Earthquakes The expression Richtermagnitudescale refers to a number of ways to assign a single number .... ref name USGS http earthquake.usgs.gov learn topics richter.php The RichterMagnitudeScale ref Development ... were of magnitude 3, approximately. However, the Richterscale has no lower limit, and sensitive ... of earthquakes around the globe, Gutenberg and Richter later developed a magnitudescale based on Seismic .... The scale was replaced by the moment magnitudescale MMS for earthquakes adequately measured by the Richter ... of magnitude over 8, where the Richterscale becomes meaningless. Anything above 5 is classed ... scales which have historically been described as the Richterscale, especially the local magnitude math M L math and the surface wave math M s math scale . In addition, the body wave magnitude .... There is no upper limit to the magnitude of an earthquake on the Richterscale. ref http tremor.nmt.edu .... Seismic scales DEFAULTSORT RichterMagnitudeScale Category Seismic scales Category Geology af ... seismograph . An earthquake that measures 5.0 on the Richterscale has a shaking amplitude 10 times ... magnitudescale was to compare the size of different earthquakes. ref name USGS His inspiration was the apparent magnitudescale used in astronomy to describe the brightness of stars and other celestial objects. ref name Hough cite book last Hough first S.E. title Richter s scale measure of an earthquake, measure of a man url http books.google.co.uk books?id rvmDeAxEiO8C&pg PA121&dq richterscale ... seismological observatories the standard magnitudescale is today still M sub L sub . Unfortunately ... than magnitude 8 and therefore the moment magnitudescale, M sub w sub , was invented. ref ... the seismic moment , creating the moment magnitudescale , although the former are still widely used because they can be calculated quickly. Details The Richterscale proper was defined in 1935 ... earthquake magnitudescale , Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 25, no., 1 32. ref ref ... more details
Magnitude and the Surface Wave magnitude, both referred to as the Richterscale by reporters. Comparative energy released by two earthquakes As with the Richterscale, an increase of one step .... Comparison with Richterscale main Richtermagnitudescale In 1935, Charles Richter and Beno Gutenberg developed the local magnitude math M mathrm L math scale popularly known as the Richterscale ... to the math M mathrm L math scale of Richter and Gutenberg. Magnitude scales differ from Mercalli ...Earthquakes The moment magnitudescale abbreviated as MMS denoted as M sub W sub is used by seismologist ... journal last Hanks first Thomas C. last2 Kanamori first2 Hiroo title Moment magnitudescale journal ... eqcenter glossary.php magnitude accessdate 2009 03 21 publisher USGS ref The scale was developed in the 1970s to succeed the 1930s era Richtermagnitudescale M sub L sub . Even though the formulae are different, the new scale retains the familiar continuum of magnitude values defined by the older ... ref http www.seismo.unr.edu ftp pub louie class 100 magnitude.html What is RichterMagnitude ... earthquakes, the moment magnitude values should be similar to Richter values. That is, a magnitude ... magnitudescale does not saturate at the upper end there is no upper limit to the possible measurable ... scale has been tweaked through the decades, and nowadays calling it the Richterscale is an anachronism. The most common measure is known simply as the moment magnitudescale. accessdate 2008 ... not use this scale for earthquake s with a magnitude of less than 3.5, which is the great majority ... end of the RichterScale for major Californian earthquakes. ref name MMSperHanks Table type class wikitable sortable hdrs Date Seismic moment math M 0 times10 25 math dyne cm Richterscale math M mathrm ... Seismic scale Other seismic scales Surface wave magnitude Notes Reflist References refbegin TODO ... ro Scara de magnitudine a momentului seismic simple Moment magnitudescale sk Momentov magnitudo ... more details
Infobox Single Name RichterScale Cover Richter Scale.jpg Artist EPMD from Album Back in Business album Back in Business B side Intrigued Released November 11, 1997 Format 12 inch single 12 inch , Cassette single Cassette , CD single CD Recorded 1997 Genre Hip hop music Hip hop Length 3 14 Label Def Jam Recordings Def Jam Writer Erick Sermon Producer EPMD Certification Chronology EPMD Last single Da Joint br 1997 This single RichterScale br 1997 Next single Symphony 2000 br 1999 RichterScale was the second single released from EPMD s fifth album, Back in Business album Back in Business . It only made it to one Billboard chart, peaking at 62 on the Hot R&B Hip Hop Songs Hot R&B Hip Hop Singles & Tracks . Single track listing RichterScale Radio Edit RichterScale LP Version RichterScale Instrumental Intrigued Radio Edit Intrigued LP Version Intrigued Instrumental EPMD Category 1997 singles Category EPMD songs ... more details
wiktionary magnitudeMagnitude may refer to In mathematics Magnitude mathematics , the relative size of a mathematical object Magnitude vector , a term for the size or length of a vector Scalar mathematics , a quantity defined only by its magnitude Euclidean vector , a quantity defined by both its magnitude and its direction Order of magnitude , the class of scale having a fixed value ratio to the preceding class In astronomy Magnitude astronomy , a measure of brightness and brightness differences used in astronomy Apparent magnitude , the apparent brightness of a celestial object as observed from Earth Absolute magnitude , the brightness of a celestial object corrected to a standard luminosity distance Photographic magnitude , the brightness of a celestial object corrected for photographic sensitivity, symbol m sub pg sub Magnitude of eclipse or geometric magnitude, the size of the eclipsed part of the Sun during a solar eclipse or the Moon during a lunar eclipse As an earthquake unit of measure Richtermagnitudescale , a measure of the energy of an earthquake Moment magnitudescale , an alternative to the Richterscale for measuring earthquakes Surface wave magnitude In popular culture Magnitude Community Magnitude , a recurring character from the television series Community disambig ca Magnitud de Magnitude es Magnitud eo Magnitudo fr Magnitude it Magnitudine ja he lt Magnitud nds Magnitude pt Magnitude scn Magnit dini simple Magnitude sl Magnituda fi Magnitudi ... more details
wiktionarypar richterRichter can refer to the Richtermagnitudescale , a scale measuring the strength of earthquakes. Richter Electro Rock , an electro rock band from Buenos Aires, Argentina. Richter as a surname Richter is also a German language surname, held by the following individuals Adrian Ludwig Richter , 19th century German artist Aemilius Ludwig Richter , 19th century German jurist Albert Richter 1912 1940 , German track cyclist and World Champion Andy Richter , comedian Anton Karl Richter, Austrian organist, son of Ferdinand Tobias Richter August Gottlieb Richter , German surgeon Bruno Richter , German military officer Burton Richter , Nobel laureate in physics Charles Francis Richter , inventor of the Richtermagnitudescale Claus Richter , German journalist Conrad Richter , Pulitzer Prize winning Western novelist Eugen Richter , German politician Ferdinand Tobias Richter , Austrian Baroque composer and organist Frank Richter, Sr. , rancher and entrepreneur in 19th Century British Columbia and Washington Frank Richter, Jr. , MLA in the Canadian province of British Columbia from 1963 to 1975 Frank J rgen Richter , Chairman of Horasis a Swiss think tank in Zurich. Franz Xaver Richter , Classical era Czech composer. George Richter , Conductor Gerhard Richter , Preeminent 20th century German painter Gustav Richter artist , 19th century German artist Gustav Richter , 20th century German Nazi official Hans Richter artist , Dada artist, filmmaker and writer Hans Richter actor , German actor and director Hans Richter conductor , German conductor Henjo Richter , German guitarist Henry Constantine Richter 1821 1902 , zoological illustrator. Hieronymous Theodor Richter , German chemist Ilja Richter , German actor, singer and television presenter Jamie Richter , Australian author of slipstream, technology themed horror, and dark speculative fiction. Jason James Richter , American actor Jeffrey Richter , author of books on programming for Windows and .NET Jean Paul Friedrich ... more details
, not all vector spaces are normed. Practical math A magnitude is never negative. When comparing magnitudes, it is often helpful to use a logarithm ic scale. Real world examples include the loudness of a sound decibel , the brightness of a star , or the RichtermagnitudescaleRichterscale of earthquake ...The magnitude of an object in mathematics is its size a property by which it can be compared as larger or smaller than other objects of the same kind in technical terms, an order theory ordering or ranking of the class mathematics class of objects to which it belongs. It also can be termed as a numerical value of that unit or class which it belongs. The Greeks distinguished between several types of magnitude, including positive fractions line segment s ordered by length Plane figures ordered by area Solids ordered by volume Angles ordered by angular magnitude They had proven that the first two could not be the same, or even isomorphic systems of magnitude. They did not consider negative magnitudes to be meaningful, and magnitude is still chiefly used in contexts in which zero is either the lowest size or less than all possible sizes. Numbers Main Absolute value The magnitude of any number ... s the Cartesian coordinate s of P x x sub 1 sub , x sub 2 sub , ..., x sub n sub . Its magnitude ..., the magnitude of 4, 5, 6 is 4 sup 2 sup 5 sup 2 sup 6 sup 2 sup 77 or about 8.775. This is equivalent .... Normed vector spaces Main Normed vector space By definition, all Euclidean vectors have a magnitude see above . However, the notion of magnitude cannot be applied to all kinds of vectors. A function ... magnitudes. Order of magnitude main Order of magnitude In advanced mathematics, as well as colloquially in popular culture, especially geek culture , the phrase order of magnitude is used to denote ... the phrase half an order of magnitude is also used, generally in more informal contexts ... simple Magnitude mathematics ckb th uk zh ... more details
Before the advent of photometer s which accurately measure the brightness of astronomical objects, the apparent magnitude of an object was obtained by taking a picture of it with a camera . These images, made on Photographic film photoemulsive film or photographic plate plates , were more sensitive to the blue end of the electromagnetic spectrum visual spectrum than the human eye or modern photometers. As a result, bluer stars have a lower i.e. brighter photographic magnitude than their modern visual magnitude , because they appear brighter on the photograph than they do to modern photometers. Conversely, redder stars have a higher i.e. fainter photographic magnitude than visual magnitude, because they appear dimmer. For example, the red supergiant star KW Sagittarii has a photographic magnitude of 11.0 to 13.2 but a visual magnitude of about 8.5 to 11. It is also common for star charts to list a blue magnitude B such as with S Doradus and WZ Sagittae . The symbol for apparent photographic magnitude is m sub pg sub and the symbol for absolute magnitude absolute photographic magnitude is M sub pg sub . ref name Nor cite book last Norton first Arthur P. title Norton s Star Atlas year 1973 page 29 isbn 0 85248 900 5 quote apparent photographic magnitude ref The photographic magnitude scale is now considered obsolete . clarifyme date April 2009 as of when, 2000 maybe? Expand this to show movement to photometric or other magnitude scales? See also Absolute magnitude Apparent magnitude Magnitude astronomy Notes Reflist astronomy stub Category Astrophysics pt Magnitude fotogr fica ru sr uk ... more details
unsourced date July 2011 An order of magnitude is the class of Level of measurement scale or magnitude mathematics magnitude of any amount, where each class contains values of a fixed Geometric progression ratio to the class preceding it. In its most common usage, the amount being scaled is 10 and the scale is the base 10 exponent being applied to this amount therefore, to be an order of magnitude greater is to be 10 times as large . Such differences in order of magnitude can be measured on the logarithmic scale in Decade log scale decades i.e. factors of ten . It is common among scientists and technologists ... Orders of magnitude are generally used to make very approximate comparisons, and reflect very large differences. If two numbers differ by one order of magnitude, one is about ten times larger than the other. If they differ by two orders of magnitude, they differ by a factor of about 100 number 100 . Two numbers of the same order of magnitude have roughly the same scale the larger value is less than ... more massive than Earth. Order of magnitude differences are called decade log scale decades when measured ... Logarithmic scale Other orders of magnitude may be calculated using Radix bases other than 10. The ancient ... a few orders of magnitude less than the total, and therefore insignificant. The order of magnitude .... More precisely, the order of magnitude of a number can be defined in terms of the common logarithm ... has a logarithm in base 10 of 6.602 its order of magnitude is 6. When truncating, a number of this order of magnitude is between 10 sup 6 sup and 10 sup 7 sup . In a similar example, with the phrase He had a seven figure income , the order of magnitude is the number of figures minus one, so it is very easily determined without a calculator to be 6. An order of magnitude is an approximate position on a logarithmic scale . An order of magnitude estimate of a variable whose precise value is unknown is an estimate Rounding rounded to the nearest power of ten. For example, an order of magnitude ... more details
distinguish2 apparent magnitude , the logarithmic scale of astronomical brightness File Solar eclipse of January 26, 2009 by Jefferson Teng.jpg thumb An annular solar eclipse has a magnitude of less than 1.0 The magnitude of an eclipse is the fraction of the diameter of the eclipsed body which is in eclipse ... , counting this distance as negative, and obtain a negative geometric magnitude. This measure should not be confused with the astronomical Apparent magnitudemagnitude logarithm ic scale of brightness ... the magnitude of the eclipse is always between 0.0 and 1.0, while during a total eclipse the magnitude is always at least 1.0. Technically, the magnitude is computed as such draw a straight line between ... of this line within the eclipsed body is in eclipse this is the geometric magnitude of the eclipse ... body or shadow and obtain a geometric magnitude larger than 1.0. If there is no eclipse but a near ... is eclipsed. Effect of the magnitude on a solar eclipse In an annular solar eclipse , the magnitude ... eclipse, the magnitude is also the ratio between the apparent diameters of the Moon and of the Sun, but this time the ratio is 1.0 or bigger. If the total solar eclipse is non central, the magnitude is a number between 1.0 and this ratio of apparent diameters. In a partial solar eclipse, the magnitude .... The distance between Earth and Sun also varies, but the effect is slight in comparison. When the magnitude ... a few hundreds of kilometers across. When the magnitude of the eclipse is less than one , the disk ... The eclipse magnitude varies not only between eclipses, but also during a given eclipse. It may happen ... magnitude varies, being exactly 0.0 at the start of the eclipse, rising to some maximum value, and then decreasing to 0.0 at the end of the eclipse. When one says the magnitude of the eclipse without further specification, one usually means the maximum value of the magnitude of the eclipse. Effect of the magnitude on a lunar eclipse The effect on a lunar eclipse is quite similar, with a few differences ... more details
An important parameter in the calculation of seismic hazard , maximum magnitude expressed as Moment magnitudescale is also one of the more contentious. The choice of the value can greatly influence the final outcome of the results, yet this is most likely a size of earthquake that has not yet occurred in the region under study. Image Freqmag.png f mag plot left thumb 200px Frequency magnitude plot The seismic hazard calculation involves a double integration integral over the region, combined with the expected number earthquake frequency of earthquakes, from the smallest to the largest. The integration must close at the maximum magnitude. The figure shows a typical Earthquake frequency plot for a given region. This is a typical plot for continent al interiors. The circles represent actual earthquake data. Note that the dataset is complete for small magnitudes, but becomes erratic for the larger. At about M5, there are no records, simply because the historical record is usually too short. In some cases paleoseismology can fill some of the gap, but this is rare for continental regions. The last part of the curve, perhaps the most important part, can be filled in by inference. This would come from studying similar geology throughout the world using analogs to extend time , or by a study of fault mechanics . For example, large scale studies have been conducted for Stable Continental Regions SCR s , which are defined defined as regions of continental crust that have not experienced any major tectonism, magmatism, basement metamorphism or anorogenic intrusion since the early Creataceous, and no rifting or major extension or transtension since the Paleogene. http earthquake.usgs.gov scitech scr catalog.html Finally there is the common question of what is the maximum magnitude for the whole world. http www.seismo.nrcan.gc.ca questions faq e.php Unfortunately, it cannot really ... s plates plate tectonics , and the possible limits of the various magnitude scales http eqseis.geosc.psu.edu ... more details
magnitude Under the modern logarithmic magnitudescale, two objects whose intensities brightnesses ... m 1 m 2 2.5 log 10 left frac I 1 I 2 right math Using this formula, the magnitudescale can be extended ... scale based on Vega The star Vega has been defined as having a magnitude of zero , or at least near ...Other uses Magnitude disambiguation Magnitude is the logarithm ic measure of the brightness of an object ... near infrared wavelengths. Background The magnitude system dates back roughly 2000 years to the Greek ... stars by their apparent brightness, which they saw as size magnitude means bigness ref Citation ... of the ancient naked eye magnitude system blockquote The fixed Stars appear to be of different ... to us, are called Stars of the first Magnitude those that are next to them, are Stars of the second Magnitude ... and so forth, till we come to the Stars of the sixth Magnitude, which comprehend ... Orders. Altho the Distinction of Stars into six Degrees of Magnitude is commonly received by Astronomers ... Stars which are reckoned of the brightest Class, there appears a Variety of Magnitude for Sirius ... the Stars of the second Magnitude, which Ptolemy reckoned among the Stars of the first Class And therefore ... the magnitude Bright first magnitude stars are 1st class stars, while stars barely visible to the naked eye are sixth magnitude or 6th class . Tycho Brahe attempted to directly measure the bigness of the stars in terms of angular size, which in theory meant that a star s magnitude could be determined by more than just the subjective judgment described in the above quote. He concluded that first magnitude ... the diameter of the full moon , with second through sixth magnitude stars measuring 3 2 , 13 12 , 3 ... bodies of stars, and thus into the eighteenth century continued to think of magnitude in terms ... Minute of arc seconds of arc for first magnitude down to just under 2 seconds for sixth magnitude. ref .... ref name Graney Grayson Even well into the nineteenth century the magnitude system continued ... more details
000 The scale now used to indicate magnitude originates in the Hellenistic Greece Hellenistic ... star of the celestial sphere , has an apparent magnitude of 1.4. The modern scale includes the Moon ... system. Since an increase of 1 in the magnitudescale corresponds to a decrease in brightness by a certain ... magnitudescale International Comet Quarterly Star DEFAULTSORT Apparent Magnitude Category Observational ... The apparent magnitude m of a celestial body is a measure of its brightness as seen by an observer ... . The brighter the object appears, the lower the value of its magnitude . History div style clear both ... eye Apparent br magnitude Brightness br relative br to Vega Number of stars br brighter than br apparent magnitude ref cite web url http www.nso.edu PR answerbook magnitude.html archiveurl http replay.waybackmachine.org ... 02 06 title Magnitude publisher National Solar Observatory&mdash Sacramento Peak accessdate 2006 08 ... brightest stars were said to be of first magnitude m 1 , while the faintest were of sixth magnitude m 6 , the limit of human visual perception without the aid of a telescope . Each grade of magnitude was considered twice the brightness of the following grade a logarithmic scale . This somewhat crude ... believed to originate with Hipparchus . This original system did not measure the magnitude of the Sun . For a more detailed discussion of the history of the magnitude system, see Magnitude astronomy Magnitude . In 1856, Norman Robert Pogson formalized the system by defining a typical first magnitude star as a star that is 100 times as bright as a typical sixth magnitude star thus, a first magnitude star is about 2.512 times as bright as a second magnitude star. The Generalized continued ... Astronomical Society MNRAS Vol. 17, p. 12 1856 ref Pogson s scale was originally fixed by assigning Polaris a magnitude of 2. Astronomers later discovered that Polaris is slightly variable, so they first ... und Sternhaufen Lawrence H. Aller L. H. Aller et al. , ISBN 3 540 10976 5 1982 ref The magnitude depends ... more details
About the brightness of stars the science fiction magazine Absolute Magnitude magazine Absolute magnitude also known as absolute visual magnitude when measured in the standard V photometric band is the measure of a celestial object s intrinsic brightness. It is also the apparent magnitude a star would have if it were 32.6 light year s 10 parsec away from Earth. In astronomy , to derive absolute magnitude from the observed apparent magnitude of a celestial object its value is corrected from distance to its observer. The absolute magnitude then equals the apparent magnitude an object would have if it were ... to be compared without regard to distance. Bolometric magnitude is luminosity expressed in magnitude ... magnitude uses the same convention as the visual magnitude astronomy magnitude a factor of 10 sup 0.4 sup 2.512 ratio of brightness corresponds to a difference of 1.0 in magnitude. The Milky Way , for example, has an absolute magnitude of about 20.5. So a quasar at an absolute magnitude of 25.5 ... be directly observed from relatively short distances the absolute magnitude is defined by reference ..., as it would appear if observed at the standard 10 parsecs distance. In defining absolute magnitude ... energy output, the proper term is bolometer bolometric magnitude. The bolometric magnitude can be computed from the visual magnitude plus a bolometric correction , math M bol M V BC math . This correction ... would appear, the higher its absolute magnitude. The lower an object s absolute magnitude, the higher its luminosity . A mathematical equation relates apparent magnitude to absolute magnitude, via parallax. Many stars visible to the naked eye have a such a low absolute magnitude that they would appear ... , Zeta Puppis Naos 6.0 , and Betelgeuse 5.6 . For comparison, Sirius has an absolute magnitude of 1.4 which is greater than the Sun s absolute visual magnitude of 4.83 it actually serves as a reference point . The Sun s absolute bolometric magnitude is 4.75. Clarify date June 2009 reason needs better ... more details
Unreferenced date January 2009 In astronomy , limiting magnitude is the faintest apparent magnitude of a celestial body that is detectable or detected by a given instrument. In some cases, limiting magnitude refers to the utter threshold of detection. In more formal uses, limiting magnitude is specified along with the strength of the signal e.g., 10th magnitude at 20 Standard deviation sigma . Sometimes limiting magnitude is qualified by the purpose of the instrument e.g., 10th magnitude for Photometry ... , limiting magnitude frequently refers to the faintest stars that can be seen with the unaided .... For those who lives in the immediate suburbs of New York City , the limiting magnitude might be 4.0 ... Island and the Bronx , the limiting magnitude might be 3.0, suggesting that at best, only about 50 stars might be seen at any one time. From brightly lit Midtown Manhattan , the limiting magnitude is possibly ... at any given time. From relatively dark suburban areas, the limiting magnitude is frequently closer ... nearly as faint as 8th magnitude. Many basic observing references quote a limiting magnitude of 6, as this is the approximate ..., with both youth and experience being beneficial. Calculating limiting magnitude Limiting magnitude can be calculated by using a telescope. As a first approximation, the gain in magnitudes ... the naked eye limiting magnitude is 5, the telescope will allow one to see stars as faint as about magnitude 13. In reality a telescope allows to see much fainter stars because at higher powers the background ... reach magnitude 15. See the http www.cruxis.com scope limitingmagnitude.htm Telescope Limiting Magnitude Calculator . Derived from this site the formula is mv m nakedeye 2 2.5 log10 D P t where ... rjm.html Estimating Limiting Magnitude at http obs.nineplanets.org NinePlanets.org http www.cruxis.com scope limitingmagnitude.htm Telescope Limiting Magnitude Calculator http www.project nightflight.net limiting mag.pdf Naked Eye Limiting Magnitude by Star Count Method Category Observational astronomy ... more details
Given a flux density f , measured in erg s per second per square centimeter per hertz, the corresponding AB magnitude is defined as math , AB 2.5 log 10 f 48.60 math The AB magnitude system is defined such that for any bandpass or filter being considered, the magnitude zero point corresponds to a flux density of 3631 Jy 1 Jy 1 Jansky 10 26 W Hz 1 m 2 10 23 erg s 1 Hz 1 cm 2 ref http ned.ipac.caltech.edu level5 Glossary Glossary A.html ipac. Original composition by B.F. Madore for LEVEL5. retrieved 20 09 2011 ref External links http www.astro.utoronto.ca patton astro mags.html conversions Conversion from AB magnitudes to Johnson magnitudes References reflist cite journal last Oke first J. B. year 1974 title Absolute spectral energy distributions for white dwarfs journal Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series volume 236 issue 27 pages 21 25 DEFAULTSORT Ab Magnitude Category Observational astronomy astronomy stub ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Context date October 2009 The magnitude condition is a constraint that is satisfied by the locus of points in the s plane on which closed loop poles of a system reside. In combination with the angle condition , these two mathematical expressions fully determine the root locus . Let the characteristic equation of a system be math 1 textbf G s 0 math , where math textbf G s frac textbf P s textbf Q s math . Rewriting the equation in polar form is useful. math e j2 pi textbf G s 0 math math textbf G s 1 e j pi 2k pi math where math k 0,1,2,... math are the only solutions to this equation. Rewriting math textbf G s math in factored form , math textbf G s frac textbf P s textbf Q s K frac s a 1 s a 2 cdots s a n s b 1 s b 2 cdots s b m math , and representing each factor math s a p math and math s b q math by their vector geometric vector equivalents, math A pe j theta p math and math B qe j phi q math , respectively, math textbf G s math may be rewritten. math textbf G s K frac A 1 A 2 cdots A ne j theta 1 theta 2 cdots theta n B 1 B 2 cdots B m e j phi 1 phi 2 cdots phi m math Simplifying the characteristic equation, math e j pi 2k pi K frac A 1 A 2 cdots A ne j theta 1 theta 2 cdots theta n B 1 B 2 cdots B m e j phi 1 phi 2 cdots phi m K frac A 1 A 2 cdots A n B 1 B 2 cdots B m e j theta 1 theta 2 cdots theta n phi 1 phi 2 cdots phi m math , from which we derive the magnitude condition math 1 K frac A 1 A 2 cdots A n B 1 B 2 cdots B m math . The angle condition is derived similarly. DEFAULTSORT Magnitude Condition Category Control theory ... more details
BLP sources date July 2007 Infobox wrestler name Magnitude Kishiwada image Magnitude Kishiwada.JPG names Magnitude Kishiwada br Big Boss MA G MA br Kaiju Zeta Mandora br Toryu br Dragon Winger height convert 1.73 m ftin 0 abbr on In Japan they measure height in meters so that should be first weight convert 105 kg lb abbr on In Japan they measure weight in kilograms so that should be first birth date Birth date and age 1971 5 19 death date birth place Kishiwada , Osaka trainer debut retired nihongo Toyonari Fujita Fujita Toyonari , better known under his current stage name Magnitude Kishiwada , born May 19, 1971 in Kishiwada, Osaka , Japan is a Japan ese wrestler . Career For many years Kishiwada worked in preliminary matches in Japan s hardcore wrestling promotions, including FMW , W ING , and Big Japan Pro Wrestling , competing under his real name, and as Toryu . He eventually landed in Osaka Pro , where he became a monster heel, Big Boss MA G MA . His debut in Dragon Gate was heavily hyped. He first arrived wearing a motorcycle helmet, referring to himself as MA G MA . In what was to be his debut match, a singles match against CIMA , he instead removed the helmet and embraced CIMA, joining his faction of Blood Generation and renaming himself Magnitude Kishiwada from the magnitude of an earthquake and the name of his hometown . People questioned the addition of Kishiwada to Blood Generation, since one of the principles of Blood Generation was a clean face i.e. maskless and paintless faces concept, but CIMA admitted that he only said that when he first formed the group just so Super Shisa couldn t join. Kishiwada would end Masaaki Mochizuki s 11 month reign ... Outlaw z stable in Dragon Gate over, Magnitude Kishiwada has joined forces with Masaaki ... 2004 External links Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Kishiwada, Magnitude ALTERNATIVE ... PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Kishiwada, Magnitude Category 1971 births Category Japanese professional ... more details
Richterscale Energy Richter Mercalli intensity scale Intensity Mercalli Temperature Celsius scale ...wiktionarypar scaleScale can refer to the following Length Architect s scale , a ruler like device which facilitates the production of technical drawings Engineer s scale , a ruler like device similar to the Architect s scale, they are helpful when drawing rooms Linear encoder , a kind of linear scale used in precision manufacturing for positioning Linear scale , a means of showing the scale of a map, chart, or drawing Vernier scale , a scale that allows for higher precision than a uniformly divided straight or circular measurement scale Locations Scales, South Lakeland , a village in Cumbria ... Scales Scales family Mathematics Scale descriptive set theory , an object defined on a set of points for example real numbers and used for a wide variety of applications Scale parameter , a description ... scale . Music Musical scale , a sequence of ordered musical notes Scale string instruments , the sounding length of the strings of an instrument Scale album Scale album , an album by electronic artist Matthew Herbert The Scale , a song by Interpol from Our Love to Admire People Scales surname Physics Weighing scale , an instrument used to determine the weight or mass of an object Ratio Scale model Rail transport modelling scales model railroading Representation systems Scale, a linear or curved ... meters, etc. Duration philosophy Duration scale , an ordering of time intervals from shortest ... s capacity to adapt to changes in size and complexity Scale factor , a number which scales, or multiplies, some quantity Scale factor Universe , a function of time which represents the expansion of the universe Scale map Scale parameter , a numerical parameter in statistics Scale ratio Scale social sciences Scale spatial , an informal system of general size categorizations Scaling geometry Economies of scale Structures flat Scale zoology , a rigid plate which grows out of the skin of some animals ... more details
The in scale , which contains semitone s, according to a traditional theory is one of two pentatonic scale s used in much Japanese music , excluding gagaku and Buddhism Buddhist chanting. The in scale is used specifically in music for the koto musical instrument koto and shamisen and is contrasted with the yo scale yo scale , which does not contain semitones. ref Titon, Jeff Todd 1996 . Worlds of Music An Introduction to the Music of the World s Peoples , p.372. ISBN 0 02 872612 X. ref Image In scale.png 550px thumb center In scale on D with auxiliary notes F & C audio In scale.mid Play . More recent theory ref Koizumi Fumio 1974 . Nihon no ongaku Japanese music , 76. Tokyo National Theater of Japan. ref emphasizes that it is more useful in interpreting Japanese melody to view scales on the basis of nuclear tones located a perfect fourth fourth apart and containing notes between them, as in the miyako bushi scale used in koto and shamisen music and whose pitches are equivalent to the in scale ref Titon 1996 , 373. ref Image Miyako bushi scale.png 550px thumb center Miyako bushi scale on D, equivalent to in scale on D, with brackets on fourths audio Miyako bushi scale.mid Play . In scale in the other musical traditions Some rare examples of ancient genres of Andean music e.g. k antu use a scale similar to the in scale combined with melody leading with a parallel Perfect fifth fifths and Perfect fourth fourths . For example listen Machulas Kantu by Bolivia Manta folk group Wi ayataqui , 1981 . Source reflist Scales japan music stub Category Musical scales Category Japanese music Category Andean music ... more details
S Scale or S gauge is a model railroad scale modeled at 1 64 scale , S scale track gauge space between the rails is RailGauge 22.42mm . ref http nasg.org standards standards S3.html National Association .... S gauge is sometimes confused with Standard Gauge toy trains standard gauge , a large scale standard for toy trains in the early part of the 20th century. History S Scale is one of the oldest model railroading scales. The earliest known 1 64 scale train was constructed from card in 1896. ref name ukhistory http www.s scale.org.uk history.htm S Scale MRS Standards History ref The first working ... when American Flyer marketed a 1 64 scale train that ran on three rail track similar to that of Lionel ... S Scale Model Railroading S Scale History ref for greater realism, and S gauge entered what many consider its heyday although there is more available in S scale today than was available during this period ... in 1989 and delivered their first S products in 1990. And while the S scale market has seen a number of brass model manufacturers, today the major brass model supplier in S scale S gauge is http www.riverraisinmodels.com River Raisin Models . Today s S gauge S scale modelers have a greater selection ... S scale structures, detail parts, figures, other scenic items, bridges, and more. Terminology Strictly speaking, scale is the relation of the size of a model to that of its prototype , and gauge is simply the distance between the railheads. However, within the modeling community the terms scale and gauge ... S scale has been adopted by the adherents of this higher fidelity approach. Examples of scale works ... all forms of S gauge model railroading. The http www.s scale.org.uk S Scale Model Railway Society also works to promote the scale in the UK. More S scale organizations can be found http www.sscalenews.com organizations.html here . Notable Layouts The largest S Scale layout in the United States ... DEFAULTSORT S Scale Category Model railroad scales Category Scale model scales de Nenngr e S ja S ... more details
distinguish2 TT scale 1 120 unreferenced date April 2010 Infobox Model Rail Scale name T scale image caption Image T review 04.jpg 300px scale 0.0267 in. 1 ft. ratio 1 450 Japanese Cape Gauge br 1 480 Standard gauge gauge RailGauge 3mm prototype gauge commercially available models are of RailGauge 1067mm narrow Cape gauge T scale 1 450 , a.k.a. T Gauge , is a model railroad scale with a gauge of RailGauge 3mm . It was introduced at the Tokyo Toy Show in 2006 by KK Eishindo of Japan, and went on sale in 2007. It is presently the smallest commercial model train scale in the world. Since mid 2009, Railway Shop Hong Kong is the exclusive licensed manufacturer. The models are powered with a battery powered throttle with optional AC adapter at a maximum output of 4.5 V DC. To improve power pickup and tractive effort, the powered cars are fitted with magnet ic wheels, and the track has steel rails. The first train released is the Japanese 103 series commuter train in different versions. Each standard trainset comes with two powered cars, which are located in the center of the train. The front and rear cars are equipped with directional headlights. The tiny pantograph rail pantograph s are made of etched stainless steel. The Hankyu Railway 9000 EMU Series and the Kiha 40 DMU were added to the line of available trainsets in early 2010, and feature improved mechanisms for better performance ... street furniture is available, as well as a street decoration decal sheet, which comes with a scale ... in G Scale model railroading. The set includes an oval of track, a special riding style locomotive and cars, and G scale figures to ride the train. T scale trains may be used with model airplanes and model airports in the 1 400 1 500 scale range. Eishindo has been planning to produce a modest line of airplanes and accessories of their own. See also ZZ scale Z scale Rail transport modelling scales Model railway scales External links Commons Category T scale T scale ja en http www.kk eishindo.co.jp ... more details
Infobox Album Name Not to Scale Type Album Artist Kerfuffle Commented out because image was deleted Cover Kerfuffle Not to Scale.gif Released 14th June 2003 Recorded March 2003 at Ois n Studios Genre Folk music Folk Cover Nottoscale kerfuffle.jpg Length 45 11 Label RootBeat Records Producer Ste f n Hannigan Reviews The Living Tradition http www.folkmusic.net htmfiles webrevs rbrcd01.htm NetRhythms http www.netrhythms.co.uk reviewsk.html kerfuffle Last album This album Not to Scale br 2003 Next album K2 Kerfuffle album K2 br 2004 Not to Scale is the first album by folk band Kerfuffle . Track listing Track listing writing credits yes total length title1 Catharsis Peterman Siobhan O Donnell s writer1 Amy Cann Kathryn Tickell Trad. length1 4 20 title2 Ahma Ruchenitsa Farewell to Chernobyl writer2 Maria Kalaniemi Trad. Michael Ferry length2 7 31 title3 If I Was a Blackbird writer3 Trad. length3 5 25 title4 Quendale Bay writer4 Phil Cunningham length4 4 03 title5 Mick s Knitted Triplets The Ash Plant The Bonny Isle of Whalsay writer5 Jennifer Wrigley Trad. Trad. length5 2 59 title6 Locharber Drive Breton Tune Poker Signature writer6 Aidan O Rourke Trad. Aidan O Rourke length6 5 27 title7 Brisk Young Widow Gravel Walk Victor s Return writer7 Trad. Trad. Trad. length7 3 57 title8 Lucy s Sox Morrisons writer8 Hannah James Trad. length8 3 12 title9 Falmouth Packet writer9 Phil Beer length9 1 44 title10 Irish Toast Emma & Jamie s Wedding writer10 Trad. McCusker length10 6 31 All tracks arranged by Kerfuffle Personnel Sam Sweeney fiddle , percussion Hannah James Accordion , piano , vocals , clogging Chris Thornton Smith Guitar Tom Sweeney Bass Guitar DEFAULTSORT Not To Scale Category 2003 albums Category Kerfuffle albums ... more details
Mount Richter coor dm 81 58 S 158 47 E is a mountain rising to 2550 m between Gutenberg Glacier and upper Starshot Glacier in north Holyoake Range , Churchill Mountains . The mountain is 3 nautical miles 6 km north of Mount Hubble . Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names US ACAN after Charles F. Richter , American physicist, California Institute of Technology, 1930 70 in collaboration with Beno Gutenberg , 1935, he developed the RichterScale which bears his name, used to measure the magnitude of earthquakes. usgs gazetteer DEFAULTSORT Richter Category Mountains of Oates Land OatesLand geo stub ... more details
Infobox planet minorplanet yes width 25em bgcolour FFFFC0 apsis name Richter symbol image caption discovery yes discovery ref discoverer K. Kirsch and Freimut B rngen discovery site Tautenburg discovered October 28, 1973 designations yes mp name 3338 alt names 1973 UX5 mp category orbit ref epoch May 14, 2008 aphelion 2.5104443 perihelion 1.7822751 semimajor eccentricity 0.1696289 period 1148.5560226 avg speed inclination 0.73419 asc node 126.10035 mean anomaly 60.61104 arg peri 177.71855 satellites physical characteristics yes dimensions mass density surface grav escape velocity sidereal day axial tilt pole ecliptic lat pole ecliptic lon albedo 0.1 temperatures temp name1 mean temp 1 max temp 1 temp name2 max temp 2 spectral type abs magnitude 14.6 3338 Richter 1973 UX5 is a Asteroid belt main belt asteroid discovered on October 28, 1973 by K. Kirsch and Freimut B rngen at Tautenburg . References Reflist External links http ssd.jpl.nasa.gov sbdb.cgi?sstr 3338 Richter JPL Small Body Database Browser on 3338 Richter Minor planets navigator 3337 Milo 3339 Treshnikov Small Solar System bodies DEFAULTSORT Richter Category Main Belt asteroids Category Asteroids named for people Category Astronomical objects discovered in 1973 beltasteroid stub eo 3338 Richter fa it 3338 Richter hu 3338 Richter pl 3338 Richter pt 3338 Richter sk 3338 Richter sr 3338 Richter uk 3338 vi 3338 Richter yo 3338 Richter ... more details
newspaper features 2011 1014 1224305749161.html From hot to cool on the Richterscale The Irish ...Infobox artist name Gerhard Richter image Gerhard richter 02 2005 d sseldorf.jpg caption Gerhard Richter ... atlas title Art Atlas publisher Gerhard Richter date accessdate 2011 10 08 ref ref http www.diaart.org exhibs richter atlas essay.html dead link date October 2011 ref br Baader Meinhof October 18, 1977 ... 56 title Baader Meinhof publisher Gerhard Richter date October 18, 1977 accessdate 2011 10 08 ref ...?exID 43&show per page 32&page selected 3 title Eight Grey publisher Gerhard Richter date accessdate 2011 10 08 ref patrons awards Gerhard Richter born February 9, 1932 is a Germany German visual arts visual artist . Richter has simultaneously produced abstract and photorealistic painted works ... date October 2011 Gerhard Richter was born in Dresden , Saxony , and grew up in Bogatynia Reichenau ... Richter by Lothar Wolleh.jpg thumb left 230px Gerhard Richter c. 1970, photograph by Lothar Wolleh . Both paintings had been painted over for ideological reasons after Richter escaped from East to West ... recovered. From 1957 to 1961 Richter worked as a master trainee in the academy and took orders for the former ... Domroese and of Richter s first wife Ema , on various self portraits and furthermore on a panorama of Dresden with the neutral name Stadtbild Townscape , 1956 . When he arrived in West Germany , Richter ... of western capitalism. Later, Lueg founded the gallery Konrad Fischer in D sseldorf. Richter taught ... 15 years. Personal life In 1983, Richter resettled from D sseldorf to Cologne , where he still lives and works today. citation needed date October 2011 Richter married Marianne Eufinger in 1957 she gave birth to his first daughter. He married his second wife, the sculptor Isa Genzken , in 1982. Richter ... WP BLPNAME for guidelines about family Controversy In 2005 Richter, in an interview by the German political ... DID 41429248 dead link date October 2011 ref Art Nearly all of Richter s work demonstrates both Illusionism ... more details
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