A binarysequence BS is a sequence of math N math bits, math a j math for math j 0,1,...,N 1 math , i.e. math m math ones and math N m math zeros. A BS is pseudorandomness pseudo random PRBS if its autocorrelation function math C v sum j 0 N 1 a ja j v math has only two values math C v begin cases m, mbox if v equiv 0 mbox mod N mc, mbox otherwise end cases math where math c frac m 1 N 1 math is called the duty cycle of the PRBS. A PRBS is random in a sense that the value of an math a j math element is independent of the values of any of the other elements, similar to real random sequences. It is pseudo because it is deterministic and after math N math elements it starts to repeat itself, unlike real random sequences, such as sequences generated by radioactive decay or by white noise. The PRBS is more general than the n sequence , which is a special pseudo random binarysequence of n bits generated as the output of a linear shift register. An n sequence always has a 1 2 duty cycle and its number of elements math N 2 k 1 math . PRBS s are used in telecommunication , encryption , simulation , correlation technique and time of flight spectroscopy . Practical implementation Pseudorandombinary sequences can be generated using linear feedback shift register s. ref Paul H. Bardell, William H. McAnney, and Jacob Savir, Built In Test for VLSI Pseudorandom Techniques , John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1987. ref See also Pseudorandom number generator Gold code Complementary sequences Bit Error Rate Test References reflist External links http www.scriptwell.net correlation.htm Refimprove date January 2008 Category Pseudorandomness Category Binary sequences de Pseudo random bit stream pl PRBS ru uk ... more details
. Unlike random noise, it must be easy to generate exactly the same sequence at both the transmitter and the receiver, so the receiver s locally generated sequence has a very high correlation with the transmitted sequence. In a direct sequence spread spectrum system, each bit in the pseudorandombinarysequence is known as a chip and the inverse of its period as chip rate . Compare bit rate and baud . In a frequency hopping spread spectrum sequence, each value in the pseudorandomsequence is known ... node1.html ref See also Maximum length sequencePseudorandom number generator Pseudorandomness White ...In cryptography , pseudorandom noise PRN ref cite web url http www.gps.gov technical icwg meetings 2011 09 13 WAS IS FINAL PRN Expansion 4May2011.pdf title Change Topic Pseudorandom Noise PRN Expansion publisher GPS.GOV accessdate 13 July 2011 ref ref cite web url http www.losangeles.af.mil library factsheets factsheet.asp?id 8618 title Pseudorandom Noise PRN Code Assignments publisher Los Angeles Air Force Base accessdate 13 July 2011 ref is a Signalling telecommunication signal similar to noise physics noise which satisfies one or more of the standard tests for statistical randomness . Although it seems to lack any definite pattern , pseudorandom noise consists of a deterministic sequence of Pulse signal processing pulses that will repeat itself after its period. ref FS1037C MS188 ref In cryptography cryptographic device s, the pseudorandom noise pattern is determined by a key cryptography key and the repetition period can be very long, even millions of years. Pseudorandom noise is used ... sequence has a very low correlation with any other sequence in the set, or with the same sequence ... Code A pseudonoise code PN code is one that has a spectrum similar to a algorithmically random sequence random sequence of bits but is Deterministic computation deterministically generated. The most commonly used sequences in direct sequence spread spectrum systems are maximal length sequence s, Gold ... more details
In cryptography , the term pseudorandom permutation , abbreviated PRP , refers to a function that cannot be distinguished from a random permutation that is, a permutation selected at random with uniform probability, from the family of all permutations on the function s domain with practical effort. A pseudorandom permutation family is a collection of pseudorandom permutations, where a specific permutation may be chosen using a key. The idealized abstraction of a block cipher is a truly random permutation. If a distinguishing algorithm exists that achieves significant advantage cryptography advantage with less effort than specified by the block cipher s security parameter this usually means the effort required should be about the same as a brute force search through the cipher s key space , then the cipher is considered broken at least in a certificational sense, even if such a break doesn t immediately lead to a practical security failure. See also Block cipher pseudorandom permutation families operating on fixed size blocks of bits Format Preserving Encryption pseudorandom permutation families operating on arbitrary finite sets Pseudorandom function Permutation box References cite book author Mihir Bellare , Phillip Rogaway date 2005 09 20 title Introduction to Modern Cryptography url http www cse.ucsd.edu mihir cse207 classnotes.html chapter Chapter 3 Pseudorandom functions accessdate 2007 09 30 Category Theory of cryptography crypto stub ... more details
of this term, see Pseudorandom number generator In theoretical computer science , a pseudorandom generator PRG is a deterministic algorithm deterministic procedure that produces a pseudorandom distribution ... sup , where s n , is a pseudorandom generator against F sub n sub with bias if for every f in F sub ... the seed length and the quantity n s is called the stretch of the pseudorandom generator. Functions from the class F sub n sub are sometimes called adversaries . A pseudorandom generator against a family of adversaries F F sub n sub with bias n is a collection of pseudorandom generators G sub n sub 0, 1 sup s n sup 0, 1 sup n sup , where G sub n sub is a pseudorandom generator against ... , and one is interested in desigining a pseudorandom generator that is computable in the same or some closely related model. Pseudorandom generators in cryptography In cryptography , the class F usually ... bit output, and one is interested in designing pseudorandom generators that are computable by a polynomial time algorithm and whose bias is negligible in the circuit size. These pseudorandom generators are sometimes called cryptographically secure pseudorandom generators CSPRGs . It is not known if cryptographic pseudorandom generators exist. Their existence would imply that P NP . However, the existence of cryptographic pseudorandom generators is widely believed to be true and their existence is necessary for many applications in cryptography . The existence of cryptographic pseudorandom generators is equivalent to the existence of one way function s see Pseudorandom generator theorem . Applications Pseudorandom generators have numerous applications in cryptography. For instance, pseudorandom ... of key length. Key length can be significantly reduced using a pseudorandom generator if perfect security is replaced by semantic security . Common constructions of stream cipher s are based on pseudorandom generators. Pseudorandom generators may also be used to construct symmetric key algorithm symmetric ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Notability Products date August 2011 A pseudorandom encoder is an electro mechanical device used for measuring distance and finding position. It is different from the conventional absolute and incremental encoder in its disk pattern, which gives it aspects of the other two designs. The disk of a pseudorandom encoder has an evenly spaced notch design just as an incremental encoder to measure distance. A second track of code is used to find the position just like an absolute encoder however, an absolute encoder tells position from reading from multiple parallel tracks while a pseudorandom encoder uses one single track. This aspect allows pseudorandom rotary encoders to have smaller diameters and larger through holes. To know its position, the encoder must first move a certain distance to read the code. This distance is generally small, about 1 2 degrees for rotary encoders and 1 mm for linear encoders, though this idiosyncrasy does hinder its usefulness in some applications such as trackball track balls since position is not immediately known when the system starts. ref cite web url http www.virtualabsolute.com VAoverview.htm title A New Kind of Encoder virtualabsolute.com ref See also Rotary encoder References reflist Category Dimensional instruments ... more details
Let math U U n n in mathbb N math be a uniform ensemble and math X X n n in mathbb N math be an distribution ensemble ensemble . The ensemble math X math is called pseudorandom if math X math and math U math are Computationally indistinguishable indistinguishable in polynomial time . References Goldreich, Oded 2001 . Foundations of Cryptography Volume 1, Basic Tools . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0 521 79172 3. Fragments available at the http www.wisdom.weizmann.ac.il oded frag.html author s web site . Category Algorithmic information theory Category Pseudorandomness Category Cryptography crypto stub ... more details
wiktionary binaryBinary means composed of two pieces or two parts and may refer to Mathematics Binary numeral system , a representation for numbers using only two digits usually, 0 and 1 Binary function , a function in mathematics that takes two arguments Computing Binary file , composed of something other than human readable text Executable , a type of binary file that contains machine code for the computer to execute Binary code , the digital representation of text and data Science Binary compound , a chemical compound containing two different chemical elements Binary explosive , an explosive made of two components that become explosive when mixed Binary chemical weapon , containing two chemicals that when combined make a toxic agent Binary fission , the splitting of a single celled organism into two daughter cells Binary star , a star system with two stars in it Binary planet , two planetary bodies of comparable mass orbiting each other Binary asteroid , two asteroids orbiting each other Other Binary album Binary album , the 5th studio album by Kay Tse, released on July 25, 2008 Binary option , also known as digital option or all or nothing option, in finance Binary novel Binary novel , a 1972 novel by Michael Crichton writing as John Lange Binary comics , a superheroine in the Marvel Universe Binary form , a way of structuring a piece of music Binary betting , a bet on a proposition which is quoted as a spread bet Binary opposition , polar opposites, often ignoring the middle ground Binary Assemblage 23 song , a 2007 single by Assemblage 23 from the album Meta Binary Research ... previous company, B32 Software See also Lookfrom Binary Intitle Binary Unary disambiguation Ternary disambiguation Quaternary disambiguation Binary prefix , indicating magnitude multipliers in a base two number system e.g., kilo , kibi , etc. Binary tree , a computer tree data structure in which each node has at most two children Binary coded decimal , a method for encoding for decimal digits in binary ... more details
of all infinite, binary sequences is sometimes called the Cantor space . An infinite binarysequence ...Other uses In mathematics , a sequence is an ordered list of objects or events . Like a Set mathematics ... possibly infinite is called the length of the sequence. Unlike a set, order matters, and exactly the same elements can appear multiple times at different positions in the sequence. A sequence is a Discrete mathematics discrete function mathematics function . For example, C, R, Y is a sequence of letters ..., or Infinite set infinite , such as the sequence of all even and odd numbers even ... notions of sequence, but may be excluded depending on the context. Image Cauchy sequence illustration2.svg right thumb 350px An infinite sequence of real numbers in blue . This sequence is neither increasing, nor decreasing, nor convergent, nor Cauchy sequence Cauchy . It is, however, bounded ... of which e.g. , exact sequence are not covered by the notations introduced below. In addition to identifying the elements of a sequence by their position, such as the 3rd element , elements may be given names for convenient referencing. For example a sequence might be written as a sub 1 sub , a sub ... definition of a finite sequence with terms in a set S is a function mathematics function from 1, 2, ..., n to S for some n 0. An infinite sequence in S is a function from 1, 2, ... to S . For example, the sequence of prime numbers 2,3,5,7,11, is the function 1 2 , 2 3 , 3 5 , 4 7 , 5 11 , . A sequence of a finite length n is also called an n tuple n tuple . Finite sequences include the empty sequence ... sequence or two way infinite sequence . An example is the bi infinite sequence of all even integers , 4, 2, 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 . Multiplicative Let A a sequence defined by a function f 1, 2, 3, ... 1, 2, 3, ... , such that a sub i sub f i . The sequence is multiplicative if f xy f x f y for all x , y ... of sequences A subsequence of a given sequence is a sequence formed from the given sequence by deleting ... more details
Infobox musical artist See Wikipedia WikiProject Musicians name The Sequence image caption image size Only for images narrower than 220 pixels background group or band alias origin Columbia, South Carolina Columbia , South Carolina , United States U.S. genre Old school hip hop br Funk years active 1979 1985 label Sugar Hill Records rap Sugar Hill associated acts Spoonie Gee website past members Angie Stone Angie Brown Stone Angie B. br Cheryl Cook Cheryl The Pearl br Gwendolyn Chisolm Blondie The Sequence is a former female old school hip hop trio signed to the Sugar Hill Records rap Sugar Hill label in the early 1980s. The group consisted of Cheryl Cook Cheryl The Pearl , Gwendolyn Chisolm Blondie , and lead singer rapper Angie Stone Angie Brown Stone Angie B. . The group originated from Columbia, South Carolina Columbia , South Carolina as a group of high school cheerleader s. Their most notable single was Funk You Up 1979 , which was the first rap record released by a female group and the second single released by Sugar Hill Records rap Sugar Hill Records . ref name Greenberg1999 Greenberg, Steve Light, Alan ed. 1999 . The VIBE History of Hip Hop . Three Rivers Press. p. 28. ISBN 0609805037 ref Elements of Funk You Up were later used by Dr. Dre for his 1995 single Keep Their Heads Ringin . ref Ego Trip s Book of Rap Lists Book of Rap Lists . 1999. Macmillan Publishers Macmillan ... Hold and later a solo artist. Discography Albums Sugarhill Presents the Sequence 1980 , Sugar Hill Records rap Sugar Hill The Sequence 1982 , Sugar Hill 51 Black Albums The Sequence Party 1983 , Sugar Hill Compilations Funky Sound 1995 , P Vine The Best of the Sequence 1996 , Deep Beats Monster ... The Sequence . Allmusic . External links http www.discogs.com artist Sequence, The Discography DEFAULTSORT Sequence, The Category African American musical groups Category African American rappers Category Female hip hop groups Category Female rappers Category Musical trios Hiphop band stub no The Sequence ... more details
generators Pseudorandombinarysequence Quasi random Random number generator attack Randomness Notes ...Citation style date September 2009 A pseudorandom number generator PRNG , also known as a deterministic ... Mar08 2007.pdf ref is an algorithm for generating a sequence of numbers that approximates the properties of random numbers. The sequence is not truly random in that it is completely determined ... generator s, pseudorandom numbers are important in practice for their speed in number generation ... . It will always produce the same sequence thereafter when initialized with that state. The maximum length of the sequence before it begins to repeat is determined by the size of the state, measured ... sequence. Mixes that are reversible permutations have periods of about 2 sup var n var 1 sup on average ... bit output. Most pseudorandom generator algorithms produce sequences which are uniform distribution ... quality PRNG from a truly random sequence without knowing the algorithm s used and the state with which ... random sequence. The simplest examples of this dependency are stream cipher s, which most often ... of generated numbers Correlation of successive values Poor dimensional distribution of the output sequence ... sequence distribution. Defects exhibited by flawed PRNGs range from unnoticeable and unknown ... cipher. http eprint.iacr.org 2005 165.pdf Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generators Main Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator A PRNG suitable for cryptography cryptographic ... advantage in distinguishing the generator s output sequence from a random sequence. In other words ... criteria for quality of deterministic random number generators. They are summarized here K1 A sequence of random numbers with a low probability of containing identical consecutive elements. K2 A sequence ... tests. The tests are the monobit test equal numbers of ones and zeros in the sequence , poker test ... , longruns test checks whether there exists any run of length 34 or greater in 20 000 bits of the sequence ... more details
between two of the earlier results. This attacker wants to predict the next sequence element. Such an attack ... 1 1 4 1 4 math . Then, the attacker wants to predict the next sequence element of this function, math ... f a 1 math and math f a 5 math . There are other attacks that would be very bad for a Pseudorandom ... Complexity One natural measure of how useful a sequence may be for cryptography cryptographic purposes is the size of its linear complexity . The linear complexity of an n element sequence W x , x ... sub math mathcal R math , which is satisfied by this sequence. For some math gamma math 0,n 1 math gamma ... of the sequence math f a x math ,0 x 2 sup n 1 sup , denoted by math L a math satisfies math L a geqslant ... F p math , then each vector a defines a Sequence Finite and infinite finite sequence in the subgroup ... elliptic curve sequence is defined as math u k X f a k mbox where X P mbox is the abscissa of P in E ... generator Generalized inversive congruential pseudorandom numbers Notes Reflist refs ref name ... complexity of the Naor Reingold sequence with elliptic curves, Finite Fields and Their Applications ... and Pseudorandomness year 1998 edition first publisher Springer isbn 978 3540647669 Category Pseudorandom ... more details
orphan date February 2010 In theoretical computer science a pseudorandom generator for low degree polynomials is an efficiently computable function whose output is indistinguishable from the uniform distribution by evaluation of low degree polynomials in the following sense. Definition A pseudorandom generator math G mathbb F s rightarrow mathbb F n math for polynomials of degree math d math over a Finite field F is an efficient procedure that stretches math s n math field elements into math n math field elements and fools any polynomial of degree d in n variables over F For every such polynomial p, the Total variation Total variation distance in probability theory statistical distance between the distributions math p U n math , for uniform math U n math in math mathbb F n math , and math p G U s math , for uniform math U s math in math mathbb F s math , is at most a small math epsilon math . Construction The case of linear polynomials is solved by Epsilon Biased Sample Spaces small bias spaces which give constructions with seed length math s O log n log 1 epsilon math this is optimal up to constant factors . Following the sequence of papers http www.ccs.neu.edu home viola papers gen.pdf , http shachar.lovett.googlepages.com prg poly.pdf it was established in http www.ccs.neu.edu home viola papers d.pdf that a sum of math d math small bias spaces fools degree math d math polynomials. This gives a construction with seed length math s O log n 2 d log 1 epsilon math . References http www.ccs.neu.edu home viola papers gen.pdf The paper proposed taking a sum of independent small bias spaces for fooling low degree polynomials . http shachar.lovett.googlepages.com prg poly.pdf The paper gave the first unconditional result showing that sum of math 2 d math small bias spaces fools low degree polynomials . http www.ccs.neu.edu home viola papers d.pdf The paper shows that sum of math d math small bias spaces fools low degree polynomials . Category Pseudorandomness ... more details
In cryptography , a pseudorandom function family , abbreviated PRF , is a collection of efficiently computable Function computer science functions which emulate a random oracle in the following way no efficient algorithm can distinguish with significant Advantage cryptography advantage between a function chosen randomly from the PRF family and a random oracle a function whose outputs are fixed completely at random . Pseudorandom functions are vital tools in the construction of cryptographic primitive s, especially secure encryption encryption schemes . Pseudorandom functions are not to be confused with pseudorandom number generator pseudorandom generators PRGs . The guarantee of a PRG is that a single output appears random if the input was chosen at random. On the other hand, the guarantee of a PRF is that all its outputs appear random, regardless of how the corresponding inputs were chosen, as long as the function was drawn at random from the PRF family. A pseudorandom function family can be constructed from any pseudorandom generator, using, for example, the construction given by Goldreich, Shafi Goldwasser Goldwasser , and Micali. ref Oded Goldreich , Shafi Goldwasser , Silvio Micali 1986 How to Construct Random Functions , Journal of the ACM , vol.33, no.4, p.792 807. doi 10.1145 6490.6503 http theory.lcs.mit.edu cis pubs shafi 1986 jacm.pdf preprint http www.math.weizmann.ac.il oded ggm.html web page and preprint ref See also Pseudorandom permutation References references Category Theory of cryptography Category Cryptographic primitives Category Pseudorandomness he ... more details
In computational complexity theory and cryptography , the existence of pseudorandom generator s is related to the existence of one way function s through a number of theorems, collectively referred to as the pseudorandom generator theorem . Introduction Pseudorandomness A distribution is considered pseudorandom ... D sub n sub is pseudorandom if for any polynomial size circuit C , and any inversely polynomial ... . Pseudorandom generators A function G sub l sub 0,1 sup l sup 0,1 sup m sup , where l m is a pseudorandom generator if G sub l sub can be computed in time polynomial in l G sub l sub x is pseudorandom, when x is uniformly random. One additional pseudorandom bit implies polynomially more pseudorandom bits It can be shown that if there is a pseudorandom generator G sub l sub 0,1 sup l sup 0,1 sup l 1 sup , i.e. a generator that adds only one pseudorandom bit, then for any m poly l , there is a pseudorandom generator G sub l sub 0,1 sup l sup 0,1 sup m sup ... and used as the seed to the first instance of G sub l sub , which is known to be a pseudorandom generator ... of the output. Repeating this process for m times yields an output of m pseudorandom bits. It can be shown that such G sub l sub , that consists of m instances of G sub l sub , is indeed a pseudorandom ... number i 1 . Now, assume that G sub l sub is not a pseudorandom distribution that is, there exists ... l sub or a drawn from uniform distribution. Let s reuse the approach of building large pseudorandom generators out of instances of G sub l sub and construct a string of pseudorandom bits of length m&minus ... is not a pseudorandom generator, which is a contradiciton to the hypothesis. Q.E.D. Now, let s illustrate ... to circuit C for distinguishing between G sub l sub and U sub l 1 sub . Existence of pseudorandom generators The existence of pseudorandom generators is related to the existence of one way function s and hard core predicate s. Formally, pseudorandom generators exist if and only if one way functions ... more details
An M sequence may refer to Regular sequence algebra Regular sequence , which is an important topic in commutative algebra. A maximum length sequence , which is a type of pseudorandombinarysequence. disambig ... more details
Image Wikipedia in binary.gif thumb The word Wikipedia represented in ASCII binary. A binary code is a way ... by the use of the binary number system s two binary digit s 0 and 1. This is accomplished by assigning a bit string to each particular symbol or instruction. For example, a String computing binary string of eight binary digits bit s can represent any of 256 possible values and can therefore correspond ..., binary codes are used for any of a variety of methods of encoding data, such as character string s, into bit ... width binary code, each letter, digit, or other character, is represented by a bit string of the same length that bit string, interpreted as a binary number , is usually displayed in code tables in octal ... s for them. A bit string, interpreted as a binary number, can be Binary numeral system Decimal translated ..., can also be represented as the decimal number 97. History of Binary Code Binary numbers were first described in Chandashutram written by Pingala in 100 BC. Binary Code was first introduced by the German ... or Book of Changes , which used a type of binary code. The book had confirmed his theory that life ..., now known as Boolean algebra logic Boolean algebra . Boole s system was based on binary, a yes no, on off ... point for the use of the binary code in practical applications such as computers, electric circuits ... 2001 ref Other forms of Binary Code The bit string is not the only type of binary code. A binary system ... or a simple true or false test. Braille Braille is a type of binary code that is widely used by blind ..., 269 ref See also, the King Wen sequence of the 64 hexagrams . If divination anchor IF Oracle div ... priest, a Babalawo father of the secrets who generates binary values using sacred palm nuts. In wood ... , uses a 7 bit binary code to represent text within a computer, communications equipment, and other ... bit ASCII code, a lowercase a is represented by the bit string 01100001. Binary coded Decimal Binary coded decimal , or BCD, is a binary encoded representation of integer values that uses a 4 bit ... more details
Antares Alpha Scorpii is a red supergiant star in a binary system with a hotter blue main sequence ... Envelope, Pre Main SequenceBinary Stars first J.E. last Tohline coauthors J.E. Cazes, H.S. Cohl publisher ...For the hip hop group Binary Star band Featured article Image Sirius A and B Hubble photo.jpg thumb Hubble Space Telescope Hubble image of the Sirius binary system, in which Sirius B can be clearly distinguished lower left A binary star is a star system consisting of two star s orbit ing around their common ... and today suggests that many stars are part of either binary star systems or star systems with more than two stars, called multiple star systems . The term double star may be used synonymously with binary star , but more generally, a double star may be either a binary star or an optical double star ... been determined to be either bound binary star systems or optical doubles. Binary star systems ... MLR from which the masses of single stars can be estimated. Binary stars are often detected ... astrometric binaries . If a binary star happens to orbit in a plane along our line of sight ..., photometric binaries . If components in binary star systems are close enough they can gravitationally distort their mutual outer stellar atmospheres. In some cases, these close binary systems can ... . Binary stars are also common as the nuclei of many planetary nebula e, and are the progenitors of both nova e and type Ia supernova e. Discovery The term binary was first used in this context by Sir ... mutually connected, form the binary sidereal system which we are now to consider. By the modern definition, the term binary star is generally restricted to pairs of stars which revolve around a common centre of mass. Binary stars which can be optical resolution resolved with a telescope or interferometry ... visual binary stars one whole revolution has not been observed yet, they are observed to have travelled ... The Binary Stars , Robert Grant Aitken , New York Dover, 1964, p. ix. ref This distinction is rarely ... more details
speed. Dynamic binary translation Dynamic binary translation looks at a short sequence of code typically on the order of a single basic block then translates it and caches the resulting sequence ...In computing , binary translation is the emulator emulation of one instruction set by another through translation of Machine language code . Sequences of instruction computer science instruction s are translated ... and Hot spot computer science hot spot detection. The two main types are static and dynamic binary translation. Static binary translation A translator using static binary translation aims to convert ... having to run the code first, as is done in dynamic binary translation. This is very difficult to do ... time. One such static binary translator uses universal superoptimization superoptimizer peephole optimization ... development costs and high performance of the target binary. In experiments of PowerPC to x86 translations ... to already translated and saved code memoization . Dynamic binary translation differs from simple ... 2011 DEC created the FX 32 binary translator for converting x86 applications to Alpha applications ... HP ARIES Automatic Re translation and Integrated Environment Simulation is a dynamic binary translation ... binary translator designed to support IA 32 applications on Itanium based systems, which was included ... binary translation to provide breakpoint , storage protection , trace, program animation and other ... Instruction set simulator Just in time compilation Shadow memory Virtual machine Binary recompiler ... csmweb decompilation bintrans.html somewhat dated http www.gtoal.com sbt Static Binary Translation HOWTO http www.itee.uq.edu.au cristina uqbt.html University of Queensland Binary Translator http www.experimentalstuff.com Technologies Walkabout Walkabout Binary Translation research by Sun ... to Alpha binary translator developed by DEC http www.hp.com go aries http www.cse.iitd.ernet.in sbansal publications.html S. Bansal, A. Aiken, Binary Translation Using Peephole Superoptimizers, In Proceedings ... more details
Image Binary logarithm plot.png thumbnail right 200px Plot of log sub 2 sub n In mathematics , the binary logarithm log sub 2 sub n is the logarithm to the Binary numeral system base 2 . It is the inverse function of n 2 sup n sup . The binary logarithm of n is the power to which the number 2 must be raised to obtain the value n . This makes the binary logarithm useful for anything involving powers of 2 , i.e. doubling. For example, the binary logarithm of 1 is 0, the binary logarithm of 2 is 1, the binary logarithm of 4 is 2, the binary logarithm of 8 is 3, the binary logarithm of 16 is 4 and the binary logarithm of 32 is 5. Applications Information theory The binary ... to the binary numeral system . It is frequently written ld n , from Latin wikt en logarithmus ... is that it should be lb n , lg n being reserved for log sub 10 sub n . The number of digits bit s in the binary ..., the definition of the amount of self information and information entropy involves the binary logarithm ... an occurrence of one of two equally probable alternatives. Computational complexity The binary logarithm ..., in binary search , the size of the problem to be solved is halved with each iteration, and therefore ... in constant time. Similarly, a perfectly balanced binary search tree containing n elements has height ... quicksort binary search tree s merge sort Monge array calculation Using calculators An easy way to calculate ... domain mathematics domain and range mathematics range , the binary logarithm can be computed rounding up or down. These two forms of integer binary logarithm are related by this formula math ... is related to the number of leading zeros of the 32 bit unsigned binary representation ... binary logarithm can be interpreted as the zero based index of the most significant 1 bit in the input ... support, and applications for the integer binary logarithm. Real number For a general positive number positive real number , the binary logarithm may be computed in two parts Compute the integer ... more details
A binary multiplier is an electronic circuit used in digital electronics , such as a computer , to Multiplication multiply two binary number s. It is built using binary adder s. A variety of Category computer arithmetic computer arithmetic techniques can be used to implement a digital multiplier. Most ... on base 10 integers, but has been modified here for application to a base 2 binary numeral system binary numeral system . History Until the late 1970s, most minicomputers did not have a multiply ... two positions to the left 56088 nowiki A binary computer does exactly the same, but with binary numbers. In binary encoding each long number is multiplied by one digit either 0 or 1 , and that is much ... of two binary numbers comes down to calculating partial products which are 0 or the first number , shifting them left, and then adding them together a binary addition, of course nowiki 1011 this is 11 in binary x 1110 this is 14 in binary 0000 this is 1011 x 0 1011 this is 1011 x 1 ... x 1, shifted three positions to the left 10011010 this is 154 in binary nowiki This is much ... in a 64 bit computer. These additions take a lot of time. The engineering implementation of binary ... that use ones complement , sign and magnitude , IEEE 754 or other binary representations ... 7 7 , but instead binary complementation, more commonly denoted math x prime math read x prime ... trick to avoid sign extension. The sequence of p7 noncomplemented bit followed by all complemented ... reduces the number of partial products that must be summed. Example Image binary multi1.jpg center thumb 500px 2 Bit by 2 Bit Binary Multiplier Deleted image removed Image eightbitmult.jpg center thumb 500px 4 Bit by 4 Bit Binary Multiplier br Using 4 Bit 4 Bit Adders See also Booth s multiplication ... openttl Multiplier.html Multiplier using TTL http www.fullchipdesign.com binary multiplier digital.htm Binary Multiplier circuit using Half Adders and digital gates. DEFAULTSORT Binary Multiplier Category ... more details
notability Products date December 2011 Binary recompiler is a software that takes executable Binary file binaries as input, analyzes the structure, applies transformations and optimizations, and outputs new optimized executable binaries. ref http www.eecs.umich.edu jringenb binary recomp.html umich.edu Binary Recompilation and Combined Compiler Architecture Enhancements Studies ref First introduced by Gary Kildall in the 1980s. ref http www.public domain content.com encyclopedia History of computing Gary Kildall.shtml public domain content.com Gary Kildall ref See also Compiler Transcompiler Dynamic recompilation Binary translation References references Category Compilers Category Compiler construction Category Computer libraries ... more details
unreferenced date June 2008 Binary liquid is a type of chemical combination, which creates a special reaction or feature as a result of two liquid chemicals, normally inert or having no function by themselves, being mixed. A number of chemical products are produced as a result of mixing two chemicals as a binary liquid, such as plastic foams and some explosives . See also Binary chemical weapon External links http scitation.aip.org getabs servlet GetabsServlet?prog normal&id JCPSA6000116000003001072000001&idtype cvips&gifs yes Phase separation of a binary liquid mixture in porous media studied by nuclear magnetic resonance cryoporometry http symp15.nist.gov pdf p58.pdf Surface adsorption and orientation near the critical point of binary liquid mixtures http scitation.aip.org getabs servlet GetabsServlet?prog normal&id JCPSA6000120000005002075000001&idtype cvips&gifs yes Binary liquid mixtures in porous solids Category Chemical substances Category Chemical weapons ca L quid binari ... more details
About contact binary stars asteroids Contact binary asteroid In astronomy , a contact binary is a binary star system whose component stars are so close that they touch each other or have merged to share their gaseous envelopes. A binary system whose stars share an envelope may also be called an overcontact binary. ref http www.daviddarling.info encyclopedia C contact binary.html contact binary , David Darling, The Internet Encyclopedia of Science . Accessed on line November 4, 2007. ref ref http www.daviddarling.info encyclopedia O overcontact binary.html overcontact binary , David Darling, The Internet Encyclopedia of Science . Accessed on line November 4, 2007. ref ref pp. 51&ndash 53, An Introduction to Astrophysical Fluid Dynamics , Michael J. Thompson, London Imperial College Press, 2006. ISBN 1 86094 615 1. ref Almost all known contact binary systems are Binary star Eclipsing binaries eclipsing binaries ref p. 231, Stellar Rotation , Jean Louis Tassoul, Andrew King, Douglas Lin, Stephen P. Maran, Jim Pringle, and Martin Ward, Cambridge, UK, New York Cambridge University Press, 2000. ISBN 0 521 77218 4. ref eclipsing contact binaries are known as W Ursae Majoris variables , after their type star, W Ursae Majoris . ref p. 19, Double and Multiple Stars and how to Observe Them , James Mullaney, New York, London Springer, 2005. ISBN 1 85233 751 6. ref Contact binaries are sometimes confused with common envelope s. However, whereas the first refers to a stable configuration of two touching stars in a binary with a typical lifetime of millions to billions of years, the latter describes a dynamically unstable phase in binary evolution which either expels the stellar envelope or merges the binary in a timescale of months to years. See also Binary star Binary system astronomy Common envelope Contact binary asteroid References Reflist Astronomy stub Category Binary stars es Estrella binaria de contacto fr Binaire contact ja pl Uk ad podw jny kontaktowy pt Estrela bin ria ... more details
A binary explosive or two component explosive is an explosive consisting of two components, neither of which is explosive by itself, which have to be mixed in order to become explosive. Examples of common binary explosives include Oxyliquit liquid oxygen combustible powder , ANFO ammonium nitrate fuel oil , Kinestik ammonium nitrate nitromethane , Tannerite ammonium nitrate aluminum , and FIXOR nitroethane physical sensitizer . Binary explosives are often used in commercial applications because of their greater handling safety. See also Binary chemical weapon Category Binary explosives External links wrc.navair rdte.navy.mil warfighter enc weapons ordnance types.htm Dead link date May 2010 Types of Explosives http www.FIXOR.com FIXOR, a commercial binary explosive sold for mine clearance http siri.uvm.edu ppt blast1 tsld014.htm Binary Two Component Explosives , from a presentation by the N. C. Dept. of Transportation Category Binary explosives explosive stub de Bin re Sprengstoffe lt Binarin sprogstamoji med iaga ... more details
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