCoopers , Risk Management Insight , Swiss Life , and KPMG . Definition IT risk is a part of business risk specifically, the business risk associated with the use, ownership ... Management of business risk is an essential component of the responsible administration of any organization. Due to IT s importance to the overall business, IT risk should be treated like other key business risks. The Risk IT framework ref name RITF explains IT risk and enables users to Integrate the management of IT risk with the overall Enterprise risk management ERM Compare assessed IT risk with risk appetite and risk tolerance of the organization Understand how to manage the risk IT risk ... issue of IT department. IT risk can be categorised in different ways IT Benefit Value enabler risks ... business i.e. the risk of over budget or late delivery or not delivery at all of these projects ... of IT that can bring issues, inefficiency to the business operations of an organization The Risk IT framework is based on the principles of enterprise risk management standards frameworks such as COSO ERM and ISO 31000 . In this way IT risk could be understood by upper management. Risk IT principles Risk IT is built around the following principles ref name RITF always align with business objectives align the IT risk management with ERM balance the costs and benefits of IT risk management promote ... more details
a person has clearly measured clinical signs or symptoms recognized as riskfactors. Tertiary prevention ... of riskfactors with individual patients to obtain informed consent for secondary and tertiary ... population at risk. In each case, careful communication about riskfactors, likely outcomes ... modern portfolio theory . Financial risk may be market dependent, determined by numerous market factors ... areas of focus in risk management is the field of human factors where behavioral and organizational ... 2011 Risk is the potential that a chosen action or activity including the choice of inaction will lead ... endeavor carries some risk, but some are much more risky than others. File 3 Alarm Building Fire.jpg ... use of the word in English in the spelling of risque as from 1621, and the spelling as risk from 1655. It defines risk as blockquote Exposure to the possibility of loss, injury, or other adverse or unwelcome ... ref blockquote For the sociologist Niklas Luhmann the term risk is a neologism that appeared with the transition ... Eastern and North African Arab traders. In the English language the term risk appeared only in the 17th ... of risk took ground, it replaced the older notion that thought in terms of good and bad Luck ... February 2007 The scientific approach to risk entered finance in the 1960s with the advent of the capital ... by the United States Environmental Protection Agency . Definitions of risk ISO31000 2009 Risk Management Standard The ISO 31000 2009 ISO Guide 73 definition of risk is the effect of uncertainty on objectives .... Many definitions of risk exist in common usage, however this definition was developed ... subject matter experts. Other definitions of risk The many inconsistent and ambiguous meanings attached to risk lead to widespread confusion and also mean that very different approaches to risk management are taken in different fields. ref Douglas Hubbard The Failure of Risk Management Why It s Broken and How to Fix It , John Wiley & Sons, 2009. ref For example ref E.g. Risk is the unwanted ... more details
organizations. So R can be function of four risk factor computing factors A Value of the asset computing ...Information technology risk , or IT risk , IT related risk , is a risk related to information technology ... RiskRisk as a vector quantity risk is strictly tied to uncertainty, Decision theory should be applied to manage risk as a science, i.e. rationally making choices under uncertainty. Generally speaking, risk is the product of likelihood times impact Risk Likelihood Impact . ref Risk is a combination ... or ill health that can be caused by the event or exposure s OHSAS 18001 2007 . ref The measure of an IT risk ... quote ref laysummary laydate separator postscript lastauthoramp ref Risk Threat Vulnerability Asset Value Definitions Definitions of IT risk come from different but authoritative sources. ISO IT risk the potential that a given threat computer threat will exploit vulnerability computing vulnerabilities ... name ISO27005 ISO IEC, Information technology Security techniques Information security risk management ... Systems of United States United States of America defined risk in different documents From CNSS ... Risk Possibility that a particular threat will adversely impact an IS by exploiting a particular ... Security Committee ref introduces a probability aspect, quite similar to NIST SP 800 30 one Risk A combination ... Training and Education Center defines risk in the IT field as ref http niatec.info Glossary.aspx?term ... vulnerability pairs. Reducing either the threat or the vulnerability reduces the risk. The uncertainty ... factors are threat and vulnerability. A combination of the likelihood that a threat shall occur, the likelihood ... of the system. NIST Many NIST publications define risk in IT contest in different publications ... index.php?title Term Risk FISMApedia Risk term ref provide a list. Between them According ... SP 800 30 Risk Management Guide for Information Technology Systems ref Risk is a function of the likelihood ... Information and Information Systems ref Risk The level of impact on organizational operations ... more details
Infobox Film name At Risk image caption director Elana K. Pyle writer Elana K. Pyle br David E. Pyle starring Elana K Plye br Kim Myers Kim Meyers br Daniel McDonald actor Daniel McDonald br Vince Vaughn producer Kari Nevil br David E. Pyle music Kevin Hedges cinematography David Scardina editing James Philip Curtis br Robert Grahamjones distributor released 1994 runtime 95 min country Film US language English budget At Risk is a 1994 film about a woman name Lara, after spending a year in Mexico unsuccessfully trying to save her marriage to Steven, returns to the U.S. to find Max, her lover in this AIDS cautionary tale. Starring Elana K. Pyle as Lara Wade Daniel McDonald actor Daniel McDonald as Steven Wade Kim Myers Kim Meyers as Jennifer Rich Vince Vaughn as Max Nolan Shirley Anne Field as Mrs. Nolan Randy Travis as Ellison Matthew Flint as Mark References reflist External links IMDb title 0109165 Amg movie 133955 http movies.yahoo.com movie 1809402653 info At Risk 1994 at Yahoo Movies Category 1994 films Category American films Category Romantic drama films Category English language films Category Independent films indie film stub ... more details
in a human fatigue medical fatigue study. Human factors science or human factors technologies is a multidisciplinary ... of human capability Human Factors Science . The application of this understanding to the design, development and deployment of systems and services Human Factors Engineering . The art of ensuring successful application of Human Factors Engineering to a program sometimes referred to as Human Factors Integration . It can also be called ergonomics. In general, a human factor is a physical ... of humans. Human factors involves the study of all aspects of the way humans relate to the world ... through improvement in the experience of the end user. The terms human factors and ergonomics ... terms are being generated all the time. For instance, user trial engineer may refer to a human factors professional who specialises in user trials. Although the names change, human factors professionals share an underlying vision that through application of an understanding of human factors the design ... for the better. Human factors practitioners come from a variety of backgrounds, though predominantly ... scientists also contribute. Though some practitioners enter the field of human factors from other disciplines, both M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Human Factors Engineering are available from several universities worldwide. The http hfrg.nottingham.ac.uk 20 Human Factors Research Group HFRG at the University ... teaching.aspx human factors courses both at MSc and PhD level including a distance learning course in Applied Ergonomics. These courses are accredited by the Ergonomics Society . ref Human Factors ... teaching.aspx ref Other Universities to offer postgraduate courses in human factors in the UK include Loughborough University and Cranfield University . The Formal History of American Human Factors ... into 5 markers ref name ReferenceA The History of Human Factors and Ergonomics, David Meister ref ... for psychological factors, followed by the scientific study of the worker. This was an effort ... more details
Castle gastric factors , named after the American physician and physiologist William Bosworth Castle W. B. Castle , are biologically active chemical compounds which stimulate haematopoiesis formation of blood cellular components . There are two distinct factors Extrinsic factor , much more commonly known as Vitamin B12 vitamin B sub 12 sub Intrinsic factor , a glycoprotein produced by the parietal cells of the stomach, which is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B sub 12 sub disambig ru ... more details
Neurotrophic factors are a family of proteins that are responsible for the growth and survival of developing neurons and the maintenance of mature neurons. Recent research has proven that neurotrophic factors promote the initial growth and development of neurons in the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system and that they are capable of regrowing damaged neurons in test tubes and animal models 1 . Neurotrophic factors are often released by the target tissue in order to guide the growth of developing axons. Most neurotrophic factors belong to one of three families 1 neurotrophins , 2 glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor family ligands GFLs , and 3 neuropoietic cytokines 1 . Each family has its own distinct signaling family though the cellular responses elicited often do overlap 1 . Currently, neurotrophic factors are being intensely studied for use in bioartificial nerve conduits because they are necessary in vivo for directing axon growth and regeneration. In studies, neurotrophic factors are normally used in conjunction with other techniques such as biological and physical cues created by the addition of cells and specific topographies. The neurotrophic factors may or may not be immobilized to the scaffold structure, though immobilization is preferred because it allows for the creation of permanent, controllable gradients. In some cases, such as neural drug delivery systems , they are loosely immobilized such that they can be selectively released at specified times and in specified amounts. References 1.Deister, C. and C.E. Schmidt, Optimizing neurotrophic factor combinations for neurite outgrowth. Journal of Neural Engineering, 2006. 3 p. 172 179. Category Neurochemistry fr Facteur neurotrophe ... more details
The Method of Factors is a technique in cognitive behavioral therapy to organise a session of exposure therapy . Rather than generating a list of objects or situations in advance a static Exposure hierarchy hierarchy representing escalating levels of arousal and intensity of fear for a particular phobia , the Method of Factors involves identifying a fear provoking stimulus, then identifying those features of the stimulus that control the intensity of fear. The hierarchy then emerges in the course of the exposure session as the patient seeks to maintain a moderately high arousal. Because of this emergent nature, it is referred to as a Dynamic Hierarchy Recommended Reading Brady A, Raines D 2010 Dynamic hierarchies a control system paradigm for exposure therapy. The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist, 2, 51 62 http journals.cambridge.org abstract S1754470X0800010X doi 10.1017 S1754470X0800010X DEFAULTSORT Method Of Factors Category Cognitive behavioral therapy Psych stub ... more details
Posthuman Factors is a strategically pragmatic approach to design, operating as an intuitive extension of posthuman theory in action. First articulated by Haakon Faste in his doctoral dissertation and subsequent writings on perceptual robotics and art , posthuman factors uses human centered design as the basis for exploring speculative futures in which the humans in question are no longer human. ref cite book last Faste first Haakon authorlink others title Posthuman Factors How Perceptual Robotic Art Will Save Humanity from Extinction edition year 2010 month origyear publisher Scuola Superiore Sant Anna location Pisa, Italy isbn oclc id page pages chapter quote ref laysummary laydate ref In general, posthuman factors addresses the intersection of design practices that includes 1 the design of posthumans, 2 designing for such posthumans, especially in safe and sustainable ways, and 3 designing the design methodologies that will supersede human centered design i.e., posthuman centered design , or the processes of design that posthumans employ . The field uses speculative approaches of design and design strategy, and is especially skeptical of humanist values, mores, and practices in design. In this regard it can be considered an offshoot of critical design , which will often challenge its audience s preconceptions and expectations thereby provoking new ways of thinking about the object, its use, and the surrounding environment. ref cite web url http en.wikipedia.org wiki Critical design title Critical Design author date work publisher Wikipedia accessdate 3 April 2011 ref Just as the field of human factors grew out of engineering in reaction to the proliferation of mechanical systems that are dangerous or difficult for humans to use, posthuman factors considers the dangers ... http ieet.org index.php IEET more kenyon20100108 title Why You Should Care About Post Human Factors ... Design Human Factors Posthumanism Social Fiction Speculative Design References Reflist Category Transhumanism ... more details
Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Factors of the Seven Type Studio Album Artist GRITS Cover GRITS Factors of the Seven.jpg Released November 3, 1998 Recorded Genre Hip hop Length 68 42 Label Gotee Records Gotee Producer Todd Collins and Ric Robbins for Incorporated Elements Teron Carter and Mo Henderson Reviews Allmusic Rating 3 5 Allmusic class album id r380294 pure url yes link Last album Mental Releases br 1995 This album Factors of the Seven br 1998 Next album Grammatical Revolution br 1999 Factors of the Seven is the second studio album released by GRITS , in 1998 in music 1998 . Track listing This Is... 0 43 People Noticin Me 4 20 Featuring Count Bass D Mirage 4 04 Featuring Joy Danielle Kimmey of Out Of Eden U.S. Open 4 35 Featuring Knowdaverbs What Be Goin Down 3 34 Blacks & Whites 1 35 Alcohol Plagiarism 3 51 Comin Home 4 29 Ain t Sayin Nothin 3 39 Why 4 07 On My Own 3 58 Featuring Joy Danielle Kimmey Hopes & Dreams 4 39 Featuring Joy Danille Kimmey and Knowdaverbs Gospel Rap Parables 4 45 Featuring LPG and Knowdaverbs Life After Mental 4 19 Labels 0 35 Ghetto Love 4 22 Blame It On You 5 22 Fragmentation 5 45 GRITS Category GRITS albums Category 1998 albums Category Gotee Records albums christian album stub ... more details
In population ecology , a regulating factor is something that keeps a population at Punctuated equilibrium equilibrium neither increasing nor decreasing in size over time . An example of a regulating factor would be food supply . ref cite journal title The Significance of Limiting and Regulating Factors on the Demography of Moose and White Tailed Deer author Francois Messier journal The Journal of Animal Ecology volume 60 issue 2 month June year 1991 pages 377 393 doi 10.2307 5285 jstor 5285 ref If the population increases to a certain size, there will be less food for each organism. This will lead to fewer births a decrease in fecundity and more deaths , making a negative population growth rate growth rate . As there are now fewer animal s, the amount of food for each organism will increase, meaning the growth rate will become positive. This would lead to a large population size again, and the cycle would start over. Therefore, food is a regulating factor in this scenario, as food supply keeps the population at relative equilibrium. All regulating factors are density dependent, meaning they keep populations at equilibrium by counteracting fluctuations in population size. Other regulating factors of the human population at present are drinking water supply, amount of arable land obviously a more fundamental term for food , air pollution and prevalence of communicable disease. The major regulating factor for the human population in current times is inadequacy of safe drinking water , since waterborne disease is the principal environmental cause of mortality. See also Limiting factor Population ecology Water crisis References references Category Population ecology biology stub ... more details
NPOV language date February 2010 In economics , factors of production means inputs and finished goods ... is called a production function . All factors of production like land, labour, capital and entrepreneur ... or an addition of utility. Factors of production or productive inputs or resources are any commodities or services used to produce Good economics and accounting goods and services. Factors of production may also refer specifically to the primary factors , which are stocks and flows stocks including ... goods applied to production. The primary factors facilitate production but neither become part of the product .... ref Paul A. Samuelson and William D. Nordhaus 2004 . Economics textbook Economics , 18th ed., Factors ..., 5ed 1999 , p. 160. ref The number and definition of factors varies, depending on theoretical purpose ... and factors In the interpretation of the currently dominant view of classical economic theory developed by neoclassical economists, the term factors did not exist until after the classical period ... factor of production is the time of the entrepreneur, which, when combined with other factors ... of the factors in the economy than it is about the definition of the factors of production. Physiocracy ... classes of the population. These classes are therefore the factors of production within physiocracy ... factors of production, and discusses the distribution of cost and value among these factors. Adam Smith ... as profit. See also Returns economics returns . Marxian Marx considered the elementary factors ... economics , one of the branches of mainstream economics , started with the classical factors .... Many of its practitioners have added various further factors of production see below ... aside. In markets, entrepreneurs combine the other factors of production, land, labor, and capital ... Economy 2002 present many see the primary factors of production as having become less concrete. These factors of production are now seen as knowledge, collaboration, process engagement, and time ... more details
distinguish systemic risk Refimprove date July 2007 In finance , systematic risk , sometimes called market risk , aggregate risk , or undiversifiable risk , is the financial riskrisk associated with aggregate financial market market returns. By contrast, unsystematic risk , sometimes called Modern portfolio theory Asset pricing specific risk , idiosyncratic risk , residual risk , or diversifiable risk , is the company specific or industry specific risk in a portfolio finance portfolio , which is uncorrelated with aggregate market returns. Unsystematic risk can be mitigated through diversification finance diversification , and systematic risk can not be. ref http www.investopedia.com terms u unsystematicrisk.asp ref Systematic risk should not be confused with systemic risk , the risk of loss ... risk than the diversified portfolio. Finally, if the setback were to affect the entire industry instead, the investors would incur similar losses, due to systematic risk. Systematic risk is essentially dependent on macroeconomic factors such as inflation, interest rates and so on. It may also derive from the structure and dynamics of the market. Systematic risk and portfolio management Given diversified holdings of assets, an investor s exposure to unsystematic risk from any particular asset is small and uncorrelated with the rest of the portfolio. Hence, the contribution of unsystematic risk ... model , the rate of return required for an asset in market equilibrium depends on the systematic risk ... unsystematic risk of default. Their loss due to default is credit risk , the unsystematic portion of which is concentration risk . At the portfolio level, unsystematic risk can be diversified away whilst systematic cannot be diversified away. References references See also Systemic risk Modern portfolio theory Capital asset pricing model Risk modeling Taleb distribution Financial risk DEFAULTSORT Systematic Risk Category Financial markets Category Financial risk Category Economic systems econ ... more details
or foreign exchange futures. Risk management All businesses take risks based on two factors ...cleanup date January 2008 Financial risk types Basel II Market risk is the risk that the value of a portfolio, either an investment portfolio or a trading portfolio, will decrease due to the change in value of the market riskfactors. The four standard market riskfactors are stock prices, interest rates, foreign exchange rates, and commodity prices. The associated market risks are Equity risk , the risk ... will change. Interest rate risk , the risk that interest rates e.g. Libor , Euribor , inflation , etc. and or their implied volatility will change. Currency risk , the risk that foreign exchange rates .... Commodity risk , the risk that commodity prices e.g. corn , copper , crude oil , etc. and or their implied volatility will change. Measuring the potential loss amount due to market risk As with other forms of risk, the potential loss amount due to market risk may be measured in a number of ways or conventions. Traditionally, one convention is to use Value at Risk . The conventions of using Value at risk is well established and accepted in the short term risk management practice. However, it contains ..., many of the positions in the portfolio may have been changed. The Value at Risk of the unchanged ... Value at Risk also assumes that historical correlations are stable and will not change in the future ... of U.S. corporations In the United States , a section on market risk is mandated by the United States .... References reflist cite book author Dorfman, Mark S. title Introduction to Risk Management and Insurance 6th ed. publisher Prentice Hall year 1997 isbn 0 13 752106 5 See also Systemic risk Cost risk Demand riskRisk modeling Risk attitude Modern portfolio theory External links http www.coopext.colostate.edu ... ifdebook faq Hedge.shtml How hedge funds limit exposure to market risk Financial risk Category Financial risk af Markrisiko bg da Markedsrisiko de Marktrisiko el es Riesgo ... more details
Unreferenced date January 2007 Financial risk types Concentration risk is a bank banking term denoting the overall spread of a bank s outstanding accounts over the number or variety of debtor s to whom the bank has lent money. This risk is calculated using a concentration ratio which explains what percentage of the outstanding accounts each bank loan represents. For example, if a bank has 5 outstanding loans of equal value each loan would have a concentration ratio of .2 if it had 3, it would be .333. Various other factors enter into this equation in real world applications, where loans are not evenly distributed or are heavily concentrated in certain economic sectors. A bank with 10 loans, valued at 10 dollars a piece would have a concentration ratio of .10 but if 9 of the loans were for 1 dollar, and the last was for 50, the concentration risk would be considerably higher. Also, loans weighted towards a specific economic sector would create a higher ratio than a set of evenly distributed loans because the evenly spread loans would serve to offset the risk of economic downturn and Default finance default in any one specific industry damaging the bank s outstanding accounts. Risk of default finance default is an important factor in concentration risk. The basic issue raised by the concept of default risk is does the risk of default on a bank s outstanding loans match the overall risk posed by the entire economy or are the bank s loans concentrated in areas of higher or lower than average risk based on their volume, type, amount, and industry. Types of Concentration Risk There are two types of concentration risk. These types are based on the sources of the risk. Concentration risk can arise from uneven distribution of exposures or loan to its borrowers. Such a risk is called Name Concentration risk. Another type is Sectoral Concentration risk which can arise from uneven distribution of exposures to particular sectors, regions, industries or products. Financial risk economics ... more details
Unreferenced date July 2007 In audit ing, sampling is an inevitable means of testing. However, sampling is always associated with sampling risks which auditors have to control. Sampling risk represents the possibility that auditor s conclusion based on a sample is different from that reached if the entire population were subject to audit procedure. The auditor may conclude that material misstatements exist, in fact they do not or material misstatements do not exist but in fact they do exist. Auditor can lower the sampling risk by increasing the Sample size sampling size . Non sampling risk includes factors that cause auditors to reach a conclusion other than the sampling size. Interpreting Misinterpretation of evidence and inappropriate Procedure term procedures are good examples. Changing of the sampling size would not reduce non sampling risk. See also Sample statistics DEFAULTSORT Sampling Risk Category Sampling statistics Category Actuarial science Category Risk ... more details
term changes in macro riskfactors impact stock returns. These models include the Arbitrage Pricing .... Macro riskfactors include any economic variables that are used to construct these estimates. Understanding that macro riskfactors influence the intrinsic value of a particular investment is important because when the factors change values, errors can be introduced in the corresponding intrinsic ... exposure of their investments to different macro riskfactors in order to reduce the impact ...Macro risk refers to financial risk that is associated with macroeconomics macroeconomic or political factors. There are at least three different ways this phrase is applied. It can refer to economic or financial risk found in stocks and funds , to political risk found in different countries, and to the impact of economic or financial variables on political risk . Macro risk can also refer to types of economic indicator economic factors which influence the volatility over time of investments, assets, portfolios, and the intrinsic value of companies. Macro risk associated with stocks, funds, and portfolios ... time horizons. Some of the macroeconomic variables that generate macro risk include unemployment ... fixing gold . Models that incorporate macro risk are generally of two types. One type, used primarily ... risk data are valuation finance valuation models or the closely related fundamental analysis models ... or by using mathematical programming methods. Another way macro risk is used is to differentiate between countries as potential places to invest. In this meaning, the level of a country s macro risk ... country or regionally oriented funds. Such analysis of political risk is also used in the analysis ... and social stability and economic growth. A new application of macro risk is essentially a converse ... generate political risk . For example, economic turbulence that leads to higher or lower levels of approval for the president s policies would be a form of this macro risk. References cite journal ... more details
in value of the market riskfactors. The four standard market riskfactors are stock prices, interest rates, foreign exchange rates, and commodity prices Equity risk is the risk that share price stock prices and or the implied volatility will change. Interest rate risk is the risk that interest rate s and or the implied volatility will change. Currency risk is the risk that exchange rate foreign ...Refimprove date December 2009 Financial risk types Finance sidebar Financial risk an umbrella term for multiple types of risk associated with finance financing , including financial transaction s that include company loans in risk of default finance default . ref cite web url http www.investopedia.com ... Risk Definition ref ref cite web url http www.credoreference.com entry hmwsw financial risk publisher Credo Reference year 2003 title In Wall Street Words accessdate October 2011 ref Risk is a term often used to imply downside risk , meaning the uncertainty of a return and the potential for financial loss. ref cite book title Quantitative risk management concepts, techniques and tools first1 ... risk management first1 Karen A. last1 Horcher publisher John Wiley and Sons year 2005 isbn 9780471706168 pages 1 3 ref A science has evolved around financial risk management managing market and financial risk under the general title of modern portfolio theory initiated by Dr. Harry Markowitz in 1952 ... 10.2307 2975974 ref Types of risk Credit risk Main Credit risk Credit risk, also called default risk , is the risk associated with a borrower going into default not making payments as promised . Investor ... cost s. Investment risk has been shown to be particularly large and particularly damaging ... Rothengatter, 2003, Megaprojects and Risk Megaprojects and Risk An Anatomy of Ambition Cambridge University Press . ref Market risk Main Market risk This is the risk that the value of a portfolio finance ... of an asset held in that currency. Commodity risk is the risk that commodity prices e.g. corn, copper ... more details
while transmitting the information. Psychological Factors relating to Security Risk Main article RiskRisk in Psychology Given the strong influence affective states can play in the conducting of security risk assessment , many papers have considered the roles of affect heuristic ref Keller, C., Siegrist, M., & Gutscher, H. The Role of the Affect and Availability Heuristics in Risk Communication . Risk Analysis, Vol. 26, No. 3, 2006 ref and biases in skewing findings of the process. ref http www.optaresystems.com index.php optare publication detail heuristics risk perception risk assessment pitfalls Heuristics and risk perception Risk assessments pitfalls ref See also Portal box ...Security Risk describes employing the concept of risk to the security risk management paradigm to make ... April 2010 ref a risk is A measure of the extent to which an entity is threatened by a potential circumstance ... Glossary ref define risk as An expectation of loss expressed as the probability that a particular ... risk is the demarcation of risk, into the security silo, from the broader enterprise risk management .... ref http www.optaresystems.com index.php optare publication detail security risk assessment enterprise risk management Function of security risk assessments to ERM ref Security risk is often, quantitatively ... , provides the differentiation of security risk from other risk management silos, particularly ... Security Risk main It riskRisk Threat Harm Risk Consequence Threat Vulnerability Risk Consequence Likelihood Risk Consequence Likelihood Vulnerability Factor Analysis of Information Risk deeply analyze different risk factor s and measure security risk. There are a number of methodologies to analyse and manage security risk see Category Risk analysis methodologies Usually after a cost benefit analysis ... System CVSS Exploit computer security Full disclosure Information Security ISMS IT riskRisk Security .... No More Links http csrc.nist.gov publications nistpubs 800 30 sp800 30.pdf 800 30 NIST Risk Management ... more details
to support risk decisions that take into account the business relevance of riskfactors. RE1 Collect data serves as input to the analysis of risk e.g., identifying riskfactors, collecting data on the external ... of risk comprises the following elements Risk scenarios RiskfactorsRisk estimation ... riskfactors a Single loss expectancy SLE is determined. Then, considering the probability of occurrence ... of the methods above lack of rigorous definition of risk and its factors. FAIR is not another methodology ...THIS ARTICLE IS THE RESULT THE SPLIT OF IT risk ARTICLE IN PIECES PLEASE NOTE THAT PARTS OF THIS ARTICLE ... File Risk Management Elements.jpg thumb Risk Management Elements File Osa metamodel v003.png thumb Relationships between IT security entity The IT risk management is the application of risk management to Information technology context in order to manage IT risk , i.e. The business risk associated ... transclusion onlyinclude IT risk management can be considered a component of a wider Enterprise risk ... FW 18Nov09 Research.pdf ISACA THE RISK IT FRAMEWORK registration required ref The establishment, maintenance ... of information security risks. ref name ENISAFULL http www.enisa.europa.eu act rm cr risk management inventory files deliverables risk management principles and inventories for risk management risk assessment methods and tools at download fullReport Enisa Risk management, Risk assessment inventory ... lastauthoramp ref onlyinclude transclusion END HERE BUT FOLLOWS According to Risk IT , ref name ... risk associated to missing opportunities to use technology to enable or enhance business or the IT project ... RiskRisk as a vector quantity risk is strictly tied to uncertainty, Decision theory should be applied to manage risk as a science, i.e. rationally making choices under uncertainty. Generally speaking, risk is the product of likelihood times result impact Risk Likelihood Impact . ref Risk is a combination ... of a IT risk can be determined as a product of threat, vulnerability and asset computing asset ... more details
to subsidize all observed premium rate variation in practice. The total set of riskfactors that insurers use to rate their premiums can be divided in two subsets the subset of riskfactors that cause premium rate variation which the sponsor decides to subsidize, the S ubsidy type riskfactors and the subset ... on subsidy type riskfactors. ref Van de Ven and Ellis 2000, p. 768 769 ref Gender, health status and to a certain extent age will, in most countries probably, be considered S type riskfactors. Examples of potential N type riskfactors are a high propensity for medical consumption, living in a region ... of S type and N type riskfactors. When the government takes up the role of the sponsor, this categorization ... often encounters difficulties to find adequate measures of the S type riskfactors e.g. health status ...Risk equalization is a way of equalizing the risk profile s of insurance members in order to avoid loading Risk premium premium s on the insured to some predetermined extent. Health care In unregulated competitive market s for individual health insurance , risk rated premiums are observed to differ across ... from engaging in risk minimizing actions to load the premiums of people with certain high risk ... system of risk adjusted premium subsidies . ref name VdV 2000 The financial transfers are then channeled ... and Switzerland the Subsidy Fund is run by a government agency which Risk assessment assesses risks for individual policy holders. In all countries that apply risk adjusted premium subsidies in their health insurance market, the sponsor organizes it in the form of risk equalization among health insurers the risk adjusted premium subsidies for the insured are channelled to the insurers. In this case, the Subsidy Fund is called a Risk Equalization Fund REF . An insurer receives a relatively large sum of subsidies via the REF if the risk profile of their members is relatively unhealthy and vice ... are risk based, price competition will not be Distortion economics distorted by these subsidies ... more details
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