File QuarkInc.png right Quark, Inc. founded 1981 in Denver, Colorado is a privately owned software company best known for QuarkXPress . It is called Quark because the company s goal is to create software ... Quark. At the end of 2006 Fred Ebrahimi gave all his shares of QuarkInc. to his children, with his ... QuarkInc. fr Quark entreprise ja Quark, Inc. pl QuarkInc. ... quark.com http www.quark.com about profile history.html Quark About Quark Company History Bot generated title ref As of August 2008, Quark s offerings include QuarkXPress QXP desktop publishing layout editor Quark Publishing System QPS an editorial system workflow system Quark CopyDesk a professional text editor Quark Content Manager QCM a content management system http dynamicpublishing.quark.com ... products printcollection Quark Print Collection Imposition Software for Adobe Acrobat and QuarkXPress Quark Interactive Designer an Adobe Flash authoring program. http dynamicpublishing.quark.com ... all products of Quark Xpress Author a plug in for Microsoft Word , adding bi directional XML authoring capabilities Company history Quark was founded under the name Quark Engineering in 1981. Between ... from their hard drive. They also attempted a product line called Quark Peripherals , but the market for storage devices at the time resulted in a huge financial loss. In 1986, Quark released ... of QuarkXPress 3.0 in 1990, Quark quickly achieved a dominant position in the desktop publishing ... 1990s, Quark faced intense criticism for slow innovation cycles, high prices, and a poor response ... for that market, which forced Quark to lower prices and invest more into service and marketing. As of 2007, neither QuarkXPress nor InDesign could claim a dominant position. In 2001, Quark followed ... 26alap 3Dno india site quark.com&cd 9&hl de&ct clnk ref By 2007 Quark had tired of its Look East approach ... Ebrahimi, Quark announced that it would change and started to lower prices and release versions more ... more details
About the particle Infobox Particle bgcolour name Quark image Image Quark structure proton.svg 225px ... each quark s color charge. The red and blue balls are labeled u for up quark and the green one is labeled d for down quark . caption A proton, composed of two up quarks and one down quark. The color ... 6 up quark up , down quark down , strange quark strange , charm quark charm , top quark top , and bottom quark bottom composition Elementary particle statistics Fermionic group generation 1st, 2nd ... Zweig 1964 discovered SLAC 1968 symbol SubatomicParticle Quark baryon number Frac 1 3 mass decay time ... Yes spin Frac 1 2 num spin states A quark IPAc en icon k w r k or IPAc en k w r k is an elementary ... atomic nuclei . ref cite web author title Quark subatomic particle url http www.britannica.com EBchecked topic 486323 quark work Encyclop dia Britannica year accessdate 2008 06 29 ref Due to a phenomenon ... cite web author R. Nave title Bag Model of Quark Confinement url http hyperphysics.phy ... of quarks, known as flavour particle physics flavor s Up quark up , Down quark down , Charm quark charm , Strange quark strange , Top quark top , and Bottom quark bottom . ref name HyperphysicsQuark ... quark flavor there is a corresponding type of antiparticle , known as antiquark , that differs from the quark only in that some of its properties have additive inverse equal magnitude but opposite sign . The quark model was independently proposed by physicists Murray Gell Mann and George Zweig in 1964. ref name Carithers cite journal author B. Carithers, P. Grannis title Discovery of the Top Quark ... 939 year 1969 doi 10.1103 PhysRevLett.23.935 ref All six flavors of quark have since been observed in accelerator experiments the top quark, first observed at Fermilab in 1995, was the last to be discovered ... quark , named up quark up SubatomicParticle up quark , down quark down SubatomicParticle down quark , charm quark charm SubatomicParticle charm quark , strange quark strange SubatomicParticle strange ... more details
Wiktionary quark TOCright A quark is an elementary particle. Quark may also refer to Computing Quark, Inc. , a software manufacturer QuarkXPress , their flagship page layout software Quark kernel , a microkernel used in the MorphOS operating system QuArK or Quake Army Knife, a game editor Quarks, X resources representing strings using integers Fiction Quark, a character in Valhalla comic Valhalla Quark, a Marvel Comics character often associated with Longshot Quark , a nonce word in James Joyce s Finnegans Wake Quark anthology series Quark anthology series , a science fiction anthology book series in 1970 and 1971 Quark, a type of robot in List of Doctor Who robots Quark Doctor Who Quark, a white dragon from Lunar The Silver Star and its remakes Quark magazine Quark magazine , a 1970s popular science and puzzle magazine Quark Star Trek Quark Star Trek , a character from Star Trek Deep Space Nine Quark, the family dog in Honey, I Shrunk the Kids Quark TV series Quark TV series , a short lived 1978 science fiction sitcom Other uses Peugeot Quark , a concept car Quark cheese , a soft cheese Quark song Quark , a song by Die rzte Quark, Strangeness and Charm song Quark, Strangeness and Charm , title track of an album by Hawkwind Quark, a brand of flashlight See also Captain Qwark , a character in Ratchet & Clank video games Cark , a village in Cumbria, England Quirks & Quarks , a Canadian weekly science news program Quirk disambiguation disambig da Kvark de Quark fr Quark homonymie it Quark ja pl Quark pt Quark desambigua o sl Quark razlo itev ... more details
Infobox Company company name Quark Pharmaceuticals, Inc. logo Image Quark Pharmaceuticals Logo.gif company ... 70 2006 industry Health Care homepage http www.quarkpharma.com www.quarkpharma.com Quark Pharmaceuticals ... diseases. ref http www.google.com finance?cid 7192103 Google Finance Info for Quark Pharmaceuticals ... targeted genes from producing proteins associated with certain diseases. The REDD14NP, one of Quark ... renal failure and hearing loss ref http www.hoovers.com quark pharmaceuticals ID 118070 free co factsheet.xhtml Quark Pharmaceuticals Company Overview Hoover s Bot generated title ref . History Highlights In August 2007 http www.medicalnewstoday.com Medical News Today announced that Quark obtained ... showed that rats that were treated with the injection of Quark s siRNA AKIi 5, which inhibits the gene ... index in rats greater than 250. ref http www.medicalnewstoday.com articles 78664.php Quark Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Presented Positive Preclinical Results Of Systemic RNAi Compound For Acute Renal Failure ARF Bot generated title ref Quark Pharmaceutical signed a collaboration agreement with the University ... . The collaboration includes studies on different SiRNA candidate drugs inhibiting Quark s proprietary ... news view 46747 LifeSciencesWorld Quark Pharmaceuticals Signs Collaboration ... News Quark Pharmaceuticals Inks a Deal to Advance Preclinical Pipeline of Hearing Loss Compounds. Genetic ... In 2006, Quark and Pfizer signed a collaboration agreement where Quark granted Pfizer the rights to develop and commercialize drug candidates that inhibit Quark s target gene RTP801 through RNAi. ref ... May 2007 Issue Bot generated title ref Since 2005, Quark also holds a collaboration with the Center ... is to analyze the effect of Quark s SiRNA drug candidate in preventing chemotherapy induced hearing loss. ref http www.medicalnewstoday.com articles 80177.php Quark Pharmaceuticals Extends Research ... Bot generated title ref In 2005, Quark licenced the phase II of compound BT16 to Sanwa for the treatment ... more details
Infobox recurring event name Quark logo File Top banner11.png 200px caption Innovation Personified http en.wikipedia.org w index.php?title Quark techfest &action edit location Goa, India years active 5 ... Goa Campus BITS, Pilani K. K. Birla Goa Campus website http www.bits quark.org Quark is the annual technical ... BITS, Pilani K. K. Birla Goa Campus . One of the biggest festivals of its kind in India , Quark .... Quark 2011 is scheduled to be held during February 3 6, 2011. From its modest beginnings in 2006, Quark morphed into a national level festival in its 2008 version, and since then, has consistently seen participation from all leading colleges across India. Quark usually features various events ... version 2006 , Quark was an inter campus competition, turning into an Inter Goa festival the next year 2007 . Quark 2008 went national for the first time, featuring participation from all major colleges ... url http sandpaper.bitsaa.org archives links SandpaperSummer2008 notes from goa quark.htm title QUARK ... thumb right 200px Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam s inaugural speech Quark 2009 saw greater participation than in the previous ... Of India date 9 February 2009 work publisher http timesofindia.indiatimes.com accessdate ref Quark ... features of Quark 2010. TEDxBITSGoa made its debut in this rendition, featuring notable speakers ... Quark events are divided into multiple categories broadly based on Core Engineering , Fundamental ... engine Burnout . Programmers Inc includes events like Binary Pirates ethical hacking contest and Geek ..., Quark 2010 Elixir covers the pure sciences with events such as Dexter s Lab , Chem Buzz , CSI ... require basic knowledge of economics. Besides the mainstream events, Quark also hosts a number ... a license from Technology Entertainment and Design TED , usually held in the campus during Quark ... editions of Quark include Prahlad Kakkar , Khurshed Batliwala Director, World Alliance for Youth ... and Guest Lectures Several workshops were conducted during the course of Quark 2010. As part of Corporate ... more details
Unreferenced date September 2009 A constituent quark is a current quark with a covering. In the low energy limit of Quantum chromodynamics QCD , a description by means of perturbation theory is not possible. Here, no Asymptotic freedom exists, but the interactions between valence quark s and sea quark s gain strongly on significance. Part of the effects of virtual quark s and virtual gluon s in the sea can be assigned to a quark so well that the term constituent quark seems appropriate. According to the Feynman diagram s, constituent quarks seem to be dressed current quarks, i.e. current quarks surrounded by a cloud of virtual quarks and gluons. This cloud in the end explains the large constituent quark masses. Definition Constituent quarks are valence quarks for which the correlations for the description of hadrons by means of gluons and sea quarks are put into effective quark masses of these valence quarks. The effective quark mass is called constituent quark mass . Hadrons consist of glued constituent quarks. The use of positions for the light constituent quarks is not exactly unproblematic in the description of hadrons. Binding energy The quantum chromodynamic binding energy of a valence quark in a hadron is the amount of energy required to make the hadron spontaneously emit a meson containing the valence quark. This is the same as the constituent quark mass. class wikitable Constituent quark Mass x Up quark val 308 ul MeV c2 Citation needed date March 2011 val 0.7 ul fm Citation needed date March 2011 Down quark val 308 ul MeV c2 Citation needed date March 2011 val 0.7 ul fm Citation needed date March 2011 Strange quark val 483 ul MeV c2 Citation needed date March 2011 Charm quark Bottom quark Top quark Describing hadrons using non relativistic quantum mechanics becomes difficult. Category Quarks nuclear stub ar de Konstituentenquarkmasse ... more details
Unreferenced date July 2009 Current quarks also called naked quarks or bare quarks are defined as the constituent quark cores constituent quarks with no covering of a valence quark . If, in one constituent quark, the current quark is hit inside the covering with large force, it accelerates through the covering and leaves it behind. In addition, current quarks possess one asymptotic freedom within the perturbation theory described limits. The mass of the current quarks carries the designation current quark mass . The local term plays no more role for the description of the hadrons with the light current quarks class wikitable Current quark Mass x Up quark 5 val 10 ul MeV c2 20 val 40 ul fm Down quark 5 val 10 ul MeV c2 20 val 40 ul fm Strange quark Charm quark Bottom quark Top quark A description is only possible with the help of relativistic quantum mechanics . DEFAULTSORT Current Quark Category Quarks physics stub ar de Stromquarks ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Orphan date December 2009 Quark was an United States American science magazine in the 1970s. DEFAULTSORT Quark Magazine Category Science and technology magazines Category Defunct magazines of the United States Sci mag stub no Quark ... more details
A quark nova is a hypothetical type of supernova that could occur if a neutron star spontaneously collapsed to become a quark star . The concept of quark novae was suggested by Dr. Rachid Ouyed ref cite web url http www.capca.ucalgary.ca title Rachid Ouyed s webpage accessdate 29 June 2008 ref University of Calgary, Canada and Drs. Dey and Dey Calcutta University, India . The quark nova hypothesis has been mentioned in various publications ref cite web url http www.capca.ucalgary.ca rouyed news.html title International News on the Quark Nova accessdate 30 July 2008 ref . When a neutron star spins down, it could convert to a quark star through a process known as Color confinement quark deconfinement . The resultant star would have quark matter in its interior. The process would release immense ... title Theories of Quark novae accessdate 29 June 2008 ref Quark novae may be one cause of gamma ... ejecta from Quark Novae author1 Prashanth Jaikumar author2 Meyer author3 Kaori Otsuki author4 Rachid .... A conservative estimate based on this indicates that up to two quark novae may occur in the observable universe each day. Theoretically quark stars would be radio quiet, so radio quiet neutron stars may be quark stars. Direct evidence for quark novae is scant however recent observations of supernovae ... 080604Secondsupernovaepointtoquarkstars.html Astronomy Now Online Second Supernovae Point to Quark ... Astronomical Society title Supernova SN2006gy as a first ever Quark Nova? ref References Reflist External links http www.spacedaily.com reports Quark Stars Could Produce Biggest Bang.html Quark Stars Could Produce Biggest Bang SpaceDaily Jun 7, 2006 http www.capca.ucalgary.ca bniebergal webPHP research.php?subdir strangeQuarkStars Meissner Effect in Quark Stars University of Calgary See also Quark matter Quark degenerate matter Hypernova supernovae DEFAULTSORT Quark Nova Category Quark ... star stub ko nl Quarknova pt Nova quark ... more details
Atahotel Quark or Quark Hotel is a hotel in Porta Romana district in Milan . ref http www.expedia.co.uk Milan Hotels Atahotel Quark.h24550.Hotel Information?rm1 a1&hwrqCacheKey b9fb03c2 7738 4933 9711 2d2be383638cHWRQ&hashTag default&rfrr 30461&c 13d46875 c42f 49ad 8538 5cd0ef0c8dfa&& Expedia ref References references ... more details
Image PGQuark.jpg thumb 250px The Quark at the 2005 Amsterdam motor show Peugeot Quark is a concept car from Peugeot , rather like a four wheeled motorcycle All terrain vehicle quad bike . The Quark was first displayed at the 2004 Paris Motor Show . It utilises hydrogen fuel cell s and has an electric motor on each of the four wheel s. All four motors combined give the Quark 30 kW or 40 horsepower hp . It can drive approximately convert 130 km mi before it requires refueling. The Quark is convert 2.38 m in long and convert 1.50 m in wide. The empty weight is convert 450 kg lb 0 abbr on and its top speed is convert 110 km h mph 0 abbr on . It can accelerate to convert 50 km h mph 0 abbr on in 6.5 seconds, and can carry two people with an additional load of convert 140 kg lb 0 abbr on . Although it may look like an All terrain vehicle ATV , it is considerably larger and not designed for true Off roading off road conditions. Because of its low ground clearance and short range, it would be more suitable for short trips in the city. Though the Quark received praise by many because of its exotic and unusual design, the Quark in its current form will not go into production. It does give a glimpse of what we might expect from Peugeot in the future however, especially when the fuel cell technology powering the vehicle has been perfected. It can now be seen in Paris at the Cit des Sciences et de l Industrie on the second floor of its exhibition site. External links http www.auto123.com en info news prototype,view,Peugeot.spy?artid 28552&pg 1 Auto124 article on the Quark peugeot Category Peugeot vehicles Quark Category Concept automobiles Category Hydrogen cars modern auto stub de Peugeot Quark fr Peugeot Quark ... more details
Superherobox Wikipedia WikiProject Comics image Image LEGION90 22 LadyQuark.png caption Lady Quark , from the cover of br L.E.G.I.O.N. L.E.G.I.O.N. 90 18 Dec. 1990 character name Lady Quark publisher DC Comics debut Crisis on Infinite Earths 4 July 1985 creators Marv Wolfman br George P rez real name Tashana species optional homeworld Earth 6 alliances L.E.G.I.O.N. aliases supports powers absorption of nuclear energies Lady Quark is a fictional character , a superhero ine in the DC Universe . In the DC Comics 12 issue limited series Crisis on Infinite Earths 1985 1986 , the character is one of the rulers ... had been won by England . Fictional character biography Crisis Lady Quark s husband Karak Lord Volt ... is saved at the last minute by Pariah comics Pariah , a dimensional traveler. Lady Quark helps most ... the Anti Monitor . After the Crisis is over, Lady Quark resettles on Earth with Pariah and Harbinger DC Comics Harbinger . Missing her husband, Lady Quark approaches Starman comics Will Payton Will Payton ... rejects her advances. L.E.G.I.O.N. Lady Quark is eventually recruited by Vril Dox to be become a member of the peace keeping force L.E.G.I.O.N. in L.E.G.I.O.N. 90 18. Lady Quark is apparently killed ... replaces her in L.E.G.I.O.N., but later dies in L.E.G.I.O.N. 94 70. Lady Quark s corpse is seen floating in space, heavily maimed. Return Eleven years later, Lady Quark returns alive and well without ... Earths of the Multiverse back into existence. Lady Quark is later freed and joins Earth s heroes in defeating Luthor in Infinite Crisis 2005 2006 . Lady Quark appears again in several splash pages of Tales ... 5 July 2009 . Powers and abilities Lady Quark is a metahuman with the ability to absorb and emit nuclear ... she can regenerate herself even from seeming death. Other versions An older version of Lady Quark ... links http www.dcuguide.com who.php?name ladyquark Lady Quark profile The Unofficial Guide to the DC ... Category Fictional royalty es Lady Quark fr Lady Quark pt Lady Quark ... more details
Infobox Particle bgcolour name Bottom quark image caption num types composition Elementary particle statistics Fermionic group Quark generation Third interaction Strong interaction Strong , Weak interaction ... 1997 title Discoveries at Fermilab Discovery of the Bottom Quark url http www.fnal.gov pub inquiring physics discoveries bottom quark pr.html publisher Fermilab accessdate 2009 07 24 ref symbol SubatomicParticle Bottom quark mass val 4.19 0.18 0.06 ul GeV c2 Minimal subtraction scheme overline MS scheme ... 1S scheme ref name PDG2010 decay time decay particle Charm quark , up quark electric charge frac 1 ... physics RH frac 2 3 The bottom quark , also known as the beauty quark , is a third generation quark with a charge of frac 1 3 elementary charge e . Although all quarks are described in a similar way by the quantum chromodynamics , the bottom quark s large Quark Mass bare mass around ... three generations of quark are required for CP violation see CKM matrix , meson s containing the bottom quark are the easiest particles to use to investigate the phenomenon such experiments are being performed at the BaBar experiment BaBar and Belle Experiment Belle experiments. The bottom quark is also notable because it is a product in almost all top quark decays, and would be a frequent decay product for the hypothetical Higgs boson if it is sufficiently light. The bottom quark was theorized ... A new quark model for hadrons journal Physics Letters B volume 57 issue 3 pages 265 doi 10.1016 0370 2693 75 90072 6 ref ref cite book author K.W. Staley year 2004 title The Evidence for the Top Quark ... K7z2oUBzB wC ref The bottom quark discovered in 1977 by the Fermilab E288 experiment team led by Leon ... Quark journal Symmetry Magazine volume 2 issue 8 pages ref ref cite journal author S.W. Herb et al . year ... the bottom quark beauty , but bottom became the predominant usage. The bottom quark can decay into either an up or charm quark via the weak interaction . Both these decays are suppressed by the CKM ... more details
Infobox television episode Title The House of Quark Image Image STDS9Ep303.jpg 270px br A surprised Quark ... The Search, Part II Next Equilibrium Star Trek Deep Space Nine Equilibrium The House of Quark is an episode ... of 4.4 out of 5 on the official Star Trek Website. Plot Quark Star Trek Quark s bar is receiving ... out of money and wants to start a line of credit at the bar. Quark refuses and the Klingon gets so angry he pulls his knife on Quark. As Quark backs away from the Klingon, Kozak stumbles and falls on his own knife killing himself. Quark sees this as a business opportunity and tells everyone that he killed Kozak in self defense. Quark gets a great deal of notoriety from this particularly from D Ghor, a Klingon who claims to be Kozak s brother. D Ghor asks how Kozak died Quark attempts to explain that it was an accident, but D Ghor clearly wants to hear otherwise. So Quark lies to D Ghor, claiming Kozak died in battle. After Kozak s widow, Grilka, arrives, she has Quark knocked out and taken ... house, Quark is forced to marry Grilka, allowing her to protect her property long enough for Gowron to let her inherit it due to extenuating circumstances if Quark really had killed Kozak in honorable combat, Grilka would have lost all claims to her House . Quark has to confront Grilka s enemies, leading the temporary House of Quark . Instead of fighting D Ghor who is not Kozak s brother after all , Quark checks the house s books, which prove that D Ghor has taken money from Grilka s house for years. However, trying to prove it in the High Council only leads to D Ghor claiming Quark s accusations ..., Quark tosses aside his weapon and mocks D Ghor s efforts, noting that if he does win and claim all ... and tries to kill Quark, he reveals his greed and dishonor to the Council and Gowron discommendation ... to Quark for his efforts, and he asks for a divorce, which she happily grants in customary ... in which Gowron appears that does not feature Worf. External links Memoryalpha The House of Quark ... more details
A quark star or strange star is a hypothetical type of exotic star composed of quark matter , or strange ... neutron s break down into their constituent quark s up quark s and down quark s. Some of these quarks may then become strange quarks and form strange matter. The star then becomes known as a quark star ... interaction strong force . Quark matter strange matter is one candidate for the theoretical dark matter ... by which quark stars with strange quark nugget s may decrease the objects electric fields and densities ... volume 73 journal Physical Review D ref contends that, A sharp interface between quark matter and the vacuum ... strangelet crusts, analogous to those of neutron stars. Other theorized quark formations Jaffe 1977, suggested a four quark state with strangeness qs overline qs . Jaffe 1977 suggested the H dibaryon , a six quark state with equal numbers of up , down , and strange quarks represented as uuddss or udsuds . Bound multi quark systems with heavy quarks QQ overline qq . In 1987, a pentaquark state was first proposed with a charm anti quark qqqs overline c . Pentaquark state with an antistrange quark ... Observed overdense neutron stars Quark stars and strange stars are entirely hypothetical at this point .... E. title The puzzles of RX J1856.5 3754 neutron star or quark star? journal Nuclear Physics B Proceedings ... of quark star or strange star existence will play out by now the possibility that RX J1856 is a quark ... to the possible existence of quark stars, ref http astronomynow.com 080604Secondsupernovaepointtoquarkstars.html Astronomy Now Online Second Supernovae Point to Quark Stars ref and it has been suggested that the collapsed core of supernova SN1987A may be a quark star. ref cite journal author1 Chan ... 695 1 732 journal Astrophysical Journal title Could the compact remnant of SN 1987A be a quark star ... quark star may hold secret to early universe.html New Scientist Quark star may hold secret to early universe ref See also Portal Star Quark nova Quantum chromodynamics Neutron stars neutron ... more details
Infobox Particle bgcolour name Charm quark image caption num types composition Elementary particle statistics Fermionic group Quark generation Second interaction Strong interaction Strong , Weak interaction ... et al. Brookhaven National Laboratory BNL br 1974 symbol SubatomicParticle Charm quark mass val 1.27 ... particle Strange quark , Down quark ref name hyperphysics cite web quote The c quark has about 5 probability of decaying into a d quark instead of an s quark. author Carl Rod Nave url http hyperphysics.phy astr.gsu.edu hbase particles qrkdec.html title Transformation of Quark Flavors by the Weak ... 2010 title Review of Particles Physics The CKM Quark Mixing Matrix url http pdg.lbl.gov 2010 reviews ... frac 1 3 , Chirality physics RH frac 4 3 The charm quark or c quark from its symbol, c is the third most massive of all quark s, a type of elementary particle , and a major constituent of matter . Charm ... with the strange quark is part of the generation physics second generation of matter, and has an electric charge of frac 2 3 elementary charge e and a Quark Mass bare mass of val 1.27 0.07 0.09 ul GeV c2 . ref name PDG2010 Like all quark s, the charm quark is an elementary particle elementary ... of the charm quark is the charm antiquark sometimes called anticharm quark or simply anticharm , which ... sign . The existence of a fourth quark had been speculated by a number of authors around 1964 ... ref The first charmed particle a particle containing a charm quark to be discovered was the J &psi ... ref The discovery of the SubatomicParticle J Psi and thus the charm quark ushered in a series ... charm quarks include D meson s contain a charm quark or its antiparticle and an up quark up or down quark . SubatomicParticle Strange D mesons contain a charm quark and a strange quark . There are many ... quark and its antiparticle. Charmed baryon s have been observed, and are named in analogy with strange baryons e.g. SubatomicParticle Charmed Lambda . See also Quark model Notes reflist Further reading ... more details
Physical cosmology In physical cosmology the quark epoch was the period in the evolution of the early universe when the fundamental interaction s of gravitation , electromagnetism , the strong interaction and the weak interaction had taken their present forms, but the temperature of the universe was still too high to allow quark s to bind together to form hadron s. The quark epoch began approximately 10 sup 12 sup seconds after the Big Bang , when the preceding electroweak epoch ended as the electroweak interaction separated into the weak interaction and electromagnetism. During the quark epoch the universe was filled with a dense, hot quark gluon plasma , containing quarks, leptons and their antiparticles. Collisions between particles were too energetic to allow quarks to combine into meson s or baryon s. The quark epoch ended when the universe was about 10 sup 6 sup seconds old, when the average energy of particle interactions had fallen below the binding energy of hadrons. The following period, when quarks became confined within hadrons, is known as the hadron epoch . References cite book last Allday first Jonathan title Quarks, Leptons and the Big Bang publisher Second Edition year 2002 id ISBN 978 0750308069 http ic030059.ithaca.edu britt ph175 Stars29.pdf Physics 175 Stars and Galazies The Big Bang, Matter and Energy Ithaca College , New York Big Bang timeline Category Big Bang Category Physical cosmology ar ca poca dels quarks ko pt Era Quark fi Kvarkkiepookki vi K nguy n quark zh ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Additional citations date December 2009 Infobox Company company name Quark Expeditions company logo Image QuarkExpeditionsLogo.png company type Subsidiary of TUI Travel location Waterbury, Vermont Waterbury , Vermont VT , United States homepage http www.quarkexpeditions.com www.quarkexpeditions.com Quark Expeditions was founded in 1991 by Lars Wikander and Mike McDowell, specializing in expeditions to the Arctic and Antarctic aboard purpose built expedition vessels. In 1998, Lars Wikander became the majority owner of the company. Three years later Lars became Chairman of the Board, when Patrick Shaw joined the company as President and Chief Executive Officer. On May 1, 2007, Quark Expeditions became part of the UK based TUI Travel PLC Group of Companies. Polar Fleet Quark s Arctic fleet includes 2 polar class icebreakers the nuclear powered 50 Years of Victory and the diesel powered Kapitan Khlebnikov , purpose built to navigate the frozen waters of the Russian Arctic . Each icebreaker is equipped with helicopters and Zodiacs, enabling travel to remote locations that other vessels in the Arctic cannot, including the North Pole . Quark has the largest and most diverse fleet of passenger vessels in the Antarctic. Within that fleet is the only helicopter equipped, polar class icebreaker outfitted for expeditions in Antarctic waters, the Kapitan Khlebnikov. The fleet enables Quark to operate the widest variety of polar itineraries of any other adventure company in the world, and the greatest number of departures to Antarctica. Quark Firsts The company was the first to transit the Northeast Passage with commercial passengers the first to take travelers to the far side of Antarctica and the first to circumnavigate the Antarctic continent with guests, twice. Recognitions In October 2006 and 2007, Quark was named a recipient of National Geographic Traveler s 50 Tours of a Lifetime for their Emperor Penguin Safari and the Far Side respectively. In the March ... more details
Infobox Particle bgcolour name Down quark image caption num types composition Elementary particle statistics Fermionic group Quark generation First interaction Strong interaction Strong , Weak interaction ... Down quark mass 4.1 val 5.8 ul MeV c2 ref name PDG2010 cite web author K. Nakamura et ... 2010 08 11 ref decay time decay particle Up quark electric charge frac 1 3 Elementary charge e color ... 2 3 The down quark or d quark from its symbol, d is the second lightest of all quark s, a type of elementary particle , and a major constituent of matter . It, along with the up quark , forms the neutron s one up quark, two down quarks and proton s two up quarks, one down quark of atomic nucleus atomic ... of frac 1 3 elementary charge e and a Quark Mass bare mass of 4.1 val 5.8 ul MeV c2 . ref name PDG2010 Like all quark s, the down quark is an elementary particle elementary fermion with spin physics ... , weak interaction s, and strong interaction s. The antiparticle of the down quark is the down antiquark sometimes called antidown quark or simply antidown , which differs from it only in that some ... and that of the up quark up and strange quark s was postulated in 1964 by Murray Gell Mann and George ... quark was first observed by experiments at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center in 1968. History ... independently of each other proposed the quark model , then consisting only of up quark up , down, and strange quark s. ref name Carithers cite journal author B. Carithers, P. Grannis title Discovery of the Top Quark url http www.slac.stanford.edu pubs beamline 25 3 25 3 carithers.pdf format PDF journal ... 09 23 ref However, while the quark model explained the Eightfold Way, no direct evidence of the existence ... thus confirming the quark model . ref cite web author J. I. Friedman title The Road to the Nobel ... Quark Mass Effects journal Physical Review D volume 69 issue 11 page 114005 year 2004 arxiv hep ... 4 ref but over time the quark theory became accepted see November Revolution physics November Revolution ... more details
Infobox Particle bgcolour name Up quark image caption num types composition Elementary particle statistics Fermionic group Quark generation First interaction Strong interaction Strong , Weak interaction ... up quark mass 1.7 val 3.3 ul MeV c2 ref name PDG2010 cite web author K. Nakamura et al. Particle ... quark or u quark from its symbol, u is the lightest of all quark s, a type of elementary particle , and a major constituent of matter . It, along with the down quark , forms the neutron s one up quark, two down quarks and proton s two up quarks, one down quark of atomic nucleus atomic nuclei . It is part ... elementary charge e and a Quark Mass bare mass of 1.5 val 3.3 ul MeV c2 . Like all quark s, the up quark is an elementary particle elementary fermion with spin physics spin spin 1 2 frac 1 2 , and experiences ... interaction s. The antiparticle of the up quark is the up antiquark sometimes called antiup quark or simply antiup , which differs from it only in that some of its properties have additive inverse equal magnitude but opposite sign . Its existence and that of the down quark down and strange quark s was postulated in 1964 by Murray Gell Mann and George Zweig to explain the Eightfold Way physics Eightfold Way classification scheme of hadron s. The up quark was first observed by experiments ... of each other proposed the quark model , then consisting only of up, down quark down , and strange quark s. ref name Carithers cite journal author B. Carithers, P. Grannis title Discovery of the Top Quark ... However, while the quark model explained the Eightfold Way, no direct evidence of the existence of quarks ... the quark model . ref cite web author J. I. Friedman title The Road to the Nobel Prize url http ... ref ref cite journal author S. Kretzer et al. title CTEQ6 Parton Distributions with Heavy Quark Mass ... but over time the quark theory became accepted see November Revolution physics November Revolution ..., the Quark Mass bare mass of the up quark is not well determined, but probably lies between 1.7 and val ... more details
Other uses Quark disambiguation Image Twarog.jpg thumb 280px Polish twar g in the traditional wedge shape Image Speisequark Workshop Cologne 06 .jpeg thumb 280px German quark in its usual creamy form Quark ... varieties of cottage cheese are made with rennet , whereas traditional quark is not. It is soft, white ... Italian recooked is made from scalded whey . Quark usually has much lower fat content about the same as yoghurt than cream cheeses and has no salt added. In Germany, quark is sold in small plastic tubs and usually comes in two different varieties, Magerquark lean quark and Sahnequark cream quark with added ..., the latter also forms the basis of a large number of quark desserts. Much like yoghurts in most parts of the world, these treats mostly come with fruit flavouring Fr chtequark , fruit quark , and are often also simply referred to as quark. As the large popularity of quark desserts is limited to mainly the German speaking countries, confusion might arise when talking about quark with people ... Quark , which in turn is derived from the Slavic language Slavic tvarog , Polish language Polish twar g ... language word for it is ser , but it is most commonly called fromage blanc . Quark is possibly ... , par. 23 ref Production Image Twarog packaged.JPG thumb right Packaged Polish twar g quark cheese Quark is a member of the acid set cheese group, meaning it is traditionally made without the aid ... 1999 sk9906e4.htm In Molkereien produzierter Quark wird meist mit Lab hergestellt. Quark produced in dairies is usually made with rennet. ref Because quark is consumed without aging, in the United States ... Jelen first P. coauthors A. Renz Schauen title Quark manufacturing innovations and their effect on quality ... by postweaning rats from Yoghurt, Quark, and Quark whey journal Journal of Dairy Science year 1991 ... it from getting hard, resulting in a thick, creamy texture. Quark is usually sold in plastic tubs with most or all of the whey. This type of quark has the firmness of sour cream but is slightly ... more details
Infobox Particle bgcolour name Top quark image Image Top antitop quark event.svg 200px caption A collision ... Quark generation Third interaction Strong interaction Strong , Weak interaction Weak , Electromagnetic ... CDF and D0 experiment D collaborations 1995 symbol SubatomicParticle Top quark mass val ... e 25 u s decay particle nowrap bottom quark 99.8 br nowrap strange quark 0.17 br nowrap down quark 0.007 ... The top quark , also known as the t quark from its symbol, t or truth quark , is an elementary particle and a fundamental constituent of matter . Like all quark s, the top quark is an elementary ... S. Willenbrock year 2003 chapter The Standard Model and the Top Quark editor H.B Prosper and B ... HXm6M YUzoYC&pg PA1&lpg PA1&dq quark 22standard model 22 series NATO Science Series volume 123 pages .... It has a Quark Mass bare mass of val 172.0 2.2 ul GeV c2 , ref name PDG2010 which is about the same ..., and for tantalum its tantalum 181. Hence tungsten. The antiparticle of the top quark is the top antiquark sometimes called antitop quark or simply antitop , which differs from it only in that some of its properties have additive inverse equal magnitude but opposite sign . The top quark interacts primarily ... decays to a W boson and a bottom quark , but it can also sometimes decay into a strange quark , and on the rarest of occasions, into a down quark . The Standard Model predicts its lifetime to be roughly val 5 e 25 u s . ref name Quadt cite journal author A. Quadt year 2006 title Top quark physics at hadron ... a bare quark. All other quarks Hadronization hadronize , meaning they can only be found in hadron s. Because it is so massive, the properties of the top quark allow predictions to be made of the mass ... quark was postulated in 1973 by Makoto Kobayashi physicist Makoto Kobayashi and Toshihide Maskawa ... of Top Quark Production in SubatomicParticle Antiproton SubatomicParticle Proton Collisions with the Collider ... author S. Abachi et al . D Collaboration year 1995 title Search for High Mass Top Quark Production ... more details
Infobox Particle bgcolour name Strange quark image caption num types composition Elementary particle statistics Fermionic group Quark generation Second interaction Strong interaction Strong , Weak interaction ... Strange quark mass val 101 29 21 ul MeV c2 ref name PDG2010 cite web author K. Nakamura ... 2010 08 11 ref decay time decay particle Up quark electric charge frac 1 3 Elementary charge e ... frac 2 3 The strange quark or s quark from its symbol, s is the third lightest of all quark s, a type ... , and other strange particle s. The strange quark was sometimes called the sideways quark in the past ... books?id oww5AAAAIAAJ&pg PA134&dq sideway quark v onepage&q &f false page 134 edition 2nd publisher Cambridge University Press isbn 0521313929 ref It, along with the charm quark is part of the generation ... charge e and a Quark Mass bare mass of val 101 29 21 ul MeV c2 . ref name PDG2010 Like all quark s, the strange quark is an elementary particle elementary fermion with spin physics spin spin 1 2 frac ... s, and strong interaction s. The antiparticle of the strange quark is the strange antiquark sometimes called antistrange quark or simply antistrange , which differs from it only in that some ... a particle containing a strange quark was discovered in 1947 kaon s , but the existence of the strange quark itself and that of the up quark up and down quark s was only postulated in 1964 by Murray ... No.8419 Th 8412 year 1964 ref independently of each other proposed the quark model , then consisting ... title Discovery of the Top Quark url http www.slac.stanford.edu pubs beamline 25 3 25 3 carithers.pdf ... 1995 accessdate 2008 09 23 ref Up and down quarks were the carriers of isospin, while the strange quark carried strangeness. While the quark model explained the Eightfold Way, no direct evidence of the existence ... thus confirming the quark model . ref cite web author J. I. Friedman title The Road to the Nobel ... Quark Mass Effects journal Physical Review D volume 69 issue 11 page 114005 year 2004 id arXiv ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date February 2009 Frucht Quark , known in some European countries as Dessert du Fromage Frais , is a fromage frais based yoghurt made by the Linessa brand, available through Lidl stores in Europe including the United Kingdom and Germany . It has 0.2 fat content. It is available in various flavours including cherry , vanilla , passion fruit , strawberry , and lime fruit lime . See also Lidl Category Brand name yoghurts Dessert stub ... more details
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