Other uses Depletion disambiguation Resourcedepletion is an economics economic term referring to the exhaustion of raw materials within a region. Natural resource Resources are commonly divided between renewable resource s and non renewable resource s. See also Mineral resource classification . Use of either of these forms of resources beyond their rate of replacement is considered to be resourcedepletion. Resourcedepletion is most commonly used in reference to the farming , fishing , mining , and fossil fuel s. ref http www.libraryindex.com pages 103 Depletion Conservation Natural Resources.html ref Causes of resourcedepletion Over consumption excessive or unnecessary use of resources Non equitable distribution of resources Overpopulation Slash and burn agricultural practices, currently occurring in many developing countries Technology Technological and industry industrial development Erosion Irrigation Mining for oil and minerals Aquifier depletion Forestry Pollution or contamination of resources Minerals and oil Materials removed from the Earth are needed to provide humans with food, clothing, and housing and to continually upgrade the standard of living. Some of the materials needed are renewable resources, such as agricultural and forestry products, while others are nonrenewable, such as minerals . The USGS reported in Materials Flow and Sustainability 1998 that the number of renewable resources is decreasing, meanwhile there is an increasing demand for nonrenewable resources. Since 1900 the use of construction materials such as stone, sand, and gravel, has soared. The large ... ResourceDepletion Category Resource economics Category Environmental issues ... efforts to drill and search other territories. The environment is being abused and this depletion ... scale. The US government has produced the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, and the Resource ... Depletion Conservation Natural Resources MINERALS OIL.html ref Deforestation Deforestation is the clearing ... more details
Depletion may refer to Depletion accounting , an accounting concept Depletion region , a concept of semiconductor physics Depletion width , a concept of semiconductor physics Grain boundary depletion , a mechanism of corrosion Oil depletion , the declining of oil supply Overdrafting , extracting groundwater beyond the equilibrium yield of an aquifer Ozone depletion , a decline in the total amount of ozone in Earth s stratosphere Resourcedepletion , exhaustion of raw materials within a region disambig fr D pl tion ... more details
the gradual expense or use of natural resource s over time. Depletion is the using up of natural resources by mining , quarrying , Boring earth drilling , or logging felling . Percentage depletion To figure percentage depletion, you multiply a certain percentage, specified for each mineral, by your ...Depletion is an accounting concept used most often in mining , timber , petroleum , or other similar industries. The depletion deduction allows an owner or operator to account for the reduction of a product s reserves. Depletion is similar to depreciation in that, it is a cost recovery system for accounting and tax reporting. For tax purposes, there are two types of depletion cost depletion and percentage depletion. For mineral property, you generally must use the method that gives you the larger deduction. For standing timber, you must use cost depletion. ref name irs.gov http www.irs.gov publications ... ref over 50 percent of oil and gas extraction businesses use cost depletion to figure their depletion ... separate interests as one property or as separate properties. Types of depletionDepletion, for Internal ... Owners and under Natural Gas Wells . Rates and other rules for percentage depletion of other specific minerals are found later in Mines and Geothermal Deposits . ref name irs.gov Cost depletion Cost depletion is an accounting method by which costs of natural resources are allocated to depletion over the period that make up the life of the asset. Cost depletion is computed by 1 estimating the total ... resource cost to the quantity extracted in the period. For example, Big Texas Oil, Co. discovers a large ..., the depletion deduction is 5,000 100,000 X 10,000 200,000 . Cost Depletion for Federal Tax Purposes USA is as follows Cost Depletion Deduction for Basis in the Mineral Property in Relation to the Production and Sale of Minerals Cost Depletion for tax purposes may be completely different than for accounting purposes. Formula Cost Depletion S R S X AB or AB R S X S Cost Depletion S Units sold in the current ... more details
Ego depletion refers to the idea that self control or willpower is an exhaustible resource that can be used up. ref name baumeister1998jpsp Cite journal last1 Baumeister first1 R. F. last2 Bratslavsky first2 E. last3 Muraven first3 M. last4 Tice first4 D. M. author1 link Roy Baumeister title http www.psychologytoday.com files attachments 584 baumeisteretal1998.pdf Ego Depletion Is the Active Self a Limited Resource? journal Journal of Personality and Social Psychology volume 74 pages 1252 1265 year 1998 doi 10.1037 0022 3514.74.5.1252 ref When that energy is low, mental activity that requires self control is impaired. In other words, using one s self control impairs the ability to control one s self later on. In this sense, the idea of limited willpower is correct. In an illustrative experiment on ego depletion, participants who controlled themselves by trying not to laugh while watching a comedian did worse on a later task that required self control compared to participants who did not have to control their laughter while watching the video. Much of the early research on ego depletion was performed by Roy Baumeister , Mark Muraven, and their colleagues. In a recent series of studies, they suggest that a positive mood stimulus could help restore the depleted energy. They report on four studies where the positive mood stimulus was a surprise gift from watching short clips of stand ..., R. F. 1998 . Self control as a limited resource Regulatory depletion patterns. Journal ... affect helps improve self regulation following ego depletion journal Journal of Experimental Social ... volume 136 issue 4 year 2010 pages 495 525 doi 10.1037 a0019486 title Ego Depletion and the Strength ... formats Muraven, M., & Baumeister, R. F. 2000 . Self regulation and depletion of limited resources ... Resources and Articles on Ego Depletion http www.nytimes.com 2008 04 02 opinion 02aamodt.html New York Times editorial psych stub Category Motivation de Ego Depletion ... more details
mergeto Peak coal date July 2010 Coal depletion is the inescapable result of extracting and consuming coal since it is a nonrenewable natural resource. The number of years of coal left is estimated by the ratio of proven coal reserves to the current consumption rate. When will coal run out? Assuming the current rate of consumption and that there are still an estimated 909 billion tonnes of proven Coal World coal reserves coal reserves worldwide , there is enough coal to last at least 155 years assuming the rate of consumption remains the same ref cite web url http www.worldcoal.org pages content index.asp?PageID 21 title Energy Security publisher World Coal Institute author date language English accessdate 2008 06 06 ref ref cite web url http www.independent.co.uk news science world oil supplies are set to run out faster than expected warn scientists 453068.html title World oil supplies are set to run out faster than expected, warn scientists publisher Independent author Daniel Howden date 2007 06 14 language English accessdate 2008 06 06 ref See also Coal phase out The Coal Question Peak coal References reflist Category Economic theories Category Environmental economics Category Peak resource production econ theory stub ... more details
Gas Depletion Category Economic theories Category Futurology Category Peak resource production ...Gas depletion is the inescapable result of extracting and consuming natural gas since it is a nonrenewable natural resource. The number of years of natural gas left is estimated by the ratio of proven natural gas reserves to the current consumption rate. When will natural gas run out? According to the Energy Information Agency, ref cite web url http www.eia.doe.gov oiaf ieo nat gas.html title International Energy Outlook 2008 date June 2008 publisher Energy Information Agency pages Chapter 3 Natural Gas accessdate 2009 05 17 ref the world in 2005 had about 60 years ref Reserves of 6,3000 trillion cubic feet, consumption of 100 trillion. ref of natural gas left. However, the relevance of worldwide figures is questioned since unlike oil relatively little gas is shipped across the oceans. If one compares proven North American reserves versus North American consumption, one gets only 11 years. ref Reserves of 308 trillion cubic feet, consumption of 27 trillion. ref Like oil production, natural gas production in a given region tends to follow a bell curve , Fact date October 2010 therefore gas production on a continental level is expected not to cease abruptly, rather it will decline gradually over time. But a key difference in understanding peak gas compared to peak oil is that while an individual oil well s production tends to decline relatively slowly, a gas well s production drops off much more abruptly as pressure in the reservoir is relieved. Fact date October 2010 This could potentially lead to a much sharper decline in gas production at the continental level than has been seen in conventional oil production on those continents that have peaked. Fact date October 2010 Role of technology in increasing gas reserves As new technologies for natural gas production are discovered, the world s ultimate reserves can grow. Although some predictions of ultimate reserve recovery ... more details
In semiconductor physics , the depletion region , also called depletion layer , depletion zone , junction ..., or have been forced away by an electric field . The only elements left in the depletion region are ionized donor or acceptor impurities. The depletion region is so named because it is formed from a conducting ... the depletion region is key to explaining modern semiconductor electronics diode s, bipolar junction transistor s, field effect transistor s, and varicap variable capacitance diodes all rely on depletion ... operation MOS capacitor , but depletion regions arise in all the devices mentioned above. Formation of depletion region in a P N junction Image Pn Junction Diffusion and Drift.svg thumb 250px right ... top charge densities Third electric field Bottom electric potential A depletion region forms instantaneously ...&pg PT512&dq depletion region called because mobile charge&as brr 3&sig b84Bgy5mwkyY51uQKiYqEO1XqyI ... PA62&dq thermal equilibrium depletion region&as brr 3&sig 5kOh5UaxuMfxRE wi BKcpk8iaU PPA61,M1 ... the depletion region . The uncompensated ions are positive on the N side and negative on the P side .... When the electric field is sufficient to arrest further transfer of holes and electrons, the depletion region has reached its equilibrium dimensions. Integrating the electric field across the depletion ... current components balance, as in the pn junction depletion region at dynamic equilibrium , the current ..., voltage across the depletion region increases. This widens the depletion region, which increases ... reverse saturation current flows. 2 Forward bias P positive with respect to N narrows the depletion ...&dq mos structure depletion region&as brr 3&sig DgGIDCk8aBFKm6fIBYnO6R1Q5zg ref The mathematical ... of rectifier rectification . Formation of depletion region in an MOS capacitor Image MOS Capacitor.svg thumbnail Metal oxide semiconductor structure on P type silicon Another example of a depletion ... the depletion region. In this device there is a limit to how wide the depletion width may become. It is set ... more details
Depletion gilding is a method for producing a layer of nearly pure gold on an object made of gold alloy by removing the other metals from its surface. It is sometimes referred to as a surface enrichment process. ref The Surface Enrichment of Carat Gold Alloys Depletion Gilding. Mark Grimwade in Gold ... gold that was not there before onto the surface of an object. By contrast, depletion gilding is a subtractive ... on an object s surface. Essentially, depletion gilding produces a high purity gold surface by removing ... some gold can be depletion gilded. Depletion gilding relies on the fact that gold is highly resistant to oxidation or corrosion by most common chemicals, whereas many other metals are not. Depletion ... depletion gild an object. However as a practical matter, the less gold that is present ... pronounced as more base metal is removed. For this reason, most depletion gilded objects are Burnishing .... Like other gilding processes, depletion gilding provides a way to produce the appearance of pure ... pure gold. Variations This section is linked from Keum boo The term depletion gilding usually refers ..., sterling silver can be depleted depletion silvering to produce a fine silver surface, perhaps ... depletion gilding is in fact used to produce a gold finish, rather than one of electrum or silver. Applications Depletion gilding is a decorative process, with no significant industrial applications. It is not widely ..., depletion gilding was widely used in antiquity. While it requires skill to execute it well, the process ... civilizations. Some form of depletion gilding has been used by nearly every culture that developed metalworking. The South American Sican culture in particular developed depletion gilding to a high ... , may have been developed specifically for use in depletion gilding. Certain cultures are thought ... that depletion gilding may have contributed to the concepts of alchemy , a major goal of which ... sci indu GTech 1999 26 Griwadet.pdf The Surface Enrichment of Carat Gold Alloys Depletion Gilding ... more details
Image Oil depletion per country.png thumb 300px right Oil depletion per major producing country. This model assumes world oil depletion remains constant at the 2004 level of 80 million barrels per day. ref name national geographic cite journal title The End of Cheap Oil url http ngm.nationalgeographic.com ngm 0406 feature5 fulltext.html journal National Geographic date June 2004 ref However, world oil depletion is currently as of 2008 at 85 million barrels per day. ref name national geographic website cite web title Tapped Out url http ngm.nationalgeographic.com 2008 06 world oil roberts text accessdate 2008 06 18 ref This model also assumes production will increase in the high capacity countries as low capacity countries become depleted. Oil depletion occurs in the second half of the Hubbert curve production curve of an oil well , oil field , or the average of total world petroleum oil production. The Hubbert peak theory makes predictions of production rates based on prior discovery rates and anticipated production rates. Hubbert curve s predict that the production curves of non renewing resources approximate a Normal distribution bell curve . Thus, when the Peak oil peak of production is passed, production rates enter an exponential decay exponential decline . ref name mkinghubbert1956 cite web url http www.hubbertpeak.com hubbert 1956 1956.pdf format PDF title Nuclear Energy and the Fossil Fuels Drilling and Production Practice author M. King Hubbert publisher American Petroleum ... 85 million barrels, shifting the estimated oil depletion year to 2057. ref name national geographic ... Per Day ref during the 2005 2009 period. Resource availability Main Oil reserves The world s oil ... a slower rate of depletion and a smooth transition to alternative energy sources could cause ... Peak Oil and Natural Gas Depletion The world most serious question Published June 12, 2003 http ... industry DEFAULTSORT Oil Depletion Category History of the petroleum industry Category Economic ... more details
Distinguish depleted uranium Merge Peak uranium date October 2009 Uranium depletion is the result of extracting and consuming uranium, a non renewable resource . The availability of high grade uranium ore will deplete over time meaning the fuel will become more environmentally and economically expensive to extract. ref cite web url http www.world nuclear.org info default.aspx?id 438 title Supply of Uranium Depletion and sustainability publisher World Nuclear Association date accessdate 2011 03 22 ref Limits to the impact of uranium depletion Uranium is different from conventional energy resources, such as oil and coal, in several key aspects. Those differences limit the effects of short term uranium shortages, but most have no bearing on the eventual depletion. Some key features are The uranium market is diverse, and no country has a monopoly influence on its prices. Even large increases in the price of uranium do not significantly affect the economics of nuclear power plants, because the cost of natural uranium makes up a very small fraction of the plant s operating costs about 9 . ref cite web url http www.world nuclear.org info inf02.html title Nuclear Economics publisher World Nuclear ... Supply of Uranium publisher World Nuclear Association date September 2009 ref Depletion in largest ... for which there is no imminent economic need, given the large conventional resource base and the option ... sir5294 508.pdf format PDF accessdate 2007 07 09 ref Pessimistic uranium depletion outlook Various ... depletion outlook All the following references claim that the supply is far more than demand ... lifespan of five billion years. ref name cohen83 whilst uranium is a finite resource mineral resource within the earth, the hydrogen in the sun is finite too thus, if the resource of nuclear fuel can ... Energy Peak uranium Depleted uranium References Reflist 2 DEFAULTSORT Uranium Depletion Category Futurology Category Peak resource production Category Uranium politics ... more details
recorded September 2006 . Ozone depletion describes two distinct, but related observations a slow ... hole . In addition to this well known stratospheric ozone depletion, there are also tropospheric ozone depletion events , which occur near the surface in polar regions during spring. The detailed ... 08 ref Both ozone depletion mechanisms strengthened as emissions of CFCs and halons increased. CFCs ... from the increased UV exposure due to ozone depletion. Ozone cycle overview File Ozone cycle.svg thumb ... ozone depletion. Laboratory studies have shown that fluorine and iodine atoms participate in analogous ... Ozone Depletion by Chlorofluorocarbons Nobel Lecture title Stratospheric Ozone Depletion ... 03 28 ref Observations on ozone layer depletion The most pronounced decrease in ozone has been in the lower ... Hole Tour Part II. Recent Ozone Depletion publisher Atm.ch.cam.ac.uk date accessdate 2011 03 28 ref ... depletion. ref http www.epa.gov ozone science hole whyant.html psc U.S. EPA Ozone Depletion dead link ... and predicted a gradual global depletion, which is why the sudden Antarctic ozone hole was such a surprise ... to speak of ozone depletion rather than holes. Declines are about 3 below pre 1980 values for 35 ... cite web url http www.epa.gov ozone science myths glob dep.html title Myth Ozone Depletion Occurs Only ... 06 28 accessdate 2011 03 28 ref Ozone depletion also explains much of the observed reduction in stratospheric ... made chemical ozone depletion. The total amount of effective halogens chlorine and bromine in the stratosphere ... the observed ozone depletion to the increase of man made anthropogenic halogen compounds from ... reducing ozone depletion and 1997 abnormally cold resulting in increased seasonal depletion . Source ... Ozone Depletion Trigger Image of the Day publisher Earthobservatory.nasa.gov date accessdate 2011 ... 06 26 accessdate 2011 03 28 ref As explained above, the primary cause of ozone depletion is the presence .... The Cl catalyzed ozone depletion can take place in the gas phase, but it is dramatically enhanced ... more details
Sci U S A 2009 106 3654 8 ref . Cholesterol depletion and leakage of the Na transmembrane potential ... depletion associated with the earlier statin studies of Ishikawa et al. ref Ishikawa M, Okajima ... Depletion of membrane cholesterol has been shown ref cite journal doi 10.1002 jcb.22081 author Maosong ... more details
their rate of formation is extremely slow, they cannot be replenished once they are resourcedepletion ... of resources Resourcedepletion Environmental degradation Tragedy of the commons Resource curse Over consumption See also Wiktionary resource Natural resource management Resource based view World ...Other uses resource disambiguation A resource is any physical or virtual entity of limited availability that needs to be consumed to obtain a benefit from it. In most cases, commercial or even non commerial factors require resource allocation through resource management . There are two types of resources renewable and non renewable. Value of a resource The purely economic value of a resource is controlled ... things that cannot be measured in money. Natural resource s like forest s, mountains etc. are considered .... See also Infrastructure Types of resources Natural resources Main Natural resource Natural resources ... it is actually drilled out and put into use, it remains a potential resource. Stock are the materials ..., where use has not yet been started and are saved for future use. Actual resource s are those ... resource, such as wood processing depends upon the technology available and the cost involved. That part of the actual resource that can be developed profitably with available technology is called ... classified as a third kind of resource, or as a subtype of renewable resources. They are dependent upon the speed and quantity of consumption, and overconsumption can lead to depletion and total and everlasting destruction of the resource. Important examples are agricultural areas, fish and other ... getting and estimating resource requirements people Getting and Estimating Resource Requirements ... but cannot be grasped or contained. Resource use and sustainable development Many resources ... usable commodities. This is known as resource development . With increasing population, the demand for resources has also increased. However, there is a difference in resource distribution distribution ... more details
Mergeto Intergranular corrosion date January 2010 Unreferenced date December 2008 Grain boundary depletion is a mechanism of corrosion , when grain boundary grain boundaries are depleted of some elements, changing their properties. Intergranular corrosion and selective leaching often involve grain boundary depletion mechanisms. Category Corrosion material stub ... more details
unreferenced date February 2011 In field effect transistor s FETs , depletion mode and enhancement mode are two major transistor types, corresponding to whether the transistor is in an ON state or an OFF state at zero gate transistor gate source transistor source voltage. Enhancement mode MOSFETs are the common switching elements in most MOS logic family logic families . These devices are OFF at zero gate source voltage, and can be turned on by pulling the gate voltage in the direction of the drain voltage that is, toward the VDD supply rail, which is positive for NMOS logic and negative for PMOS logic . In a depletion mode MOSFET, the device is normally ON at zero gate source voltage. Such devices are used as load resistors in logic circuits in depletion load NMOS logic , for example . For N type depletion load devices, the threshold voltage might be about 3 V, so it could be turned off ... just forms in the channel for an N type FET, enhancement mode devices have positive thresholds, and depletion mode devices have negative threholds for a P type FET, enhancement mode negative, depletion ... books?id eloRn9yF3XoC&pg PA290 ref Junction field effect transistor s JFETs are typically depletion ... it is difficult to make an oxide insulator. Alternative terminology Some sources says depletion type and enhancement type for the device types as described in this article as depletion mode and enhancement ..., so this defines depletion mode. Enhancement load and depletion load logic families Depletion ... of the 1970s the process supported both enhancement mode and depletion mode transistors, and typical logic circuits used enhancement mode devices as pull down switches and depletion mode devices as loads, or pull ups. Logic families built in older processes that did not support depletion mode transistors ... phase logic was sometimes used in processes that did not have depletion mode transistors available ... Zilog Z80 used depletion load silicon gate NMOS . References reflist Category Transistor types ... more details
The ozone depletion potential ODP of a chemical compound is the relative amount of degradation to the ozone layer it can cause, with trichlorofluoromethane R 11 or CFC 11 being fixed at an ODP of 1.0. Chlorodifluoromethane R 22 , for example, has an ODP of 0.05. CFC or R11 has the maximum potential amongst chlorocarbons because of the presence of three chlorine atoms in the molecule. The first proposal of ODP came from Wuebbles in 1983. It was defined as a measure of destructive effects of a substance compared to a reference substance. ref http www.ciesin.org TG OZ odp.html Ozone Depletion and Chlorine Loading Potential of Chlorofluorocarbon Alternatives ref Precisely, ODP of a given substance is defined as the ratio of global loss of ozone due to given substance over the global loss of ozone due to CFC 11 of the same mass. ODP can be estimated from the structure of a given substance. Chlorofluorocarbons have ODPs roughly equal to 1. Brominated substances have usually higher ODPs in range 5 15, because of more aggressive bromine reaction with ozone. Hydrochlorofluorocarbons have ODPs mostly in range 0.005 0.2 due to the presence of the hydrogen which causes them to react readily in the troposphere , therefore reducing their chance to reach the stratosphere . Hydrofluorocarbons HFC have no chlorine content, so their ODP is essentially zero. ODP is often used in conjunction with a compound s global warming potential GWP as a measure of how environmentally detrimental it can be. GWP represents the potential of a substance to contribute to global warming . References reflist 2 External links http www.epa.gov Ozone science ods index.html List of ozone depleting substances with their ODPs http www.ciesin.org docs 011 551 011 551.html Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion 1991 Category Ozone depletion es Potencial de agotamiento del ozono fr Potentiel de d pl tion ozonique hu zonlebont potenci l nl Ozonafbrekend vermogen ja pl ODP ekologia zh ... more details
The lithium depletion boundary LDB technique is a method proposed for dating open cluster s based on a determination of the lithium abundances of a cluster s stars whose masses are at about the hydrogen burning mass limit. ref Darling, David. 2004. The Universal Book of Astronomy . ref References references Category Open clusters astronomy stub zh ... more details
The Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion is a sequence of reports sponsored by WMO UNEP . The most recent is the http www.wmo.int pages prog arep gaw ozone 2006 ozone asst report.html 2006 report . The reports were set up to inform the Montreal Protocol and amendments about ozone depletion . Findings Changes in Ozone Depleting Compounds In the troposphere observations show that the total abundance of ozone depleting compounds continues to decline slowly from the peak that occurred in 1992 1994. Observations in the stratosphere indicate that the total chlorine abundance is at or near a peak, while bromine abundances are probably still increasing. Analyses of air trapped in snow since the late 19th century have confirmed that non industrial sources of the CFCs, halons, and major chlorocarbons were insignificant. The data suggest that substantial natural sources exist for atmospheric methyl bromide CH sub 3 sub Br . The abundances of HCFCs in the troposphere continue to increase. Changes in the Ozone Layer over the Poles and Globally Springtime Antarctic ozone depletion due to halogens has been large 40 50 exceptionally 70 throughout the last decade. In some recent cold Arctic winters during the last decade, maximum total column ozone losses due to halogens have reached 30 , but in warmer winters Arctic ozone loss is small. Ozone remains depleted in the midlatitudes of both hemispheres .... Arctic ozone depletion is highly variable and difficult to predict, but a future Arctic polar ... rep 2002 front page.html Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion 2002 http www.al.noaa.gov WWWHD pubdocs assessment98.html WMO UNEP Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion 1998 http www.al.noaa.gov WWWHD Pubdocs assessment94.html WMO UNEP Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion 1994 Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion 1991. WMO No. 25. Scientific Assessment of Stratospheric Ozone 1989. 2 ... of this series . Category Ozone depletion ... more details
Image br explosion.png thumb 300px Chemical mechanism of the bromine explosion. The blue area at the bottom represents the condensed phase liquid brine or ice surface . During springtime in the polar regions, unique photochemistry converts inert halide salt ions e.g. Br sup sup into reactive halogen species e.g. Br atoms and BrO that deplete ozone in the boundary layer to near zero levels. Since their discovery in the late 1980s, research on these ozone depletion events ODEs has shown the central role of bromine photochemistry. Due to the autocatalysis autocatalytic nature of the reaction mechanism, it has been called bromine explosion. It s still not fully understood how salts are transported from the ocean and oxidized to become reactive halogen species in the air. Other halogens chlorine and iodine are also activated through mechanisms coupled to bromine chemistry. The main consequence of halogen activation is chemical destruction of ozone, which removes the primary precursor of atmospheric oxidation, and generation of reactive halogen atoms oxides that become the primary oxidizing species. The different reactivity of halogens as compared to OH and ozone has broad impacts on atmospheric chemistry , including near complete removal and deposition of mercury element mercury , alteration of oxidation fates for organic gases, and export of bromine into the free troposphere . Recent changes in the climate of the Arctic and state of the Arctic sea ice cover are likely to have strong effects on halogen activation and ODEs. External links http www.atmos chem phys.net 7 4375 Halogens and their role in polar boundary layer ozone depletion Category Environmental chemistry Category Ozone depletion climate stub physical chemistry stub ... more details
Refimprove date August 2008 Depletion load nMOS NMOS n channel metal oxide semiconductor is a form of nMOS logic nMOS logic family which uses depletion mode n type MOSFET s as load transistors as a method ... load devices. This is partly because the depletion mode MOSFETs can be a better current source approximation ... one of the reasons early pMOS and nMOS chips demanded several voltages . The inclusion of depletion ... manufacturing steps compared to the simpler enhancement load circuits this is because depletion ... depletion load nMOS designs are still produced, typically in parallel with newer CMOS counterparts ... html prologues.html ref Depletion mode transistors Early MOS logic had one transistor type ... yet. A depletion mode device with gate tied to the opposite supply rail would be a better load, acting somewhere between a resistor and a current source. The first depletion load nMOS circuits were pioneered and made by the DRAM manufacturer Mostek , which made depletion mode transistors available ... reliably. At Intel, depletion load was introduced by Federico Faggin ex. Fairchild, later founder of Zilog in 1974. Depletion load was first employed for a redesign of one of Intel s most important ... ref Depletion load nMOS processes were also used by several other manufacturers to produce ... designs using Field effect transistor FET operation enhancement mode MOSFETs as loads, depletion load ... is complex. Processors built with depletion load nMOS circuitry include the 6800 in later ... Motorola is redesigning the M6800 microprocessor family by adding depletion loads to increase speed ... cases . A large number of support and peripheral ICs were also implemented using often static depletion ... and calculator ICs . Advanced processes for depletion load nMOS, such as Intel s family of scaled ... the speed power product over other typical contemporary depletion load nMOS processes. ref See for instance ... of the depletion mode n channel transistor. See http eia.udg.es forest VLSI lect.10.pdf ref Evolution ... more details
Inline date December 2010 The Oil Depletion Analysis Centre ODAC is an independent, United Kingdom UK registered educational charity. The centre is working to raise international public awareness and promote better understanding of the world s oil depletion and Hubbert peak peak oil problem. ODAC was founded in June 2001 on the belief that an informed public debate about the likely impacts of depleting Petroleum oil supplies is critically needed. A growing number of experts now predict that world oil production has peaked or will reach its physical peak within the coming decade and then start to permanently decline. The prevailing view of most energy policy makers and institutions is that near term oil supply is mainly an economic and geopolitics geopolitical concern. Under almost any scenario, however, lead time is running short for a smooth transition to new energy systems and a less oil dependent way of life. Aims ODAC aims to engage public interest, stimulate concern and create public interest momentum for progressive change in energy policy and planning. Disseminating available information as effectively as possible to news media, other opinion formers and leaders, interest groups, and the public at large Facilitating information exchanges between and among interested parties Monitoring developments in oil depletion analysis, maintaining an up to date information base, and offering an advisory service on oil depletion issues Trustees Christopher Patey Chair Formerly Head of Public Affairs and Community Relations, Mobil North Sea Ltd, and author of a book on the history of the company s activities, he is currently a non executive director of Sponsorship Consulting Ltd, a marketing communications firm. Sarah Astor Co founder of ODAC and of another UK charity that helps political refugees Asylum Aid , she was formerly a trustee of a research charity dedicated to sustainable ... published three books and numerous articles on oil depletion. Richard Hardman , CBE Former Vice President ... more details
Resource planning may refer to Enterprise resource planning ERP Manufacturing resource planning MRP and MRPII Distribution Resource Planning DRP Human resources HR disambig ... more details
Resource intensity is a measure of the resource s e.g. water , energy , materials needed for the production, processing and disposal of a unit of good economics good or service economics service , or for the completion of a process or activity it is therefore a measure of the Efficient energy use efficiency of resource use. It is often expressed as the quantity of resource embodied in unit cost e.g. litres of water per 1 spent on product. In national economic and sustainability accounting it can be calculated as units of resource expended per unit of GDP . When applied to a single person it is expressed as the resource use of that person per unit of consumption.Relatively high resource intensities indicate a high price or environmental cost of converting resource into GDP low resource intensity indicates a lower price or environmental cost of converting resource into GDP. ref Lorentzen, J. ed 2008. Resource intensity, knowledge and development insights from Africa and South America. HSRC Press, South Africa. ISBN 100 7969 2213 6 ISBN 13978 07969 2213 7 ref Resource productivity and resource intensity are key concepts used in sustainability measurement as they measure attempts to decouple the connection between resource use and environmental degradation . Their strength is that they can be used as a metric for both economic and environmental cost. Although these concepts are two ..., on the one hand, the efficiency of resource production as outcome per unit of resource use resource productivity and, on the other hand, the efficiency of resource consumption as resource use per unit outcome resource intensity . The sustainability objective is to maximize resource productivity while minimizing resource intensity. See also col begin col 3 Bioeconomics Econophysics Energy and Environment ... Economics Industrial ecology Population dynamics Resource productivity col 3 Sustainability accounting ... Sustainability Category Natural resources Category Resource economics Category Environmental economics ... more details
WS Resource is a family of specifications that enable and standardise interfaces for web services to give the appearance of statefulness this is accomplished using WS Addressing endpoints where a service QName is bound together with a resource identifier and resources , special web services that provide access to and manipulation of remotely stored data structures . Components WS ResourceProperties The state of a WS Resource is stored in a resource properties document in XML format. The WS ResourceProperties specification defines the properties of a resource as well as mechanisms for querying and modifying resource properties. WS ServiceGroup WS ResourceLifetime WS BaseFaults See also http www.oasis open.org committees tc home.php?wg abbrev wsrf OASIS WS Resource Framework technical committee compu network stub Category Web service specifications Resource ... more details
Infobox software name Resource Hacker logo File Resource hacker icon.png screenshot File Resource Hacker.PNG 300px caption Resource Hacker running in Windows 7 developer Angus Johnson released Start date 1999 12 03 latest release version 3.4.0.79 latest release date Start date and age 2002 03 24 latest preview version 3.5.2.84 latest preview date Start date and age 2009 11 19 programming language Object Pascal operating system Microsoft Windows size 2.08 megabyte MB after installation language English language English , Chinese language Chinese , Japanese language Japanese status Discontinued genre Resource Windows Resource extractor license Proprietary website http www.angusj.com resourcehacker Resource Hacker also known as ResHacker or ResHack is a freeware free Resource Windows resource extraction utility developed by Angus Johnson for Microsoft Windows Windows . It is used to modify program or operating system elements such as icons by extracting resources from Portable Executable executable program .exe , program extension .dll , and resource .res files. The utility is widely used. Citation needed date December 2009 Johnson has stated that he has no plans to continue development . ref name no longer developed http www.angusj.com resourcehacker Section Resource Hacker is no longer being developed ref On November 19, 2009, version 3.5.2 was released as a beta. This build added ... www.wilsonc.demon.co.uk d10resourceeditor.htm XN Resource Editor ref name no longer developed as a open ... code. References Reflist External links http angusj.com resourcehacker Resource Hacker homepage http www.askvg.com tutorial all about resource hacker in a brief tutorial Resource Hacker Guide http rammichael.com resource hacker fx Resource Hacker FX the improved Resource Hacker Windows software stub Category Windows software ja Resource Hacker ko pl Resource Hacker pt Resource Hacker ru Resource Hacker ... more details
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