PulsedEnergyProjectile or PEP is a technology of non lethal weapon ry currently under development by the U.S. military . It involves the emission of an invisible laser pulse which, upon contact with the target, ablates the surface and creates a small amount of exploding plasma physics plasma . This produces a pressure wave that stuns the target and knocks them off their feet, and electromagnetic radiation that affects nerve cells causing a painful sensation. The technology can also be used as a lethal weapon, and indeed an early name was Pulsed Impulsive Kill Laser PIKL . PEP is intended for riot control and is said to work over distances of up to 2 km. It weighs about 230 kg and will probably be mounted on vehicles. The weight could become lighter as laser production technology improves. The system was developed by Mission Research Corporation now owned by Alliant Techsystems . It uses a chemical deuterium fluoride laser device producing infrared laser pulses. The plasma produced by the early part of the pulse explodes because its electron s absorb the energy of the later part of the pulse. In 2003, a US military review reported Fact date September 2008 that the electromagnetic radiation produced by PEPs had been shown to cause pain and temporary paralysis in animal experiments. Media This is similar to an energy weapon called a Zat. It is capable of incapacitating, killing, or disintegrating most living beings, depending on how often and how quickly the Zat is fired at them.The Zat is from Stargate SG 1. File Zat daniel.jpg Sources http www.globalsecurity.org military systems ground pep.htm globalsecurity.org PulsedEnergyProjectile PEP http www.newscientist.com channel mech tech dn7077 New Scientist Maximum pain is aim of new US weapon , 2 March 2005 Andrew Buncombe ... 2000 Category Non lethal weapons Category Energy weapons de PulsedEnergyProjectile fr Projectile nergie puls e pl Pulsedenergyprojectile ... more details
Unreferenced date September 2009 A pulsedenergy weapon is any weapon that uses pulses of electricity to fire a projectile, or operates by transferring electric current to its target. These weapons often use large capacitor s to build up a charge which is released when the weapon is fired. Large high end systems sometimes use compulsator s which store energy using rotational inertia. Weapons which do not use projectiles, such as the stun gun and laser gun, do not need any ammunition other than a power source. Common pulsedenergy weapons Taser A combination of a conventional weapon & electrical weapon Electroshock weapon Stun gun Experimental pulsedenergy weapons Railgun Coilgun Certain laser s Fictional pulsedenergy weapons Some raygun s and plasma rifle s Leyden ball rifles, of Jules Verne origin Weapons mounted on space ships in the Star Trek universe Most weapons used by advanced species in the Stargate Stargate universe The most common weapon type in the Farscape television series Laser guns in computer games are usually pulsed as the game would be too easy if the weapon emitted a continuous beam when a continuous beam weapon does exist, it is typically either one of the strongest weapons in the game burning through both the toughest of enemies or obstacles and its entire ammo or energy supply in a few seconds or one of the weakest . References reflist See also Directed energy weapon Category Energy weapons weapon stub ... more details
explosives, while the Kinetic Energy Interceptor KEI , Lightweight Exo Atmospheric Projectile LEAP ... wikitable Projectile colspan 4 Speed Specific kinetic energy Velocity 2 2 object falling 1 m 4.43 m ...Unreferenced date October 2007 A projectile is any object projected into space empty or not by the exertion ... may be referred to as a projectile, the term more commonly refers to a weapon . ref cite web title The free Dictionary url http www.thefreedictionary.com projectile work publisher date accessdate 2010 05 19 ref ref cite web title Dictionary.com url http dictionary.reference.com browse projectile work publisher date accessdate 2010 05 19 ref For details of the mathematics surrounding projectile trajectory , see equations of motion . Motive force See also Projectile motion File Schwerer Gustav projectile 2.jpg thumb right 220px Projectile and cartridge case for the massive World War II German ... engines. Ballistics analyze the projectile trajectory , the forces acting upon the projectile, and the impact that a projectile has on a target. An explosion, whether or not by a weapon, causes ... termed Fragmentation weaponry fragments . Delivery projectiles Many projectiles, e.g. Shell projectile ... from explosive payload, a projectile can be designed to cause special damage, e.g. fire see also early thermal weapons , or poisoning see also arrow poison . Kinetic projectiles See also Kinetic energy penetrator A projectile which does not contain an explosive charge or any other kind of charge is termed kinetic projectile , kinetic energy weapon , kinetic energy warhead , kinetic warhead or kinetic penetrator . Typical kinetic energy weapons are blunt projectiles such as Rock geology rock s and round ... s, as well as kinetic energy penetrator s. All of these weapons work by attaining a high muzzle velocity hypervelocity , and collision collide with their target, converting their kinetic energy into destructive ... to attain an extremely high velocity, their released kinetic energy alone is enough to destroy ... more details
Pulsed power is the term used to describe the science and technology of accumulating energy over a relatively long period of time and releasing it very quickly thus increasing the instantaneous power. Overview Steady accumulation of energy followed by its rapid release can result in the delivery of a larger amount of instantaneous power physics power over a shorter period of time although the total energy is the same . Energy is typically stored within electrostatic field s capacitor s , magnetic field s inductor , as mechanical energy using large flywheel s connected to special purpose high current alternator s , or as chemical energy high current lead acid battery electricity batteries , or explosives . By releasing the stored energy over a very short interval a process that is called energy compression , a huge amount of peak power can be delivered to a External electric load load . For example, if one joule of energy is stored within a capacitor and then evenly released to a load over one second, the peak power delivered to the load would only be 1 watt. However, if all of the stored energy were released within one microsecond , the peak power would be one megawatt , a million times greater. Examples where pulsed power technology is commonly used include radar , particle accelerator s, ultrastrong magnetic field s, fusion power fusion research, electromagnetic pulse s, and high power pulsed laser s. History Pulsed Power was first developed during World War II for use in Radar . Radar requires short high power pulses. After the war development continued in other applications leading to the super pulsed power machines at Sandia National Laboratories . See also Marx generator Explosively pumped flux compression generator Compulsator Electromagnetic pulse EMP Z machine Particle ... ABB Pulsed Power Manufacturer of semiconductor based replacements for thyratrons DEFAULTSORT Pulsed Power Category Power physics Category Pulsed power fr Hautes puissances puls es ... more details
MHz of RF energy. The duty cycle for a pulsed radio frequency is the percent time the RF packet is on, 4.2 ... MHz of RF energy gallery Pulsed Radio Frequency and Radar The best understood and applied use of pulse radio frequency electromagnetic energy is their use in radar radio detection and ranging ref Skolnik ... uses pulsed radio frequency energy delivered via catheter at frequencies of 300 750 kHz for 30 to 60 seconds Thermal pulsed radio frequency takes advantage of high current delivered focally by an electrode ... proliferation induction healing chronic wounds through low energypulsed radiofrequency. Int J Low Extrem Wounds, 2009. 8 1 p. 45 51 ref pulsed radiofrequency energy . These technologies have been varied ...Pulsed radiofrequency is the technique where by radio frequency RF oscillations are gated at a rate of pulses ... energy is routinely produced by RF electrical circuits connected to a transducer usually called ... Relay League, Inc. CT, 06111 USA, 1997, ISBN 0 87259 174 3 ref . Pulsed Radio Frequency Wave Forms The figure below shows an example of a generalized pulsed radio frequency waveform as seen with an oscilloscope ... or scatter of pulsed radiofrequency waves emitted from a transmitter which are then detected ... 3 MHz to 300 GHz depending on the type and application Therapeutic Uses of Pulsed Radiofrequency Pulsed radiofrequency fields are an emerging technology used in the medical field for the treatment ... tissue wounds. There are two general categories of pulsed radiofrequency field therapies based on their mechanism ... for tumors and cardiac arrhythmia has been used for over 25 years, non thermal pulsed radio frequency ... used for lesioning of peripheral nerves to reduce chronic pain. Non thermal therapeutic uses of pulsed .... Pulsed radiofrequency therapy technologies are described by the acronyms EMF electromagnetic field , PEMF ref 7. Basset, C.A. , Fundamental and practical aspects of therapeutic uses of pulsed electromagnetic ... Uses of Pulsed magnetic Field Exposure A review. Radio Science Bulletin No.307, 2003 ref pulsed ... more details
extensive knowledge on structural and dynamical properties of paramagnetic compounds. Pulsed EPR techniques such as electron spin echo envelope modulation ESEEM or pulsed electron nuclear double ... wave methods. This resolution can be improved in pulsed EPR by investigating interactions separately ... of the pioneering early pulsed EPR was conducted in the group of W. B. Mims at Bell Labs during the 1960s ... bibcode 1961PhRv..123.2059M ref . Pulsed electron nuclear double resonance ENDOR was invented in 1965 by Mims ref name PENDOR cite journal author Mims, W. B. title Pulsed endor experiments ..., pulsed NMR transitions are detected with pulsed EPR. ESEEM and pulsed ENDOR continue ... commercial pulsed EPR and ENDOR spectrometers in the X band frequency range, lead to a fast growth of the field. In the 1990s, parallel to the upcoming high field EPR, pulsed EPR and ENDOR became a new fast advancing magnetic resonance spectroscopy tool and the first commercial pulsed EPR ... of pulsed EPR is similar to NMR spectroscopy. Differences can be found in the relative size of the magnetic ... description. For a better understanding of the concept of pulsed EPR let us consider the effects ..., one parallel and one antiparallel to B sub 0 sub . Because of the lower energy of the parallel state ... ESEEM ref name Schweiger and pulsed Electron nuclear double resonance ENDOR ref name PENDOR ref name ... , in which spins are used to store information, have led to new lines of research in pulsed EPR. One of the most popular pulsed EPR experiments currently is double electron electron resonance DEER , which is also known as pulsed electron electron double resonance ELDOR . ref name Schweiger This uses ... www.bruker biospin.com pulse.html Pulse EPR Bruker BioSpin DEFAULTSORT Pulsed EPR Category Spectroscopy ... more details
Orphan date November 2006 Refimprove date March 2009 Pulsed columns are a type of liquid liquid extraction equipment ref citebook title Chemical Engineering first1 John Metcalfe last1 Coulson first2 John Francis last2 Richardson first3 J. H. last3 Harker first4 John last4 Backhurst edition 5th publisher Butterworth Heinemann year 2002 ISBN 0750644451 ref examples of this class of extraction equipment is used at the BNFL plant THORP . References refs Category Chemical engineering chem stub pt Coluna pulsada ... more details
Image Rectification.svg thumb right 350px Rectification of a sine wave produces pulsed DC. Pulsed DC or PDC is the form of wave produced from a Rectifier half wave rectifier or a Rectifier full wave rectifier . Full wave rectified ac is more commonly known as Rectified AC . PDC has some characteristics of both alternating current AC and direct current DC waveforms. The voltage of a DC wave is roughly constant, whereas the voltage of an AC waveform continually varies between positive and negative values. Like an AC wave, the voltage of a PDC wave continually varies, but like a DC wave, the sign of the voltage is constant. Most modern electronic items function using a DC voltage, so the PDC waveform must usually be smoothed before use. A reservoir capacitor converts the PDC wave into a DC waveform with some superimposed ripple. When the PDC voltage is initially applied, it charges the capacitor, which acts as a short term storage device to keep the output at an acceptable level while the PDC waveform is at a low voltage. Voltage regulation is often also applied using either linear regulator linear or switching regulator switching regulation. Pulsed DC may also be generated for purposes other than rectification. It is often used to reduce electrical arcs when generating thin carbon films, http www.astex.com eni rcsi TN.html and for increasing yield in semiconductor fabrication by reducing electrostatic build up. http www.freepatentsonline.com 5249094.html It is also generated by the voltage regulators in some automobiles, e.g., the classical air cooled Volkswagen Beetle. Category Electric power electronics stub ... more details
important, as a more massive projectile will have more kinetic energy , and will thus be less ... s energy to be given to the projectile, yielding greater range. Rifling , while it may not increase ...unreferenced date September 2011 image ProjectileRange.jpg right thumb 250 px The path of this projectile ... gravity field, a projectile launched with specific initial conditions will have a predictable range. As in Trajectory of a projectile , we will use The following applies for ranges which ... the Earth s surface var var the angle at which the projectile is launched var v var the velocity at which the projectile is launched var y sub 0 sub var the initial height of the projectile var d var the total horizontal distance travelled by the projectile When neglecting air resistance, the range of a projectile will be math d frac v cos theta g left v sin theta sqrt v sin theta 2 2gy 0 right ..., the range of the projectile will then simplify to math d frac v 2 g sin 2 theta math Ideal projectile motion Ideal projectile motion assumes that there is no air resistance . This assumption simplifies the math greatly, and is a close approximation of actual projectile motion in cases where the distances travelled are small. Ideal projectile motion is also a good introduction to the topic before ... thumb right 300px Range of a projectile in vacuum . First we examine the case where var y sub 0 sub var is zero. The horizontal position of the projectile is math x t frac v cos left theta right ... are interested in the time when the projectile returns to the same height it originated at, thus math ... 2 v sin theta g math The first solution corresponds to when the projectile is first launched. The second solution is the useful one for determining the range of the projectile. Plugging this value for var ... 1 2 g t 2 math Once again we solve for var t var in the case where the var y var position of the projectile ... Maximum range Image Ideal projectile motion for different angles.svg thumb 350px Trajectories of projectiles ... more details
For other meanings, see Slug disambiguation A slug is a term used for a solid Ballistics ballistic projectile. It is solid in the sense of being composed of one piece the shape can vary widely, including partially hollowed shapes. The term is occasionally applied to bullet s just the projectile, never the cartridge firearms cartridge as a whole , but is most commonly applied to shotgun projectiles, to differentiate from shotshell s. A water slug refers to shooting a submarine s torpedo tube without first loading a torpedo Citation needed date August 2009 . See also Shotgun slug DEFAULTSORT Slug Projectile Category Projectiles Category Shotgun shells Category Ammunition Firearms stub sv Slug ... more details
about the artillery projectile the small arms cartridge shotgun shell Image WWI shells.JPG thumb Some ... A shell is a payload carrying projectile which, as opposed to round shot shot , contains an explosive ... to grenade are still used for an artillery or mortar projectile in some European languages. ref http ... fuzes with a spherical projectile presented a challenge because there was no way of ensuring ..., and it was realised that twisted rifling to spin an elongated projectile would greatly improve its ... copper driving band as part of the projectile. The driving band rotated the projectile ... standard projectile weight while Howitzers were designated by barrel calibre. British Guns and their ammunition ... . Usually this referred to the actual weight of the standard projectile shot, shrapnel or HE , but, confusingly, this was not always the case. Some were named after the weights of obsolete projectile ... the explosive charge also was a more expensive but higher detonation energy type. The mine shell concept .... Generally, the penetration capability of an armor piercing round is proportional to the projectile s kinetic energy. Thus an efficient means of achieving increased penetrating power is increased velocity for the projectile. However, projectile impact against armour at higher velocity causes greater ... to an efficient velocity for maximized kinetic energy. This is overcome by using a reduced ... resistance penetration resistance projectile with a larger area of expanding propellant push , thus a greater propelling force acceleration resulting kinetic energy. Once outside the barrel, the sabot ... energy penetrator Image Obus 501556 fh000022.jpg thumb French Arrow armour piercing round, a form of APFSDS An Armour Piercing, Fin Stabilised, Discarding Sabot kinetic energy penetrator APFSDS projectile uses the sabot principle with fin drag stabilisation. A long, thin sub projectile has increased sectional density and thus penetration potential. However, once a projectile has a length to diameter ... more details
Globalize USA date December 2010 File ProjPointTerm.jpg thumb 400px Standard projectile point terminology used in describing Native American projectile points a point or tip, b edge, c blade or face, d ... archaeological terms , a projectile point is an object that was hafting hafted to a projectile, such as a spear, dart, or Arrowhead arrow , or perhaps used as a knife . Stone tools, including projectile ... back to their original sources. Occasionally, projectile points made of worked bone or ivory are found at archaeological site s. In regions where metallurgy had emerged, projectile points were made from ... commonly used to make points in North America. The oldest projectile points found in North America were ... recent evidence suggests that North American projectile points may date to as old as 15,500 ... Na arrowheads.jpg thumb A collection of stone projectile points from North America Types Projectile ... to tip arrows. The question of how to distinguish an arrow point from a point used on a larger projectile ... . ref Thomas 1981 ref Projectile points come in an amazing variety of shapes and styles, which vary ... of projectile points have become more elaborate through the years. For instance, Gregory Perino began his categorical study of projectile point typology in the late 1950s. Collaborating with Robert ... projectile points has been produced by Noel Justice. ref Justice 1987 ref ref Justice 2001 ref ref Justice 2002a ref ref Justice 2002b ref See also Bare Island projectile point Cascade point Clovis point Cumberland point Eden point Elf arrows Greene projectile point Jack s Reef pentagonal projectile point Lamoka projectile point Levanna projectile point Lithic reduction Plano point Susquehanna broad projectile point Notes Reflist References Refbegin Cite journal author Fraser, Ray title A tribute ... to projectile points of the Midwest publisher Indiana University Press location Bloomington, Indiana ... and Nomenclature for New York Projectile Points, New York State Museum Bulletin Number 384 ... more details
. This is the equation of a parabola, so the path is parabolic. The horizontal range R of the projectile is the horizontal distance the projectile has travelled when it returns to its initial ... en upload files nikenuke projectile06d.html A Java simulation of projectile motion, including first ... limit cannot be measured using the concept of the projectile motion. DEFAULTSORT Projectile Motion ... more details
refimprove date September 2011 Image Ideal projectile motion for different angles.svg thumb 350px Trajectories ... of a projectile is the path that a thrown or launched projectile will take under the action of gravity ... near the Earth s surface var var the angle at which the projectile is launched var v var the velocity at which the projectile is launched var y sub 0 sub var the initial height of the projectile var d var the total horizontal distance travelled by the projectile Ballistics gr. ba llein .... Conditions at the final position of the projectile Distance travelled The total horizontal distance ..., see Range of a projectile . Time of flight The time of flight var t var is the time it takes for the projectile to finish its trajectory. math t frac d v cos theta frac v sin theta sqrt ... math if var var is 45 and var y sub 0 sub var is 0. The above results are found in Range of a projectile . Angle of reach The angle of reach not quite a scientific term is the angle at which a projectile ... at an arbitrary distance var x var Height at var x var The height var y var of the projectile at distance ... of the velocity of the projectile at distance var x var is given by math v sqrt v 2 2gx tan theta ... y var Image Trajectory for changing launch angle.gif right thumb 320px Vacuum trajectory of a projectile ... the restriction of y 0. Derivation First, two elementary formulae are called upon relating to projectile ... phi gr cos phi right math Trajectory of a projectile with air resistance Expert verify date June 2008 ... , respectively. The mass of the projectile will be denoted by var m var . For the derivation only the case where math 0 o le theta le 180 o math is considered. Again, the projectile is fired from the origin ... of the particle is not correct for a typical projectile in air with a velocity above a few ... acts The free body diagram on the right is for a projectile that experiences air resistance and the effects of gravity. Here, air resistance is assumed to be in the direction opposite of the projectile ... more details
Intense Pulsed Neutron Source IPNS was a scientific user facility at Argonne National Laboratory for neutron scattering research. The IPNS was the world s first pulsed neutron source open to external users and started operations in 1981. The facility ceased operation in January, 2008 after the omnibus bill forced Basic Energy Sciences BES to cease IPNS operations. ref citation url http www.pns.anl.gov title Intense Pulsed Neutron Source accessdate 2010 02 18 ref References references Category Argonne National Laboratory physics stub ... more details
Pulsed plasma thrusters are a method of spacecraft propulsion also known as Plasma Jet Engines in general. They use an arc of electric current adjacent to a solid propellant, to produce a quick and repeatable burst of Impulse physics impulse . PPTs are excellent for attitude control Note that attitude is the right word, it should not be changed to altitude. Attitude means orientation in space. , and for main propulsion on particularly small spacecraft with a surplus of electricity those in the hundred kilogram or less category . However they are also one of the least efficient electric propulsion systems, with a thrust efficiency of less than 10 . At present they are deployed in space vehicles and probes as space does not offer any frictional force when compared to that on earth. The extremely quick and repetitive thrust accelerates the space probe continuously. Thus it eventually reaches and goes beyond the speeds of conventional propulsion systems. The electrical energy required to operate the arc mechanism is abundantly available by harnessing the solar energy via self adjusting solar panels on the probe. File SchematiclayoutofaPulsedPlasmaThruster.png thumb Schematic layout of a Pulsed Plasma Thruster PPTs have much higher exhaust velocity than chemical propulsion engines. According ... to achieve high interplanetary speeds in the 20 70 km s range, within the Solar System . Pulsed ... engineers subsequently returned to the use of high pressure nitrogen jets. Pulsed plasma thrusters ... that the electromagnetic interference from the pulsed plasma did not affect other spacecraft ... External links http www.aerojet.com capabilities spacecraft.php Aerojet Redmond, WA USA Pulsed Plasma Thruster Vendor http alfven.princeton.edu papers tem jpc2002abstext.htm Design of a High energy, Two stage Pulsed Plasma Thrust http eo1.gsfc.nasa.gov miscPages TechForumPres 25 PPT.pdf EO1 Pulsed Plasma Thruster http w3.pppl.gov ppst docs chen.pdf Gas Fed Pulsed Plasma Thrusters From Sparks ... more details
A compensated pulsed alternator , also known by the portmanteau compulsator , is a form of power supply . As the name suggests, it is an alternator that is compensated see below to make it better at delivering pulses of electrical energy than a normal alternator. Description and operation seealso Flywheel energy storage The principle is very similar to an alternator, except the rotor is usually kept spinning by its inertia having been spun up by an external motor, or the compulsator itself having been used in reverse as an AC motor and the small matter of the compensation . The compulsator is used like a capacitor , to gather energy from a low power source and store it, then generate a high power output for a short period. The windings of a compulsator are different from those of a normal alternator in being designed for minimal inductance . This allows the current in the windings to change very rapidly, which is why this compensation makes it better at delivering pulses. The kinetic energy of a rotating object depends on the mass of the object, the shape of the object, and the square of the speed of rotation. Therefore, compulsators tend to have very light rotors spinning very fast in order to store the most energy in the available mass, and because too much mass in the rotor causes problems with the magnitude of centripetal force required to prevent the rotor from flying apart. Usage Compulsators are popular choices for high end railgun power supplies. One possibility being considered is to build an electric tank using a conventional diesel engine for propulsion and to charge a compulsator. The compulsator would be used to power a railgun, and potentially other pulsedenergy weapon s particularly electronic warfare systems also, the compulsator could be used in non pulsed mode to drive a tank with electric motors for limited periods as a kind of quiet mode , which could ... Energy storage es Alternador de pulsos compensado ... more details
File Rhumart MBI 3000 RESC Controller.JPG thumb 200px Drolet s 1990 Rhumart system, a PEMF device. Pulsed electromagnetic field therapy PEMFT , also called pulsed magnetic therapy , pulse magnetotherapy ... healing, PEMF uses electrical energy to direct a series of magnetic pulses through injured tissue .... The value of pulsed electromagnetic field therapy has been shown to cover a wide range of conditions ... repair and depression. ref Markov, Marko S. Expanding Use of Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapies ... June 2010. ref ref Mooney, V. A randomized double blind prospective study of the efficacy of pulsed .... Reversal of delayed union of anterior cervical fusion treated with pulsed electromagnetic field ... with adjunctive pulsed electromagnetic field stimulation. Advances In Therapy 18.1 2001 12 20. MEDLINE. EBSCO. Web. 10 June 2010. ref In 1979 the FDA approved non invasive devices using pulsed electromagnetic ... Fusion Procedures.html&source emed Blue Cross & Blue Shield of Mississippi Pulsed electromagnetic ... in patients at high risk for non fusion. ref In 2004, pulsed electromagnetic field system was approved ... of Mississippi Pulsed electromagnetic field systems with FDA PMA include the EBI Bone Healing ... clinical trial of pulsed electromagnetic field stimulation for cervical fusion Spine J, vol ... with pulsed electromagnetic fields. American Journal Of Orthopedics Belle Mead, N.J. 33.1 2004 ... that a pulsed magnetic field applied across the site of a bone fracture can accelerate the healing ... evidence collected through clinical studies. ref Boopalan, PRJVC et a., Pulsed electromagnetic field ... 10.1097 BCO.0b013e318198e8b2 ref ref REC Rose, BA Bryan Frankson Is There Still A Role For Pulsed ... Dante Dallari et al., Effects of pulsed electromagnetic stimulation on patients undergoing hip revision ... Implications of Adenosine Analogs and Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields PEMFs in Osteoarticular pathologies ... increase the probability of bony arthrodesis in spinal fusions. The use of low energy, time ... more details
the possibility of UV skin damage. IPL s Intense Pulsed Light work more directly on the top ... and&andorexacttitleabs and&fulltext Intense Pulsed Light&andorexactfulltext and&searchid 1&FIRSTINDEX 0&sortspec relevance&tdate 2 28 2009&resourcetype HWCIT Effect of Intense Pulsed Light ... epilation http www.iplskincheck.com IPL Skin Suitability Test Cosmetics DEFAULTSORT Intense Pulsed ... hu Villan f nyes sz rtelen t s ja sv Intense pulsed light tr Intense pulsed light ... more details
A pulsed rocket motor is typically defined as a multiple pulse solid propellant rocket motor . This design overcomes the limitation of solid propellant motors that they cannot be easily stopped and reignited. The pulse rocket motor allows the motor to be burned in segment rocketry segment s or pulses that burn until completion of that segment. The next segment or pulse can be ignited on command by either an onboard algorithm or in pre planned phase. All of the segments are contained in a single rocket motor case as opposed to Multi stage rocket staged rocket motors. ref Jensen, G.E, & Netzer D.W. Tactical Missile Propulsion, AIAAProgress in Astronautics and Aeronautics Volume 170 1996 ref The pulsed rocket motor is made by pouring each segment of propellant separately. Between each segment is a wiktionary barrier barrier that prevents the other segments from burning until ignited. At Combustion ignition of a second pulse the burning of the propellant generally destroys the barrier. The benefit of the pulse rocket motor is that by the command ignition of the subsequent pulses, near optimal energy management of the propellant burn can be accomplished. Each pulse can have different thrust level , burn time , and achieved specific impulse depending on the type of propellant used, its burn rate, its grain design, and the current nozzle throat diameter. ref Phillips, C.A, Energy Management for a Multiple Pulse Missile , AIAA Paper 88 0334, Jan., 1988 ref The Chinese People s Liberation Army Air Force has begun deployment of the PL 12 two pulse air to air missile. ref Aviation Week and Space Technology May7 14, 2007 p40 41 ref . References reflist See also Pulse jet engine , a very simple jet engine which used ignited pulses of gas or atomized fuel for propulsion. Nuclear pulse propulsion Category Rocket propulsion ja ... more details
Image PLD Plume.png thumb A plume ejected from a SrRuO sub 3 sub target during pulsed laser deposition. Image Configuration PLD.png thumb One possible configuration of a PLD deposition chamber. Pulsed laser deposition PLD is a thin film deposition specifically a physical vapor deposition , PVD technique where a high power pulsed laser beam is focused inside a vacuum chamber to strike a target of the material that is to be deposited. This material is vaporized from the target in a plasma plume which deposits it as a thin film on a substrate such as a silicon wafer facing the target . This process can occur in ultra high vacuum or in the presence of a background gas, such as oxygen which is commonly used when depositing oxides to fully oxygenate the deposited films. While the basic setup is simple relative to many other deposition techniques, the physical phenomena of laser target interaction and film growth are quite complex see Process Process below . When the laser pulse is absorbed by the target, energy is first converted to electronic excitation and then into thermal, chemical and mechanical energy resulting in evaporation, ablation , Plasma physics plasma formation and even exfoliation . ref name Perry Pulsed Laser Deposition of Thin Films, edited by Douglas B. Chrisey and Graham ... light and can collide with the atoms of the bulk material thus transferring some of their energy ... , laser energy, and ionization degree of the ablated material will affect the film quality, the stoichiometry ... and Coarsening during Pulsed Laser Deposition pmid 20366266 year 2009 last1 Ferguson first1 J. D ... each time material is added. History Pulsed laser deposition is only one of many thin film deposition ... than films deposited with alternative techniques. Since then, the technique of Pulsed Laser Deposition ... material Pulse energy of laser Distance from target to substrate Type of gas and pressure in chamber ... of Pulsed laser deposition Fundamentals of Pulsed laser deposition DEFAULTSORT Pulsed Laser ... more details
orphan date August 2009 The Bateman Pulsed Column BPC is a solvent extractor used in uranium mining . ref http www.batemanengineering.com.au index.php?pageid 21&subof 5 ref References Reflist Category Mining equipment Category Uranium mining mining stub ... more details
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