globalize India date September 2011 wiktionary Refimprove date November 2008 Pseudosecularism is the state of implicit non secular trends in the face of pledged secularism . The term is used by groups who perceive a double standard exhibited within the established secular governing policy towards culturally different groups. The first recorded use of the term was in the book Philosophy and Action of the R. S. S. for the Hind Swaraj ref name RSS cite book last Elenjimittam first Anthony title Philosophy and Action of the R. S. S. for the Hind Swaraj year 1951 publisher Laxmi Publications pages 188 189 ref , by Anthony Elenjimittam. In his book, Elenjimittam accused leaders of the Indian National Congress, of pretending to uphold secularism. He singles out then Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru s refusal to serve on the Congress Working Committee in 1951, which led to the resignation of the Congress Purushottam Das Tandon. In India Image Bjpdurgapur.JPG thumb A Bharatiya Janata Party BJP election poster from 2004. Poster shows Pranab Mukherjee , Indian National Congress leader, and Biman Bose , Communist Party of India Marxist leader, together at a meeting of Muslim clerics. Text reads Is this secularism? Since an amendment in 1976, the constitution of India describes the country as secular , and generally most mainstream political forces describe themselves as secular . It is important ... caused considerable anguish among Hindus and fueled allegations of pseudosecularism against the judiciary as well. See also Shah Bano case Secularism in India References Reflist Category Secularism ... secularism has been done by Donald Eugene Smith in his book India As a Secular State. It succinctly sums the differences between Gandhi and Nehru on the issue of secularism, and describes how this divergence ... are pseudo secularist. Their claim is that leftists in India are not truly secular since they appease ... at the expense of the interests of the Hindu community, and often at odds with modern ideas of secularism ... more details
Pluralism Political Catholicism Postsecularism PseudoSecularism Rationalism Religious toleration ... secularism. Secularism is the principle of separation between government institutions and the persons ... . In one sense, secularism may assert the right to be free from religious rule and teachings ... be unbiased by religious influence. ref Kosmin, Barry A. Contemporary Secularity and Secularism. Secularism & Secularity Contemporary International Perspectives . Ed. Barry A. Kosmin and Ariela Keysar. Hartford, CT Institute for the Study of Secularism in Society and Culture ISSSC , 2007. ref See also public reason . Some scholars are now arguing that the very idea of secularism will change. ref Poddar, Prem and Srinivasan Jain. Secularism as an Idea Will Change Interview with Homi Bhabha , The Book Review , January 1995. Republished in The Hindu 1995. ref Atheism and Irreligion Sidebar Secularism ... and arguments in support of secularism vary widely. In European laicism , it has been argued that secularism ... as secularisation . This type of secularism, on a social or philosophical level, has often occurred ... , some argue that State secularism state secularism has served to a greater extent to protect religion from governmental interference, while secularism on a social level is less prevalent. ref Yavuz ... and Giroux, pg. 147 But with the Second World War just ahead, secularism fo the antireligious type ... political movements support secularism for varying reasons. ref Feldman, Noah 2005 . Divided ... of religion ndash but for starkly different reasons. ref Overview The term secularism was first used ... and Nature of Secularism , London Watts and Co. p.51 ref Although the term was new, the general notions ... mi m2501 is n2 v18 ai 18627295 pg 13 The debate on Islam and secularism in Egypt , Arab Studies Quarterly ASQ . ref Verify credibility date August 2010 Holyoake invented the term secularism to describe ... or criticizing religious belief. An agnostic himself, Holyoake argued that Secularism is not an argument ... more details
wiktionary pseudo The prefix pseudo from Greek lying, false is used to mark something as falsity false , fraud ulent, or pretending to be something it is not. Biology prefix In biology and botany taxonomy the prefix pseudo or pseud can indicate a species with a visual similarity to another genus . An example is the Iris species Iris pseudacorus , by having leaves similar to those of Acorus calamus in the Acorus genus, having pseud acorus false acorus in its botanical name . See also lookfrom pseudo Falsehood Pseudorealism Deception Mimicry Pseudo.com Pseudo Blood of Our Own Category Prefixes Category Greek loanwords Category Biology prefixes and suffixes da Pseudo nl Pseudo sk Pseudo ... more details
outdated date June 2011 Secularism in Egypt has had a very important role to play in both the history of Egypt and that of the Middle East. Citation needed date July 2008 Egypt s first experience of Secularism started with the British Occupation 1882 1952 , the atmosphere which allowed the protection of debate. In this environment pro secularist intellectuals like Ya qub Sarruf, Faris Nimr, Nicola Haddad whom sought political asylum from Ottoman Rule were able to publish their work. This debate had then became a burning issue with the work of Egyptian Shaykh Ali abd al Raziq 1888 1966 , The most momentous document in the crucial intellectual and religious debate of modern Islamic history ref name autogenerated1 Fauzi Najjar, The debate on Islam and Secularism , Arab Studies Quarterly 1996, Vol. 18 Issue 2 ref By 1919 Egypt had its first political secular entity called the Hizb Almani Secular Party this name was later changed to the Wafd party . It combined secular policies with a nationalist agenda and had the majority support in the following years against both the rule of the king and the British influence. The Wafd party supported the allies during World War II and then proceeded to win the 1952 parliamentary elections, following these elections the prime minister was overthrown by the King leading to riots. These riots precipitated a military coup after which all political parties were banned including the Wafd and the Muslim Brotherhood . Citation needed date June 2011 The government of Gamel Abdel Nasser was secularist nationalist in nature which at the time gathers a great deal of support both in Egypt and other Arab states Citation needed date December 2009 . Key elements of Nasserism ref http www.opendemocracy.net conflict middle east politics egypt mahfouz 4025.jsp ... , p 67 ref Nowadays, most proponents of secularism emphasize the link between secularism and national ... Secularism in DEFAULTSORT Secularism In Egypt Category Politics of Egypt Category Secularism in Egypt ... more details
declares that India is a secular country . The term secularism refers to the governmental practice ... held that secularism was an integral part of the basic structure of the constitution. History Secularism in India has very different meaning and implications. The word secularism has never been used ... that with Sanatan Dharma being the spirit of India, the very concept of western secularism is redundant and badly imposed. ref http www.ibtl.in news opinion 1638 sanatan secularism part 01 Sanatan Dharma and Secularism ref India is one country where caste rigidity and concept of untouchability ... known. The Indian National Congress at the time of independence from British Raj adopted secularism ... power structure. The main struggle was between secularism and communalism. The communal forces ... champion of secularism and secular politics. Theoretically speaking the Congress Party was also committed to secularism. However, the Congress Party consisted of several members and leaders whose secularism ... that India committed itself to secularism and its Constitution was drafted on secular lines. Secularism ... and how many unsecular? Since secularism does not mean being this worldly in India, one cannot ... spirit of secularism in India is all inclusiveness, religious pluralism and peaceful co existence ... the gap between religious community thus bringing Indian secularism under threat. Secular Perspective The history of Indian secularism begin with the protest movements in the 5th century B.C. The three ... Domenic Marbaniang, Secularism in India Historical Outline ref However, it was in the 18th century, when the British East India Company began to gain total control over India that ideas of secularism ... between secularism practised in India and elsewhere. The western model of secularism means that religion ... of secularism mutual tolerance instead of mutual respect in the last 60 years, failed to produce communal ... religion or caste. The Indian experiment on secularism is here to continue. Writing in the Wall Street ... more details
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman , the country s founder, secularism would be condemned by subsequent military ... actions . The removal of secularism has been described by the country s largely secular establishment ... celebrated in Dhaka Despite the country ceasing to be a secular state constitutionally, secularism has been practised in the region of Bengal since ancient times. In fact, secularism in the region ... separation of church and state . The ethos of secularism in South Asia is fundamentally the freedom ... practiced secularism in making decisions of the court. Hindus and Muslims would have prominent ... of the new state. They would be Nationalism , Democracy , Secularism and Socialism . In 1975 ... the Four State Principles. The amendment caused the term Secularism in the Permeable to be replaced ... religion in Bangladesh. This would be the final blow to constitutional secularism in the country ... society and freedom fighters, as well as from the young generation to re introduce secularism back ... and induce the original Four State Principles. Controversies Secularism is a hugely controversial ... the propagators of secularism as being anti Islam and accused them of promoting blasphemy by terming ... League were to be allowed to put back secularism in the constitution. In 2008, when the military ... was also instrumental in the war of liberation, has been accused of failing to define secularism to the common ... on whether they would support secularism being put back into the constitution. Pro liberation leaders ... date 20070519 Asia topic Secularism in DEFAULTSORT Secularism In Bangladesh Category Politics of Bangladesh Category Secularism in Bangladesh Category Bangladesh Liberation War ... more details
states. The idea of secularism in Islam means favoring a modern secular democracy with separation of church and state separation of mosque and state , as opposed to Islam as a political movement . Secularism .... Secularism is often condemned by Muslim s who do not feel that religious values should be removed ... 1 From the article on secularism in Oxford Islamic Studies Online ref Secular states had existed ... of Middle East Studies 6 4 , pp. 363 385 ref The quest for Secularism has inspired some Muslim scholars .... Definition Main Secularism The etymology of the Arabic language Arabic word for secularism ... , suggesting that secularism is wordly , others prefer to think of ilmanniyya relating the word for secularism ... Press, 1994, p.14 15 ref The concept of Secularism in Islam has been claimed to have religious ... research, the work must proceed according to human experience. For this reason definition of secularism ... Ash ari theology, thus Averroism has been considered a precursor to modern secularism . ref Abdel Wahab ... and secularism in Egypt , Arab Studies Quarterly ASQ . ref Modern history Many of the early supporters ... Party in 1920 Fauzi Najjar the debate on islam and secularism , Arab Studies Quarterly 1996, Vol.18 ..., in Turkey in 1924 by Mustafa Kemal Ataturk . ref Fauzi Najjar The debate on Islam and secularism ... of women with religion. ref Nadje Al Ali, Secularism Gender and the State ,p140 ref However variations exist concerning the interpretation and manifestation of secularism in women s politics and lifestyles ..., 1998 2345 .And they argue that secularism was important for protecting civil rights. ref Zainab ... Ideas of Secularism Cloud Ideal of Secular Democracy in Middle East ref Influences Colonial ... lands. Citation needed date July 2008 Secularism thus came as the European colonialists dominated ... had far reaching social consequences, especially for women, and laid the foundation of Arab Secularism ... force. It is from this experience that secularism gained also its perceived foreign identity ... more details
POV check date July 2008 Secularism in Iran first started in 1924 when Reza Shah was crowned the new monarch. Afterwards he established for the first time a state policy of secularism that made it illegal for any public display or expression of religious faith, including the wearing of the headscarf hijab and chador by women and wearing of facial hair by men with the exception of the mustache . Public religious festivals such as Muharram and Day of Ashura Ashura and celebrations were banned, Islamic clergy were forbidden to preach in public, mosque activities were heavily restricted and regulated. Though criticised by the religious traditionalists and viewed as authoritarian by foreign observers, Reza Shah s goals were intended to secularise Iran and eliminate the influence of the Shi a clergy upon the government and the society. During his reign, the first instances of Islamic extremism and terrorism appeared in Iran as a backlash against his secularist policies. For example, secularist politicians and writers such as Ahmad Kasravi were assassinated by Muslim fighters, the most notorious of which remains Navvab Safavi , who today is considered a hero by the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran. After Reza Shah was forcibly deposed and sent into exile by British and Soviet forces who had invaded the country, the era of secularism in Iran ended. From 1941 until 1953, democracy was properly restored to Iran, but the Shi a clergy also were able to return to their previous level of power and influence because of their primary base of support in rural parts of central Iran. After 1953 the Iranian government, while becoming less and less democratic, also increasingly took ... marked the end of state directed secularism in Iran. In February 1980 the Islamic Republic Party , with support ... Homayoun Reza Pahlavi Amir Abbas Hoveyda Asia topic Secularism in References Reflist Category Politics of Iran Category Secularism in the Middle East Category Secularism by country Iran ar ... more details
Organized secularism lang fr La cit organis e , lang nl georganiseerde vrijzinnigheid is a French term which is used within Belgium to refer to local associations and organizations which provide moral support for atheist, agnostic, humanist, freethought freethinking or irreligious non confessional citizens. A person who subscribes to such entities or ideologies, or at least espouses an interest in free inquiry is described as a secular or free thinker lang fr la que , lang nl vrijzinnig . In contrast to the French model for communal organization for rationalists and freethinkers, the Belgian model is considerably more structured and tight knit due to the Netherlands like pillarization of Belgian religions and religious communities in such a structure, various social organizations, such as scouting troops, trade unions and cooperatives and mutual societies are duplicated for each religious or philosophical community Catholic, Protestant, Jewish, Muslim, socialist, liberal, etc. . Hence, many Belgian nontheists and humanists participate in local church like services led by secular leaders and chaplains. Belgian law Currently, section 181 of the Belgian Constitution provides as follows 1st. Salaries and pensions of ministers of religion are the responsibility of the state the amounts necessary to deal with them is the annual budget. 2. Salaries and pensions to representatives of organizations recognized by law as providing moral assistance according to a philosophical non religious charge of the state the amounts necessary to deal with them is the annual budget. Under 1st, recognized the Catholic religion, the Protestant, the Anglican, Orthodox worship, Jewish worship and the Muslim ... and homes of secularism have been started in many places for this purpose sometimes with the support ... individuals and families. Organized secularism outside of Belgium In Europe Of course, associations .... See also Irreligion in Belgium References reflist Category Secularism Category Religion in Belgium ... more details
Affairs ref History The history of secularism in Turkey extends to the Tanzimat reforms of Ottoman Empire. The second peak in secularism occurred during the Second Constitutional Era Ottoman .... ref name sec http www.secularisminturkey.net docs Secular Transcript.pdf Secularism The Turkish Experience ... three Articles secularism , social equality , Legal egalitarianism equality before law Republic ... tr AKP has often been accused of following an Islamist agenda. Issues relating to Turkey s secularism ... ideology Kemalist ideals of state secularism . ref name BBC Cite news url http news.bbc.co.uk 2 hi ... Court of Human Rights accessdate 2008 08 21 date 2005 11 10 ref The strict application of secularism ... secularism is the fact that Identity document cards of Turkish citizens include the specification ... ndash amount to de facto violations of secularism. Debate arises over the issue of to what degree ... Situation of women who wear headscarves, UNHCR ref With a policy of official secularism, the Turkish ... the ban would run counter to official secularism. While the highest court s decision to uphold the headscarf ... accessdate 2008 08 04 date 2007 04 23 ref Turkey s strong secularism has resulted in what have been ... forces have maintained a vigilant watch over Turkey s political secularism, which they affirm to be a keystone ... REQUIRED journal volume issue pages doi id url accessdate Turkey topics Asia topic Secularism in DEFAULTSORT Secularism In Turkey Category Politics of Turkey Category Religion in Turkey Category Secularism Category Secularism in Turkey Category Secularism in the Middle East ar fr ... more details
Secularism in Israel shows how matters of religion and how matters of state are related within Israel. Secularism is defined as an indifference to, rejection or exclusion of religion and religious consideration. ref name Secularism cite web title Secularism Definition url http www.merriam webster.com dictionary secularism accessdate 17 October 2011 ref In Israel this applies to the entirely secular community that identifies with no religion and the secular community within the Jewish community which identifies with no particular division of the religion. When Israel was established as a new state in 1948, a new and different Jewish identity formed for the newly created Israeli population. This population was defined by the Israeli culture and Hebrew language, their experience with the Holocaust , and the need to band together against conflict with hostile neighbors in the Middle East. This is not an identity that Jews outside of the Israel can easily identify with. ref name Religion cite web title Religion and Secularism in Israel url http www.spiegel.de international 0,1518,469996,00.html accessdate 18 October 2011 ref History Since 1922 many official documents originating in the land of Israel gave rise to religious freedom and secularism. In 1922 the Palestinian Mandate prohibited discrimination based on religious affiliation. In 1948, at the establishment of the state of Israel, the Declaration of Independence again protects freedom of religion. ref name Freedom cite web title Freedom of Religion in Israel url http www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org jsource Society & Culture freedom.html accessdate 17 October 2011 ref The Declaration of Establishment of the State of Israel was approved by members of the Jewish community of Palestine and the Zionist movement . The documents first section sheds light on the relationship between the Jewish people and the Land of Israel. ref ... are also Arab Muslims. ref name Arabs References Reflist Category Israeli society Category Secularism ... more details
orphan date December 2007 Jewish secularism refers to the largest section of the Jewish people who are secular as well as the body of work produced by secular Jews over the past 250 years. Almost half of all Jews define themselves as secular. ref The http www.culturaljudaism.org pdf AJISReport.pdf American Jewish Identification Survey AJIS 2001 placed the figure at 49 in America. ref These people build up communities where Jewish holidays are celebrated as historical and nature festivals, and where life cycle events are marked in a secular manner. Throughout modern history, Jewish thinkers have challenged traditional Judaism. As early as the nineteenth century, members of the Society for the Culture and Science of the Jews Verein fur Kultur und Wissenschaft der Juden viewed Judaism as a culture, not a religion. These secularists, building on foundations of the Enlightenment, Haskalah , were keen to integrate humanistic culture and education with a Jewish culture not linked to rabbinical dictates, or the existence of a personal God. Figures Secular Judaism has roots even before the Haskalah . From the time of Baruch Spinoza 1632 77 and his agnostic morality , came the belief of the human sense of morality through education and family life, not religious morality. Secular Jewish art and culture flourished between 1870 and the Second World War with 18,000 titles in Yiddish and thousands more in Hebrew and European languages, along with hundreds of plays and theater productions, movies, and other art forms. Franz Kafka and Marcel Proust rank among the creators of these works for their contribution to western culture. Many prominent Jews have been secular, such as Sigmund Freud , Marc Chagall , Henri Bergson , Moses Mendelssohn , Heinrich Heine , Albert Einstein , Theodor Herzl , M.Y. Berdichevsky and Hayim Nahman Bialik . In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Ahad Ha am contributed to the secular movement with his ideas on Jewish national identity, religion ... more details
Reflist Asia topic Secularism in Social issues in Pakistan Category Politics of Pakistan Category Secularism in Pakistan Category Political history of Pakistan ... more details
A pseudo photograph is an image , whether made by computer graphics or otherwise howsoever, which appears to be a photograph . Although the term pseudo photograph can be applied regardless of what it depicts, in law its meaning is especially relevant regarding child pornography . In the UK, the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 amended the Protection of Children Act 1978 so as to define the concept of an indecent pseudo photograph of a child . References http www.statutelaw.gov.uk content.aspx?parentActiveTextDocId 1502057&ActiveTextDocId 1502059 See also Bitmap graphics editor Special effects art stub law term stub Category Digital art Category English law ms Pseudofotograf ... more details
Pseudo Phocylides is an apocrypha l work claiming to have been written by Phocylides , a Greek Philosophy Greek philosopher of the 6th century. The text is noticeably Jewish , and depends on the Septuagint , although it does not make direct references to either the Hebrew Bible or Judaism . Textual and linguistic studies point to the work as having originally been written in Greek language Greek , and having originated somewhere between 100BC and 100AD, although the oldest surviving manuscripts date from the 10th century AD. Pseudo Phocylides consists of a series of aphorism s, and these refer indirectly to each of the Noachide Laws , as well as the so called unwritten law s of the Greeks. There are about 250 in total, and these are written as a series of hexameter verses, in the form of a teaching manual each maxim directly commanding the reader to obey it Remain not unmarried, lest you die nameless ref line 175, p. 99, The sentences of Pseudo Phocylides, translated by Pieter Willem van der Horst ref Cut not a youth s masculine procreative faculty ref line 187, p. 101, The sentences of Pseudo Phocylides, translated by Pieter Willem van der Horst ref And let not women imitate the sexual role of men ref line 192, p. 101, The sentences of Pseudo Phocylides, translated by Pieter Willem van der Horst ref Long hair is not fit for men, but for voluptuous women ref line 212, p. 101, The sentences of Pseudo Phocylides, translated by Pieter Willem van der Horst ref Some of the maxims in Pseudo ... of Pseudo Phocylides is published in volume 2 of Old Testament Pseudepigrapha edited by James Charlesworth ... van der Horst , The Sentences of Pseudo Phocylides SVTP 4 Leiden Brill, 1978 . Some authors, including ... sentences.htm Further reading K. W. Niebuhr, Life and Death in Pseudo Phocylides, in Alberdina Houtman ..., 73 . Category Old Testament Apocrypha reli book stub Tanakh stub de Pseudo Phokylides fr Pseudo Phocylide ... more details
Taxobox image Pseudonitzschia seriata.jpg image caption Pseudo nitzschia seriata regnum Chromalveolata phylum Heterokont ophyta classis Diatom Bacillariophyceae ordo Bacillariales familia Bacillariaceae genus Pseudo nitzschia genus authority H. Perag. in H. Perag. and Perag. The genus Pseudo nitzschia includes several species of diatom s known to produce the neurotoxin known as domoic acid , a toxin which is responsible for the human illness called amnesic shellfish poisoning . This genus of phytoplankton is known to form harmful algal bloom s in coastal waters of Canada, California, Oregon, and Washington state. Species that have been shown to produce domoic acid although not all strains are toxigenic ref Bates, S.S. and V.L. Trainer. 2006. The ecology of harmful diatoms. In E. Gran li and J. Turner eds. Ecology of harmful algae. Ecological Studies, Vol. 189. Springer Verlag, Heidelberg, p. 81 93. ref , ref Trainer, V.L., B.M. Hickey, and S.S. Bates. 2008. Toxic diatoms. In P.J. Walsh, S.L. Smith, L.E. Fleming, H. Solo Gabriele, and W.H. Gerwick eds. , Oceans and human health risks and remedies ... ioc details.asp?Algae ID 3 Pseudo nitzschia australis http www.bi.ku.dk ioc details.asp?Algae ID 7 Pseudo nitzschia calliantha http www.bi.ku.dk ioc details.asp?Algae ID 106 Pseudo nitzschia cuspidata http www.bi.ku.dk ioc details.asp?Algae ID 4 Pseudo nitzschia delicatissima http www.bi.ku.dk ioc details.asp?Algae ID 99 Pseudo nitzschia fraudulenta http www.bi.ku.dk ioc details.asp?Algae ID 101 Pseudo nitzschia galaxiae http www.bi.ku.dk ioc details.asp?Algae ID 5 Pseudo nitzschia multiseries http www.bi.ku.dk ioc details.asp?Algae ID 6 Pseudo nitzschia multistriata http www.bi.ku.dk ioc details.asp?Algae ID 8 Pseudo nitzschia pugens http www.bi.ku.dk ioc details.asp?Algae ID 9 Pseudo nitzschia seriata http www.bi.ku.dk ioc details.asp?Algae ID 10 Pseudo nitzschia turgidula References ... The genus Pseudo nitzschia Category Diatoms Diatom stub fr Pseudo nitzschia ... more details
Unreferenced date October 2008 Pseudo Demosthenes is the supposed author s of a number of speeches handed down to us under the name of Demosthenes . They include speech 46, 49 against Timotheus general Timotheus , 50 against Polycles , 52 against Callippos , 53 against Nicostratus , 59 against Neaira hetaera Neaira and perhaps 47, attributed to Apollodorus of Acharnae , follower of Demosthenes. Category Ancient Greek pseudepigrapha Ancient Greece writer stub de Pseudo Demosthenes ... more details
Pseudo Ingulf is the name given to an unknown England English author of the Historia Monasterii Croylandensis , also known as the Croyland Chronicle . Nothing certain is known of Pseudo Ingulf although it is generally assumed that he was connected with Croyland Abbey . The Historia Monasterii Croylandensis is attributed to Abbot Ingulph , an 11th century Abbot of Croyland, but is generally accepted to be a 14th century work. Those parts of the work written after Pseudo Ingulf, that is the 15th century, are considered a valuable source. Pseudo Ingulf himself is not while he may have had access to genuine traditions or documents at Croyland, he misunderstood or garbled these beyond any possibility of recognition . A number of distinguished 19th century historians attempted to extract reliable material from Pseudo Ingulf, notably E. A. Freeman and Sir Francis Palgrave , with limited success. External links http books.google.com books?id xOMBAAAAMAAJ&printsec frontcover&source gbs v2 summary r&cad 0 v onepage&q &f false Google provides a copy of a translation of the text into English. Category 14th century historians Category 14th century English people Category English historians England bio stub UK historian stub ... more details
Pseudo Interactive was a video game developer based in Toronto , Ontario , Canada and started in 1995 by David Wu, Rich Hilmer, and Daniel Posner. In 2006, the company had over fifty employees. http www.1up.com do newsStory?cId 3167253 They released a game for the Xbox launch called Cel Damage which is also on the Nintendo GameCube GameCube and PlayStation 2 . Their most recent game was Full Auto 2 Battlelines released on the PlayStation 3 . They also made Full Auto for Xbox 360 . As of April 6, 2008, it was announced that the company was shutting down. They were working on Crude Awakening http www.unseen64.net 2009 12 17 crude awakening xbox360 ps3 cancelled for Eidos Interactive which was cancelled, leaving the company without the means to survive until securing another deal. It was widely believed to be an updated version of Carmageddon . At least 3 games were in development at Pseudo before the studio closure http www.unseen64.net tag pseudo interactive Crude Awakening http www.unseen64.net 2009 12 17 crude awakening xbox360 ps3 cancelled Prodigal http www.unseen64.net 2009 12 08 prodigal xbox 360 ps3 cancelled Divided City http www.unseen64.net 2009 12 06 divided city xbox 360 ps3 cancelled External links Official website http www.pseudointeractive.com http www.gamespot.com pages company index.php?company 62443 Pseudo Interactive details at GameSpot http www.unseen64.net tag pseudo interactive Cancelled Pseudo Interactive Games at Unseen 64 http www.kotaku.com 376493 eidos cutbacks shut down full auto developer Kotaku report on Studio shutdown http www.1up.com do newsStory?cId 3167253 Full Auto Developer Shuts Down Category Companies based in Toronto Category Companies established in 1995 Category Companies disestablished in 2008 Category Defunct video game companies Category Defunct software companies of Canada Category International Game Developers Association members ... stub fr Pseudo Interactive ... more details
Wiktionary pseudo scholarship Pseudo scholarship from wikt pseudopseudo wikt scholarship scholarship is a work e.g., publication, lecture or body of work that is presented as, but is not, the product of rigorous and objective study or research the act of producing such work or the pretended learning upon which it is based. ref Jerome V. Jacobsen, Notes and Comment Pseudo scholarship , Mid America An Historical Review, Volumes 23 24 , Chicago Loyola University, 1941 p. 315 Steve J. Stern, http books.google.com books?id U35PbM x9WsC&pg PA33&dq 22the marshaling and twisting of apparent research to suit a particular political line or agenda 22&cd 1 v onepage&q 22the 20marshaling 20and 20twisting 20of 20apparent 20research 20to 20suit 20a 20particular 20political 20line 20or 20agenda 22&f false Between Tragedy and Promise , in Gilbert Michael Joseph, Reclaiming the Political in Latin American History Durham, NC Duke University Press, 2001 p. 33 Shaye J. D. Cohen , http books.google.com books?id jHtC39Bm1AwC&pg PA285&dq 22pseudo scholarship, that is, pronouncements and opinions born of religious faith and confessional conviction but masquerading as 22&cd 1 v onepage&q 22pseudo scholarship 2C 20that 20is 2C 20pronouncements 20and 20opinions 20born 20of 20religious 20faith 20and 20confessional 20conviction 20but 20masquerading 20as 20 22&f false In Memoriam Morton Smith , in Shaye J. D. Cohen, Studies in the Cult of Yahweh , Vol. 2 New Testament, Early Christianity, & Magic Leiden BRILL, 1996 p. 285 ref For a particular form of pseudo scholarship see Pseudoarchaeology Pseudohistory ref Marshall Fishwick , American Studies in Transition Boston Houghton Mifflin, 1969 p. 265 266 ref Pseudolinguistics Pseudomathematics Pseudophilosophy Pseudoscience ref Jeremy Bernstein, A Comprehensible World On Modern Science and Its Origins , 2nd ed. New York Random House, 1967 p. 193 ref References ... science Ignoratio elenchi Proto science Category Pseudo scholarship ... more details
Lead rewrite date April 2011 A pseudo atoll , like an atoll , is an island of coral that encircles a lagoon partially or completely. A pseudo atoll differs from an atoll as established by several authorities. Definitions Alexander Agassiz gave the term pseudo atoll to any ring shaped reef s not formed as a result of subsidence . ref Agassiz, A., A reconnaissance of the Bahamas and elevated reefs of Cuba. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 26 1 203. 1894. ref while Norman D. Newell and J. Keith Rigby ref J. Keith Rigby, Associate Professor of Geological Sciences, Notre Dame University ref called such reefs non coral. ref Newell, N.D, Rigby, J.K., 1957, Geological studies on the Great Bahama Bank, in Regional Aspects of Carbonate Deposition SEPM Spec. Pub. 5, p. 1572. ref and We conclude that almost atoll should be retained as a descriptive term as defined by Davis and Tayama, and that the use of near atoll as a synonym be abandoned. The value of terms such as semi atoll and pseudo atoll needs close examination and more rigorous definition before being generally accepted. H. Mergner yet states that micro atolls classify as pseudo atolls. Professor David R. Stoddart of University of California Berkeley Berkeley states an almost atoll is an atoll with a central island of left over residue. Usage Dr. Edward J. Petuch, author of Cenozoic seas the view from eastern North America , refers to pseudo atolls as pseudoatolls with the Everglades Pseudoatoll as an example. ref Petuch, Edward J., Cenozoic Seas The View From Eastern North America, CRC Press 1 edition December 29, 2003 , ISBN 0849316324. ref See also Atoll Island Coral reef References reflist http geography.berkeley.edu people person detail.php?person 40 David R. Stottart, Department of Geography, University of California Berkeley B. V. Preobrazhenski , B. V., Contemporary reefs CRC Press 1 edition, 1993, ISBN 9061919452. Category Atolls Pseudo atoll Category Coastal and oceanic landforms Category Islands ... more details
Deleted image removed Image Pseudo penis on Spotted Hyena.jpg thumb 150px deletable image caption Saturday, 18 July 2009 A pseudo penis on a female spotted hyena A pseudo penis is a term used of any structure found on an animal that while superficially appearing to be a penis , is derived from a different developmental path. Mammals In mammals, all intact developmentally typical males have a penis, but the clitoris in the females of the following species is sufficiently enlarged that it is usually termed a pseudo penis spotted hyena , ref http animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu site accounts information Crocuta crocuta.html ADW Crocuta crocuta Information Bot generated title ref squirrel monkey , lemur , juvenile fossa animal fossa ref name HMW1 cite book author Goodman S editors Wilson D & Mittermeier R chapter Family Eupleridae Madagascar Carnivores title Handbook of the Mammals of the World . Volume 1 Carnivores year 2009 pages place Barcelona publisher Lynx Edicions isbn 978 84 96553 49 1 url http www.lynxeds.com hmw species accounts hmw 1 species accounts red panda ailurus fulgens ref and binturong . ref http www.conservatorscenter.org speciesinfo bint.pdf ref The enlarged clitoris in the fossa is supported by an os clitoridis , a bone similar to the os penis found in most mammals. ref name HMW1 However, the fossa s os clitoridis and pseudo penis shrink as the juvenile female grows, unlike that of other pseudo penis species. ref name HMW1 The labia genitalia labia of the spider ... in humans. The mammalian pseudo penis appears to be simply for display, although the hyena is an exception the female hyena additionally uses her pseudo penis for urination, copulation, and childbirth ... to Prevent Incest ref Birds A notable example of a bird with a pseudo penis is the Red billed Buffalo Weaver , which can still mate even if its pseudo penis is disabled. ref http people.eku.edu ritchisong ..., Lizard Tongue Bot generated title ref References references Category Penis it Pseudo pene ... more details
mergeto Media event date March 2011 Multiple issues notability November 2008 refimprove November 2008 original research November 2008 A pseudo event is an event or activity that exists for the sole purpose of the media publicity and serves little to no other function in Real life reality real life . Without the media, nothing meaningful actually occurs at the event, so pseudo events are considered real only after they are viewed through news , advertisement , television or other types of Mass media media . An extremely simple example is sitting for a family portrait the event serves no purpose other than to be viewed through a photograph. Other examples include press conference s, advertisements, media spectacles, and many types of news. The term was coined by the theorist and historian Daniel J. Boorstin in his 1962 book The Image A guide to Pseudo events in America ref cite book last Boorstin first Daniel Joseph title The image A guide to pseudo events in America publisher Vintage location New York year 1961 isbn 0 679 74180 1 ref The celebration is held, Photo Op photographs are taken , the occasion is widely reported . The term is closely related to idea of hyperreality and thus postmodernism , although Boorstin s coinage predates by decades the latter two ideas and the related work of postmodern thinkers such as Jean Baudrillard . A number of video art ists have explored the concept of a pseudo event in their work. The group Ant Farm group Ant Farm especially plays with pseudo events, though not so identified, in their works Media Burn 1975 and The Eternal Frame 1975 . References reflist See also Photo op The Power of Nightmares Adam Curtis Category Public relations terminology Category Hyperreality cs Pseudoud lost pt Pseudoevento ... more details
Aristotelianism Pseudo Aristotle is a general Wiktionary cognomen cognomen for authors of philosophical or medical treatises who attributed their work to the Greek philosophy Greek philosopher Aristotle , or whose work was later attributed to him by others. Aristotle had produced so many works on such a variety of subjects that it was possible for writers in many different contexts notably Middle Ages medieval Europeans , North Africa ns and Arab s to write a work and ascribe it to Aristotle. Attaching his name to such a work guaranteed it a certain amount of respect and acceptance, since Aristotle was regarded as one of most authoritative ancient writers for the learned men of both Christendom Christian Europe and the Islamic Golden Age Muslim Arab lands . It is generally not clear whether the attribution to Aristotle of a later work was done by its own author or by others who sought to popularize such works by using his name. Notable Pseudo Aristotles included the 2nd century North African writer Apuleius of Madauros, the author of the Greek language Greek Cosmography cosmographic work On the Universe De Mundo , as well as the medieval Islamic science Muslim author of the Arabic geological work, De Proprietatibus Elementorum . ref Jerome B. Bieber. http inst.santafe.cc.fl.us jbieber HS trans2.htm Medieval Translation Table 2 Arabic Sources , Santa Fe Community College Florida Santa Fe Community College . ref Notes reflist See also The Theology of Aristotle Liber de Causis Aristotle s Masterpiece Rhetoric to Alexander Secretum Secretorum References http www.nlm.nih.gov hmd greek greek aristotle.html Pseudo Aristotle , United States National Library of Medicine . External links http www.stockton.edu kinsellt litresources binding latin13 text.html http www.tazzla.org apuleius.htm Category Aristotle Category Ancient Greek pseudepigrapha Aristotle Philosopher stub de Pseudo Aristoteles pt Pseudo Arist teles ru fi Pseudo Aristoteles ... more details
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