chembox verifiedrevid 450937939 Name small D small Ribulose ImageFileL1 D Ribulose.svg ImageSizeL1 88px ImageFileR1 Ribulose.png ImageSizeR1 150px IUPACName 3R,4R 1,3,4,5 Tetrahydroxypentan 2 one OtherNames small D small erythro 2 Pentulose br Adonose br Arabinulose br Araboketose br Ribosone Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo 488 84 6 CASOther D br 2042027 5 L br 5556 48 9 DL PubChem 151261 SMILES D C C H C H C O CO O O O br L OCC C H O C H O CO O Section2 Chembox Properties C 5 H 10 O 5 Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Ribulose is a ketopentose &mdash a monosaccharide containing five carbon atom s, and including a ketone functional group . It has chemical formula carbon sub 5 sub hydrogen sub 10 sub oxygen sub 5 sub . Two enantiomers are possible, small D small ribulose small D small erythro pentulose and small L small ribulose small L small erythro pentulose . small D small Ribulose is the diastereomer of small D small xylulose . Ribulose sugars are composed in the pentose phosphate pathway . They are important in the formation of many bioactive substances. For example, small D small ribulose is an intermediate in the fungal pathway for small D small arabitol production. Also, as the 1,5 bisphosphate, small D small ribulose combines with carbon dioxide at the start of the photosynthesis process in green plants carbon dioxide trap . A synthetic form of ribulose known as sucroribulose is found in many brands of artificial sweeteners. See also Arabinose Deoxyribose Lyxose Ribose Xylose Xylulose Carbohydrates Category Ketopentoses bg ca Ribulosa de Ribulose es Ribulosa fr Ribulose gl Ribulosa it Ribulosio hu Ribul z ja pl Rybuloza pt Ribulose ru sr sh Ribuloza tr Ribuloz zh ... more details
chembox verifiedrevid 447523061 ImageFile Ribulose 5 phosphate.svg ImageSize IUPACName OtherNames Section1 Chembox Identifiers InChI 1 C5H11O8P c6 1 3 7 5 9 4 8 2 13 14 10,11 12 h4 6,8 9H,1 2H2, H2,10,11,12 p 2 t4 ,5 m1 s1 InChIKey FNZLKVNUWIIPSJ DAZPBWGKBO StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C5H11O8P c6 1 3 7 5 9 4 8 2 13 14 10,11 12 h4 6,8 9H,1 2H2, H2,10,11,12 p 2 t4 ,5 m1 s1 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey FNZLKVNUWIIPSJ UHNVWZDZSA L CASNo 4151 19 3 PubChem 439184 ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 20015724 ChEBI Ref ebicite correct EBI ChEBI 58121 SMILES O P O O OC C H O C H O C O CO MeSHName ribulose 5 phosphate Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 5 sub H sub 11 sub O sub 8 sub P MolarMass 230.11 g mol Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Section3 Chembox Hazards Solubility MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Ribulose 5 phosphate is one of the end products of the pentose phosphate pathway . It is also an intermediate in the Calvin cycle . It is formed by phosphogluconate dehydrogenase , and it can be acted upon by phosphopentose isomerase and phosphopentose epimerase . See also RibuloseRibulose 1,5 bisphosphate Pentose phosphate pathway intermediates Category Organophosphates Category Monosaccharide derivatives biochem stub de Ribulose 5 phosphat es Ribulosa 5 fosfato fr Ribulose 5 phosphate ja 5 pl Rybulozo 5 fosforan fi Ribuloosi 5 fosfaatti zh 5 ... more details
enzyme Name ribulose phosphate 3 epimerase EC number 5.1.3.1 CAS number 9024 20 8 IUBMB EC number 5 1 3 1 GO code 0004750 image width caption Pfam box Symbol Ribul P 3 epim Name Ribulose phosphate 3 epimerase family image width caption Pfam PF00834 InterPro IPR000056 SMART Prosite PDOC00833 SCOP 1rpx TCDB OPM family OPM protein PDB PDB3 1tqj B 6 208 PDB3 1rpx A 58 260 PDB3 1h1z A 8 208 PDB3 1h1y B 8 208 PDB3 1tqx A 7 208 In enzymology , a ribulose phosphate 3 epimerase EC number 5.1.3.1 also known as pentose 5 phosphate 3 epimerase or PPE is the enzyme that converts D ribulose 5 phosphate into D xylulose 5 phosphate in Calvin cycle Calvin s reductive pentose phosphate cycle . D ribulose 5 phosphate math rightleftharpoons math D xylulose 5 phosphate Hence, this enzyme has one substrate biochemistry substrate , D ribulose 5 phosphate , and one product chemistry product , D xylulose 5 phosphate . This enzyme belongs to the family of isomerase s, specifically those racemase s and epimerase s acting on carbohydrate s and derivatives. In Alcaligenes eutrophus two copies of the gene coding for PPE are known ref name PUB00002204 cite journal author Bowien B, Kusian B, Yoo JG, Bednarski R title The Calvin cycle enzyme pentose 5 phosphate 3 epimeras e is encoded within the cfx operons of the chemoautotroph Alcaligenes eutrophus journal J. Bacteriol. volume 174 issue 22 pages 7337 7344 year 1992 pmid 1429456 pmc 207429 ref , one is chromosomally encoded Uniprot P40117 , the other one is on a plasmid Uniprot Q04539 . PPE has been found in a wide range of bacteria, archaebacteria, fungi and plants. All the proteins have from 209 to 241 amino acid residues. The enzyme has a TIM barrel structure. The systematic name of this enzyme class is D ribulose 5 phosphate 3 epimerase . Other names ... 3 epimerase , xylulose phosphate 3 epimerase , phosphoketopentose epimerase , ribulose 5 phosphate 3 epimerase , D ribulose phosphate 3 epimerase , D ribulose 5 phosphate epimerase , D ribulose ... more details
enzyme Name ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase lysine N methyltransferase EC number 2.1.1.127 CAS number 139171 98 5 IUBMB EC number 2 1 1 127 GO code 0030785 image width caption In enzymology , a ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase lysine N methyltransferase EC number 2.1.1.127 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction S adenosyl L methionine ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate carboxylase lysine math rightleftharpoons math S adenosyl L homocysteine ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate carboxylase N sub 6 sub methyl L lysine Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are S Adenosyl methionine S adenosyl methionine and ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate carboxylase lysine , whereas its two product chemistry products are S adenosylhomocysteine and ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate carboxylase N6 methyl L lysine . This enzyme belongs to the family of transferase s, specifically those transferring one carbon group methyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is S adenosyl L methionine 3 phospho D glycerate carboxy lyase dimerizing lysine N6 methyltransferase . Other names in common use include rubisco methyltransferase , ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase N methyltransferase , ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase large subunit , epsilonN methyltransferase , S adenosyl L methionine 3 phospho D glycerate carboxy lyase , and dimerizing lysine 6 N methyltransferase . Structural studies As of late 2007, 7 tertiary structure structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with Protein Data Bank PDB accession codes PDB link 1MLV , PDB link 1OZV , PDB link 1P0Y , PDB link 2H21 , PDB link 2H23 , PDB link 2H2E , and PDB link 2H2J . References reflist 1 cite journal author Wang P, Royer M, Houtz RL date 1995 title Affinity purification of ribulose ... author Ying Z, Janney N, Houtz RL date 1996 title Organization and characterization of the ribulose ... Ribulose Bisphosphate Carboxylase Lysine N Methyltransferase Category EC 2.1.1 Category Enzymes ... more details
Merge Ribulose phosphate 3 epimerase date November 2010 Phosphopentose epimerase is an enzyme which intraconverts ribulose 5 phosphate and xylulose 5 phosphate . It plays a role in the Calvin cycle and the pentose phosphate pathway . External links http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov books bv.fcgi?rid stryer.figgrp.2802 Diagram at nlm.nih.gov http cmgm.stanford.edu biochem200 OVERHEADS PPP.html Diagram at stanford.edu Pentose phosphate pathway Category Enzymes biochem stub ... more details
enzyme Name D ribulokinase EC number 2.7.1.47 CAS number 9026 40 8 IUBMB EC number 2 7 1 47 GO code 0019150 image width caption In enzymology , a D ribulokinase EC number 2.7.1.47 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP D ribulose math rightleftharpoons math ADP D ribulose 5 phosphate Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are adenosine triphosphate ATP and D ribulose , whereas its two product chemistry products are adenosine diphosphate ADP and D ribulose 5 phosphate . This enzyme belongs to the family of transferase s, specifically those transferring phosphorus containing groups phosphotransferase s with an alcohol group as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is ATP D ribulose 5 phosphotransferase . This enzyme is also called D ribulokinase phosphorylating . This enzyme participates in pentose and glucuronate interconversions . References reflist 1 cite journal author FROMM HJ date 1959 title D Ribulokinase from Aerobacter aerogenes journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 234 pages 3097&ndash 101 pmid 13825363 enzyme stub Category EC 2.7.1 Category Enzymes of unknown structure ... more details
enzyme Name ribulokinase EC number 2.7.1.16 CAS number 9030 57 3 IUBMB EC number 2 7 1 16 GO code 0008741 image width caption In enzymology , a ribulokinase EC number 2.7.1.16 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP L or D ribulose math rightleftharpoons math ADP L or D ribulose 5 phosphate The 3 substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are adenosine triphosphate ATP , L ribulose , and D ribulose , whereas its 3 product chemistry products are adenosine diphosphate ADP , L ribulose 5 phosphate , and D ribulose 5 phosphate . This enzyme belongs to the family of transferase s, specifically those transferring phosphorus containing groups phosphotransferase s with an alcohol group as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is ATP L or D ribulose 5 phosphotransferase . Other names in common use include ribulokinase phosphorylating , and L ribulokinase . This enzyme participates in pentose and glucuronate interconversions . References reflist 1 cite journal author BURMA DP, HORECKER BL date 1958 title Pentose fermentation by Lactobacillus plantarum. III. Ribulokinase journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 231 pages 1039&ndash 51 pmid 13539035 issue 2 cite journal author Lee N, Bendet I date 1967 title Crystalline L ribulokinase from Escherichia coli journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 242 pages 2043&ndash 50 pmid 5336963 issue 9 cite journal author Simpson FJ, Wolin MJ and Wood WA date 1958 title Degradation of L arabinose by Aerobacter aerogenes. I. A pathway involving phosphorylated intermediates journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 230 pages 457&ndash 472 pmid 13502414 issue 1 enzyme stub Category EC 2.7.1 Category Enzymes of unknown structure ... more details
DISPLAYTITLE C sub 5 sub H sub 11 sub O sub 8 sub P The molecular formula C sub 5 sub H sub 11 sub O sub 8 sub P may refer to Ribulose 5 phosphate Ribose 5 phosphate MolFormDisambig fr C5H11O8P ... more details
enzyme Name L arabinitol 2 dehydrogenase EC number 1.1.1.13 CAS number 9028 20 0 IUBMB EC number 1 1 1 13 GO code 0047002 image width caption In enzymology , a L arabinitol 2 dehydrogenase EC number 1.1.1.13 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction L arabinitol NAD sup sup math rightleftharpoons math L ribulose NADH H sup sup Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are L arabinitol and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NAD sup sup , whereas its 3 product chemistry products are L ribulose , nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NADH , and hydrogen ion H sup sup . This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductase s, specifically those acting on the CH OH group of donor with NAD or NADP as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is L arabinitol NAD 2 oxidoreductase L ribulose forming . Other names in common use include L arabinitol dehydrogenase ribulose forming , and L arabinitol ribulose forming dehydrogenase . This enzyme participates in pentose and glucuronate interconversions . References reflist 1 cite journal author CHIANG C, KNIGHT SG date 1961 title L Arabinose metabolism by cell free extracts of Penicillium chrysogenum journal Biochim. Biophys. Acta. volume 46 pages 271&ndash 8 pmid 13692999 doi 10.1016 0006 3002 61 90750 8 issue 2 1.1.1 enzyme stub Category EC 1.1.1 Category NADH dependent enzymes Category Enzymes of unknown structure it L arabinitolo 2 deidrogenasi ja L 2 ... more details
enzyme Name phosphoribulokinase EC number 2.7.1.19 CAS number 9030 60 8 IUBMB EC number 2 7 1 19 GO code 0008974 image width caption In enzymology , a phosphoribulokinase EC number 2.7.1.19 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP D ribulose 5 phosphate math rightleftharpoons math ADP D ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are adenosine triphosphate ATP and D ribulose 5 phosphate , whereas its two product chemistry products are adenosine diphosphate ADP and D ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate . This enzyme belongs to the family of transferase s, specifically those transferring phosphorus containing groups phosphotransferase s with an alcohol group as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is ATP D ribulose 5 phosphate 1 phosphotransferase . Other names in common use include phosphopentokinase , ribulose 5 phosphate kinase , phosphopentokinase , phosphoribulokinase phosphorylating , 5 phosphoribulose kinase , ribulose phosphate kinase , PKK , PRuK , and PRK . This enzyme participates in carbon fixation . Structural studies As of late 2007, only one tertiary structure structure has been solved for this class of enzymes, with the Protein Data Bank PDB accession code PDB link 1A7J . References reflist 1 cite journal author HURWITZ J, WEISSBACH A, HORECKER BL, SMYRNIOTIS PZ date 1956 title Spinach phosphoribulokinase journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 218 pages 769&ndash 83 pmid 13295229 issue 2 cite journal author JAKOBY WB, BRUMMOND DO, OCHOA S date 1956 title Formation of 3 phosphoglyceric acid by carbon dioxide fixation with spinach leaf enzymes journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 218 pages 811&ndash 22 pmid 13295232 issue 2 enzyme stub Category EC 2.7.1 Category Enzymes of known structure ... more details
DISPLAYTITLE C sub 5 sub H sub 10 sub O sub 5 sub The molecular formula C sub 5 sub H sub 10 sub O sub 5 sub molar mass 150.13 g mol, exact mass 150.052823 may refer to Apiose Aldopentose s Arabinose Lyxose Ribose Xylose Ketopentose s Ribulose Xylulose MolFormDisambig fr C5H10O5 it C5H10O5 ... more details
enzyme Name D arabinitol 2 dehydrogenase EC number 1.1.1.250 CAS number 336883 93 3 IUBMB EC number 1 1 1 250 GO code 0047038 image width caption In enzymology , a D arabinitol 2 dehydrogenase EC number 1.1.1.250 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction D arabinitol NAD sup sup math rightleftharpoons math D ribulose NADH H sup sup Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are D arabinitol and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NAD sup sup , whereas its 3 product chemistry products are D ribulose , nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NADH , and hydrogen ion H sup sup . This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductase s, specifically those acting on the CH OH group of donor with NAD or NADP as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is D arabinitol NAD 2 oxidoreductase D ribulose forming . This enzyme is also called D arabinitol 2 dehydrogenase ribulose forming . References reflist 1 cite journal author Wong B, Murray JS, Castellanos M, Croen KD date 1993 title D arabitol metabolism in Candida albicans studies of the biosynthetic pathway and the gene that encodes NAD dependent D arabitol dehydrogenase journal J. Bacteriol. volume 175 pages 6314&ndash 20 pmid 8407803 issue 19 pmc 206728 cite journal author Quong MW, Miyada CG, Switchenko AC, Goodman TC date 1993 title Identification, purification, and characterization of a D arabinitol specific dehydrogenase from Candida tropicalis journal Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. volume 196 pages 1323&ndash 9 pmid 8250887 doi 10.1006 bbrc.1993.2397 issue 3 1.1.1 enzyme stub Category EC 1.1.1 Category NADH dependent enzymes Category Enzymes of unknown structure it D arabinitolo 2 deidrogenasi ja D 2 ... more details
enzyme Name L ribulose phosphate 4 epimerase EC number 5.1.3.4 CAS number 9024 19 5 IUBMB EC number 5 1 3 4 GO code 0008742 image Ribulose Epimerase Pymol.jpg width caption In enzymology , a L ribulose ... of Ribulose 5 phosphate and Xylulose 5 phosphate in the oxidative phase of the Pentose phosphate pathway ... Sensitive, L Ribulose 5 phosphate 4 Epimerase Deficient Mutants of Escherichia coli journal Journal ... 84 1 137 accessdate 17 May 2011 ref L ribulose 5 phosphate math rightleftharpoons math D xylulose ... Yu first Luo coauthors Jomy Samuel, Steven Mosimann, Jeffrey Lee title The Structure of Ribulose ... 10.1021 bi0112513 pmid 11732895 ref The systematic name of this enzyme class is L ribulose 5 phosphate 4 epimerase . Other names in common use include phosphoribulose isomerase , ribulose phosphate 4 epimerase , L ribulose phosphate 4 epimerase , L ribulose 5 phosphate 4 epimerase , AraD , and L Ru5P ... metabolism . Enzyme Mechanism gallery File Epimerase Mechanism.jpg Mechanism of Ribulose 5 Phosphate 4 Epimerase in active site File Aldol.jpg Aldol and dehydration mechanims gallery Ribulose 5 phosphate 4 epimerase catalyzes the epimerization of Ribulose 5 phosphate to Xylulose 5 phosphate by aldol ... WW title 13C and deuterium isotope effects suggest an aldol cleavage mechanism for L ribulose ... similarity with Ribulose 5 Phosphate 4 Epimerase. Second, the analysis of carbon 13 sup 13 sup ... gallery File Ribulose Epimerase Pymol.jpg Homo tetrameric structure of L Ru5P File Epimerase monomer.jpg L Ru5P monomer File Ribulose 5 Phosphate 4 Epimerase Active site.gif L Ru5p active site ... of recombinant ribulose 5 phosphate 4 epimerase from Escherichia coli journal Protein Science .... Biological Function Ribulose 5 phosphate 4 epimerase is found on the well studied L arabinose operon . This operon consists of eight genes araA araH with the gene for Ribulose 5 phosphate 4 epimerase ... AraF Uptake AraG Uptake AraH Uptake Evolution L Ribulose 5 phosphate 4 epimerase and L fuculose 1 phosphate ... more details
Unreferenced stub type bacteria auto yes date December 2009 Taxobox image Methylococcus capsulatus.png image caption Methylococcus capsulatus regnum Bacteria phylum Proteobacteria classis Gamma Proteobacteria ordo Methylococcales familia Methylococcaceae subdivision ranks Genera subdivision Methylomonas br Methylobacter br Methylococcus br Methylomicrobium br Methylosphaera br Methylocaldum The Methylococcaceae are a family of bacterium bacteria that obtain their carbon and energy from methane , called methanotroph s. They comprise the type I methanotrophs, in contrast to the Methylocystaceae or type II methanotrophs. They belong among the gamma subdivision of the Proteobacteria , and are typically given their own order. The Methylococcaceae have internal membranes in the form of flattened discs, perpendicular to the cell wall . Methane is oxidized to give formaldehyde , which is fixed by a process called the RuMP cycle. Here formaldehyde is combined with the sugar ribulose , producing hexulose . This in turn is broken down to produce glyceraldehyde , which is used to produce new ribulose and other organic compounds. Catabolism does not involve a complete citric acid cycle . Category Proteobacteria Proteobacteria stub ca Metilococc cia de Methylococcaceae mk pt Methylococcaceae ... more details
enzyme Name arabinose 5 phosphate isomerase EC number 5.3.1.13 CAS number 9023 86 3 IUBMB EC number 5 3 1 13 GO code 0019146 image width caption In enzymology , an arabinose 5 phosphate isomerase EC number 5.3.1.13 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction D arabinose 5 phosphate math rightleftharpoons math D ribulose 5 phosphate Hence, this enzyme has one substrate biochemistry substrate , D arabinose 5 phosphate , and one product chemistry product , D ribulose 5 phosphate . This enzyme belongs to the family of isomerase s, specifically those intramolecular oxidoreductases interconverting aldoses and ketoses. The systematic name of this enzyme class is D arabinose 5 phosphate aldose ketose isomerase . Other names in common use include arabinose phosphate isomerase , phosphoarabinoisomerase , and D arabinose 5 phosphate ketol isomerase . References reflist 1 cite journal author Volk WA date 1960 title Purification and properties of phosphoarabinoisomerase from Propionibacterium pentosaceum journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 235 pages 1550&ndash 1553 isomerase stub Category EC 5.3.1 Category Enzymes of unknown structure ... more details
enzyme Name L ribulose 5 phosphate 3 epimerase EC number 5.1.3.22 CAS number IUBMB EC number 5 1 3 22 GO code image width caption In enzymology , a L ribulose 5 phosphate 3 epimerase EC number 5.1.3.22 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction L ribulose 5 phosphate math rightleftharpoons math L xylulose 5 phosphate Hence, this enzyme has one substrate biochemistry substrate , L ribulose 5 phosphate , and one product chemistry product , L xylulose 5 phosphate . This enzyme belongs to the family of isomerase s, specifically those racemase s and epimerase s acting on carbohydrate s and derivatives. The systematic name of this enzyme class is L ribulose 5 phosphate 3 epimerase . Other names in common use include L xylulose 5 phosphate 3 epimerase , UlaE , and SgaU . This enzyme participates in ascorbate and aldarate metabolism . References reflist 1 cite journal author Yew WS, Gerlt JA date 2002 title Utilization of L ascorbate by Escherichia coli K 12 assignments of functions to products of the yjf sga and yia sgb operons journal J. Bacteriol. volume 184 pages 302&ndash 6 pmid 11741871 doi 10.1128 JB.184.1.302 306.2002 issue 1 pmc 134747 isomerase stub Category EC 5.1.3 Category Enzymes of unknown structure ... more details
enzyme Name ribose isomerase EC number 5.3.1.20 CAS number 57534 76 6 IUBMB EC number 5 3 1 20 GO code 0050261 image width caption In enzymology , a ribose isomerase EC number 5.3.1.20 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction D ribose math rightleftharpoons math D ribulose Hence, this enzyme has one substrate biochemistry substrate , D ribose , and one product chemistry product , D ribulose . This enzyme belongs to the family of isomerase s, specifically those intramolecular oxidoreductase s interconverting aldose s and ketose s. The systematic name of this enzyme class is D ribose aldose ketose isomerase . Other names in common use include D ribose isomerase , and D ribose ketol isomerase . References reflist 1 cite journal author Izumori K, Rees AW, Elbein AD date 1975 title Purification, crystallization, and properties of D ribose isomerase from Mycobacterium smegmatis journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 250 pages 8085&ndash 7 pmid 240851 issue 20 isomerase stub Category EC 5.3.1 Category Enzymes of unknown structure ... more details
The small L small arabinose operon of the model organism model bacterium Escherichia coli has been a focus for research in molecular biology for over 40 years, and has been investigated extensively at the Genetics genetic , biochemical , physiological , and biophysical levels. It is controlled by a dual positive and negative system. There are 3 structural genes araB , araA , and araD . They encode the metabolic enzymes for breaking down the monosaccharide sugar arabinose into xylulose small D small xylulose 5 phosphate , which is then metabolised via the pentose phosphate pathway . The initiator region, containing an operator site as well as a promoter, is called araI the last letter of araI is an uppercase letter i . Near this site lies the araC gene, which encodes an activator protein. ref cite doi 10.1111 j.1574 6976.2010.00226.x ref The AraC protein binds to initiator region araI . class wikitable Metabolism of arabinose in E. coli Substrate Protein s Function Reversible Product small L small arabinose AraA isomerase yes small L small ribulose small L small ribulose AraB ribulokinase no small L small ribulose phosphate small L small ribulose phosphate AraD epimerase yes small D small xylulose phosphate Activation If arabinose is present, it builds a complex AraC arabinose br This complex is needed for RNA polymerase to bind to the promoter and transcribe the ara operon. Also for activation the binding of another structure to araI is needed CAP cyclic AMP br So the activation depends on the presence of arabinose and cAMP. Repression If arabinose is absent, the AraC protein assumes a different conformation. In this conformation the AraC protein binds to the araI DNA region as well as to the ara0 DNA region. This causes the DNA to form a loop, preventing transcription of the downstream ara operon elements. Sequence of the Operon araC araO araI araB araA araD See also The lac operon is another operon in E. coli that has been a focus for research in gene expression. ... more details
enzyme Name arabinose isomerase EC number 5.3.1.3 CAS number 9023 81 8 IUBMB EC number 5 3 1 3 GO code 0008790 image width caption In enzymology , an arabinose isomerase EC number 5.3.1.3 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction D arabinose math rightleftharpoons math D ribulose Hence, this enzyme has one substrate biochemistry substrate , D arabinose , and one product chemistry product , D ribulose . This enzyme belongs to the family of isomerase s, specifically those intramolecular oxidoreductases interconverting aldoses and ketoses. The systematic name of this enzyme class is D arabinose aldose ketose isomerase . Other names in common use include D arabinose L fucose isomerase , D arabinose isomerase , L fucose isomerase , and D arabinose ketol isomerase . Structural studies As of late 2007, only one tertiary structure structure has been solved for this class of enzymes, with the Protein Data Bank PDB accession code PDB link 1FUI . References reflist 1 cite journal author Cohen SS date 1953 title Studies on D ribulose and its enzymatic conversion to D arabinose journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 201 issue 1 pages 71&ndash 84 pmid 13044776 cite journal author Green M and Cohen SS date 1956 title Enzymatic conversion of L fucose to L fuculose journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 219 issue 2 pages 557&ndash 568 pmid 13319278 isomerase stub Category EC 5.3.1 Category Enzymes of known structure ... more details
enzyme Name methylthioribulose 1 phosphate dehydratase EC number 4.2.1.109 CAS number IUBMB EC number 4 2 1 109 GO code 0043809 image width caption Orphan date February 2009 In enzymology , a methylthioribulose 1 phosphate dehydratase EC number 4.2.1.109 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction S methyl 5 thio D ribulose 1 phosphate math rightleftharpoons math 5 methylthio 2,3 dioxopentyl phosphate H sub 2 sub O Hence, this enzyme has one substrate biochemistry substrate , S methyl 5 thio D ribulose 1 phosphate , and two product chemistry products , 5 methylthio 2,3 dioxopentyl phosphate and water H sub 2 sub O . This enzyme belongs to the family of lyase s, specifically the hydro lyases, which cleave carbon oxygen bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is S methyl 5 thio D ribulose 1 phosphate 4 hydro lyase 5 methylthio 2,3 dioxopentyl phosphate forming . Other names in common use include 1 PMT ribulose dehydratase , and S methyl 5 thio D ribulose 1 phosphate hydro lyase . This enzyme participates in methionine metabolism . References reflist 1 cite journal author Furfine ES, Abeles RH year 1988 title Intermediates in the conversion of 5 S methylthioadenosine to methionine in Klebsiella pneumoniae journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 263 pages 9598&ndash 606 pmid 2838472 issue 20 cite journal author Wray JW, Abeles RH year 1995 title The methionine salvage pathway in Klebsiella pneumoniae and rat liver. Identification and characterization of two novel dioxygenases journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 270 pages 3147&ndash 53 pmid 7852397 issue 7 doi 10.1074 jbc.270.7.3147 Category EC 4.2.1 Category Enzymes of unknown structure 4.2 enzyme stub ... more details
enzyme Name L arabinose isomerase EC number 5.3.1.4 CAS number 9023 80 7 IUBMB EC number 5 3 1 4 GO code 0008733 image width caption Infobox protein family Symbol Arabinose Isome Name Arabinose isomerase image PDB 2ajt EBI.jpg width caption crystal structure of l arabinose isomerase from e.coli Pfam PF02610 Pfam clan InterPro IPR003762 SMART PROSITE MEROPS SCOP TCDB OPM family OPM protein CAZy CDD In enzymology , a L arabinose isomerase EC number 5.3.1.4 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction L arabinose math rightleftharpoons math L ribulose Hence, this enzyme has one substrate biochemistry substrate , L arabinose , and one product chemistry product , L ribulose . This enzyme belongs to the family of isomerase s, specifically those intramolecular oxidoreductase s interconverting aldose s and ketose s. The systematic name of this enzyme class is L arabinose aldose ketose isomerase . This enzyme participates in pentose and glucuronate interconversions . This enzyme catalyses the coversion of L arabinose to L ribulose as the first step in the pathway of L arabinose utilization as a carbon source. ref name pmid9084180 cite journal author Sa Nogueira I, Nogueira TV, Soares S, de Lencastre H title The Bacillus subtilis L arabinose ara operon nucleotide sequence, genetic organization and expression journal Microbiology Reading, Engl. volume 143 Pt 3 issue pages 957 69 year 1997 month March pmid 9084180 doi url ref Structural studies As of late 2007, two tertiary structure structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with Protein Data Bank PDB accession codes PDB link 2AJT and PDB link 2HXG . References reflist Further reading reflist 1 cite journal author HEATH EC, HORECKER BL, SMYRNIOTIS PZ, TAKAGI Y year 1958 title Pentose fermentation by Lactobacillus plantarum. II. L arabinose isomerase journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 231 pages 1031&ndash 7 pmid 13539034 issue 2 cite journal author Nakamatu T, Yamanaka K year 1969 title Crystallization and ... more details
N methyltransferase may refer to RS 1 benzyl 1,2,3,4 tetrahydroisoquinoline N methyltransferase 3 hydroxy 16 methoxy 2,3 dihydrotabersonine N methyltransferase Amine N methyltransferase Anthranilate N methyltransferase cytochrome c arginine N methyltransferase myelin basic protein arginine N methyltransferase Calmodulin lysine N methyltransferase Carnosine N methyltransferase S coclaurine N methyltransferase Dimethylhistidine N methyltransferase Glycine N methyltransferase Guanidinoacetate N methyltransferase Histamine N methyltransferase Histone methyltransferase cytochrome c lysine N methyltransferase ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase lysine N methyltransferase Methylamine glutamate N methyltransferase Nicotinamide N methyltransferase Nicotinate N methyltransferase Phenylethanolamine N methyltransferase Phosphatidylethanolamine N methyltransferase Phosphatidyl N methylethanolamine N methyltransferase Phosphoethanolamine N methyltransferase Protein histidine N methyltransferase Putrescine N methyltransferase Pyridine N methyltransferase S tetrahydroprotoberberine N methyltransferase Trimethylsulfonium tetrahydrofolate N methyltransferase Tryptamine N methyltransferase Tyramine N methyltransferase disambig ... more details
Methylotrophs are a diverse group of microorganism s that can use redox reduced one carbon compounds, such as methanol or methane , as the carbon source for their growth and multi carbon compounds that contain no carbon bonds, such as dimethyl ether and dimethylamine . This group of microorganisms also includes those capable of assimilating reduced one carbon compounds by way of carbon dioxide using the ribulose bisphosphate pathway. ref Anthony, C. The Biochemistry of Methylotrophs . Academic press, 1982, p. 2 3 ref These organisms should not be confused with Methanogen methanogens which on the contrary produce methane as a by product from various one carbon compounds such as carbon dioxide. Some methylotrophs can degrade the greenhouse gas methane , and in this case they are called methanotroph s. The methanotroph Methylococcus capsulatus is used to degrade methane and other pollutants. The abundance, purity, and low price of methanol compared to commonly used sugars make methylotrophs competent organisms for production of amino acid s, vitamins, recombinant proteins, single cell proteins , co enzyme s and cytochrome s. General Microbiology Methylotrophic organisms are able to grow at the expense of on or more of the compounds typically used by methophiles, but cannot use methane. Methylotrophs are a diverse group, including both Gram negative and Gram positive genera. None of them make resting structures like exospores and cyst and none of them have the complex intracellular membrane systems that characterize methanotrophs growing on methane There are two sub groups 1 obligate methylotrophs. 2 facultative methylotrophs. Obligate methylotrophs A single obligate methylotroph methylophilus is known. It is Gram negative, polarly flagelated rod capable of rapid growthy with methanol. Some strains can also utilize formaldehyde or methylamines. Carbon is assimilated via the ribulose mono phosphate pathway. Facultative methylotrophs It is relatively widely distributed tr ... more details
enzyme Name ribitol 2 dehydrogenase EC number 1.1.1.56 CAS number 9014 23 7 IUBMB EC number 1 1 1 56 GO code 0050255 image width caption In enzymology , a ribitol 2 dehydrogenase EC number 1.1.1.56 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction ribitol NAD sup sup math rightleftharpoons math D ribulose NADH H sup sup Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are ribitol and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NAD sup sup , whereas its 3 product chemistry products are D ribulose , nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NADH , and hydrogen ion H sup sup . This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductase s, specifically those acting on the CH OH group of donor with NAD or NADP as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is ribitol NAD 2 oxidoreductase . Other names in common use include adonitol dehydrogenase , ribitol dehydrogenase A wild type , ribitol dehydrogenase B mutant enzyme with different properties , and ribitol dehydrogenase D mutant enzyme with different properties . This enzyme participates in pentose and glucuronate interconversions . References reflist 1 cite journal author HOLLMANN S, TOUSTER O date 1957 title The L xylulose xylitol enzyme and other polyol dehydrogenases of guinea pig liver mitochondria journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 225 pages 87&ndash 102 pmid 13416220 issue 1 cite journal author Nordlie RC and Fromm HJ date 1959 title Ribitol dehydrogenase. II. Studies on the reaction mechanism journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 234 pages 2523&ndash 2531 pmid 14427582 cite journal author Wood WA, McDonough MJ and Jacobs LB date 1961 title Ribitol and D arabitol utilization by Aerobacter aerogenes journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 236 pages 2190&ndash 2195 1.1.1 enzyme stub Category EC 1.1.1 Category NADH dependent enzymes Category Enzymes of unknown structure it Ribitolo 2 deidrogenasi ja 2 ... more details
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