Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Image Scheme human hand bones en.svg right 250px Proximalphalanges are bone s found in the limbs of most vertebrates . In humans, they are the bones at the base of a toe or finger, the prominent, knobby ends of which are often called the knuckle s. In other vertebrates, proximalphalanges have a similar placement in the corresponding limbs, be they paw , wing or fin . In many species, they are the longest and thickest phalanx finger bone . See also Bone Terminology Bone terminology Terms for anatomical location Bones of upper extremity DEFAULTSORT ProximalPhalanges Category Skeletal system Musculoskeletal stub es Falanges proximales nl Proximale falanx pt Falange proximal sq Gishtat e dor s s njeriut th ... more details
Infobox Bone Name Phalanges of the hand Latin ossa digitorum manus, phalanges digitorum manus GraySubject 56 GrayPage 230 Image Gray234.png Caption Plan of ossification of the hand. Image2 Gray220.png Caption2 Bones of the left hand. Dorsal surface. System Precursor MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre o 07 DorlandsSuf 12598287 The phalanges of the hand are commonly known as the finger bones. There are fourteen in number, three for each finger , and two for the thumb . Each consists of a body and two extremities. The body tapers from above downward, is convex posteriorly, concave in front from above downward, flat from side to side its sides are marked by rough areas which give attachment to the fibrous sheaths of the flexor tendons. The proximal extremities of the bones of the first row present oval, concave articular surfaces, broader from side to side than from front to back. The proximal extremity of each of the bones of the second and third rows presents a double concavity separated by a median ridge. The distal extremities are smaller than the proximal, and each ends in two Condyle anatomy condyles separated by a shallow groove the articular surface extends farther on the volar than on the Dorsum biology dorsal surface, a condition best marked in the bones of the first row. The ungual phalanges, those most distal, are convex on their dorsal and flat on their volar surfaces they are recognized by their small size, and by a roughened, elevated surface of a horseshoe form on the volar surface of the distal extremity of each which serves to support the sensitive pulp of the finger. See also Interphalangeal articulations of the hand Phalanx bones Additional images gallery Image Gray337.png Metacarpophalangeal articulation and articulations of digit. Volar aspect. Image Gray338.png Metacarpophalangeal articulation and articulations of digit. Ulnar aspect. gallery External links NormanAnatomy lesson5palmofhand Gray s Bones of upper extremity Category Hand Category Skeletal ... more details
third and fourth digits for the purpose. They have short and squat proximalphalanges with much ... System MeshName MeshNumber Dorlands DorlandsID The distal or terminal phalanges singular phalanx ... anatomy , the distal phalanges of the four ulnar fingers and lesser toes articulate proximally with the intermediate phalanges at the distal interphalangeal joint s DIP in the thumb and big toe, with only two phalanges, the distal phalanges articulate proximally with the proximalphalanges . The distal phalanges carry and shape Nail anatomy nails and claw s and are therefore occasionally referred to as the ungual phalanges . The distal phalanges are cone shaped in most mammals, including most primates, but relatively wide and flat in humans. Human anatomy File Distal phalanges thumb index Journal.pone.0011727.g001.png ... phalanges of the fingers are convex on their dorsal and flat on their volar surfaces they are recognized .... The Phalanges of the Hand url http www.bartleby.com 107 56.html isbn 081210644X ref In the distal phalanges of the hand the centres for the bodies appear at the distal extremities of the phalanges, instead of at the middle of the bodies, as in the other phalanges. Moreover, of all the bones of the hand, the distal phalanges are the first to ossify. ref name Gray hand In the hand, the distal ends of the distal phalanges possess flat and wide expansions called apical tufts. They serve to support ... Abstract and Introduction Toes The distal phalanges of the toes, in form, resemble those of the fingers ... of the Human Body year 1918 chapter 6d. 3. The Phalanges of the Foot url http www.bartleby.com 107 65.html isbn 081210644X ref Evolutionary variation File Distal phalanges comparison Journal.pone.0011727.g002.png thumb Morphological comparisons of pollical distal phalanges in African apes, extant ... . ref name PLOS 2010 Primates The morphology of the distal phalanges of human thumbs closely reflects ... grip in human hands is reflected in the morphology of the distal phalanges, especially in the pollical ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Image Scheme human hand bones en.svg right 250px Intermediate phalanges are bone s found in the Limb anatomy limb s of most vertebrate s. In humans, they are the bones of the finger and toe which lie in the middle, between the two wrinkly joints. The thumb and big toe do not have intermediate phalanges. In most other vertebrates, they have a corresponding place in their limbs, whether they be paw , wing , hoof or fin . The intermediate phalanx is not only intermediate in location, but is also usually intermediate in size among the other phalanges finger bones . See also Bone Terminology Bone terminology Terms for anatomical location Bones of upper extremity DEFAULTSORT Intermediate Phalanges Category Skeletal system Musculoskeletal stub es Falanges medias it Falangina ja nl Middelste falanx pt Falange m dia th ... more details
Infobox Bone Name Phalanges of the foot Latin ossa digitorum pedis, phalanges digitorum pedis GraySubject 65 GrayPage 275 Image Gray289.png Caption Plan of ossification of the foot. Image2 Gray269.png Caption2 Bones of the left foot. Plantar surface. System Precursor MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre o 07 DorlandsSuf 12598297 The phalanges of the foot are the bones in the toes . They correspond, in number and general arrangement, with those of the hand there are two in the big toe, and three in each of the other toes. They differ from them, however, in their size, the bodies being much reduced in length, and, especially in the first row, laterally compressed. First row The body of each is compressed from side to side, convex above, concave below. The base is concave and the head presents a trochlear surface for articulation with the second phalanx. Second row The phalanges of the second row are remarkably small and short, but rather broader than those of the first row. The ungual phalanges, in form, resemble those of the fingers but they are smaller and are flattened from above downward each presents a broad base for articulation with the corresponding bone of the second row, and an expanded distal extremity for the support of the nail and end of the toe. Articulations In the second, third, fourth, and fifth toes the phalanges of the first row articulate behind with the metatarsal bones, and in front with the second phalanges, which in their turn articulate with the first and third the ungual phalanges articulate with the second. See also Phalanges of the hand Additional images gallery Image Footx.jpg X ray of foot, showing phalangeal fracture Image Gray290.png Skeleton of foot. Medial aspect. Image Gray291.png Skeleton of foot. Lateral aspect. Image Ospied de.svg Bones of foot gallery External links http www.shockfamily.net skeleton FOOT.HTML Diagram at shockfamily.net Gray s Bones of lower extremity Category Bones of the lower limb musculoskeletal stub an Falanche d ... more details
Proximal 18q is a rare genetic condition caused by a deletion of genetic material within one of the two copies of chromosome 18. This deletion involves the proximal near the centromere section of the long arm of chromosome 18 somewhere between 18q11.2 18.9 Mb to 18q21.1 43.8 Mb . Exact breakpoints vary. Genetic Basis Proximal 18q is caused by an interstitial deletion of chromosome 18 involving the proximal region of the long arm of chromosome 18. Diagnosis Suspicion of a chromosome abnormality is typically raised due to the presence of developmental delays. Diagnosis of proximal 18q is usually made via a routine chromosome analysis , although it may also be made by microarray analysis. Prenatal diagnosis is possible via amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling . It should be noted, however, that there have been multiple reports of missed diagnoses as the deletion can be difficult to identify on prenatal samples. In addition, small deletions within this region of the chromosome have been ... newborns with proximal 18q . ENT Recurrent otitis media is frequently associated with proximal 18q and, in some ... tubes. Vision Many individuals with proximal 18q have strabismus and or refractive errors . Gastrointestinal Anomalies Gastrointestinal anomalies are not common in people with proximal 18q , though there has ... been reported in people with proximal 18q . Orthopedics Orthopedic anomalies are commonly seen in people with proximal 18q . Clubfoot , pes planus , and scoliosis have all been reported. Growth Children with proximal 18q are often small for their age. Unlike distal 18q , however, growth hormone deficiency has not been reported in anyone with proximal 18q . Development Proximal 18q causes developmental ..., expressive language skills are usually significantly delayed. Variability Severity of proximal 18q is variable. Treatment Management There is no cure for proximal 18q . Treatment is usually symptomatic. Current Research Current research is focusing on clearly defining the phenotype associated with proximal ... more details
A proximal promoter is a proximal sequence upstream of the gene, specifically the transcription start site TSS of the gene, that tends to contain primary regulatory elements. It is approximately 250 base pairs bp upstream signified by a negative sign before the number of base pairs, eg. 250 bp of the TSS and has specific transcription factor binding site s. Promoter main Promoter biology In genetics , a promoter is a region of DNA that facilitates the Transcription genetics transcription of a particular gene . Promoters are typically located near the genes they regulate, on the same strand and Upstream and downstream DNA upstream towards the 5 region of the sense strand . In eukaryotes there at least seven different factors necessary for the binding of an RNA polymerase II to the promoter. Promoters represent critical elements that can work in concert with other regulatory regions Enhancer genetics enhancer s, silencer DNA silencers , boundary elements Insulator genetics insulators to direct the level of transcription of a given gene. Core promoter main Core promoter The core promoter is the minimal portion of the Promoter biology promoter required to properly initiate gene Transcription genetics transcription . It contains a binding site for RNA polymerase RNA polymerase I , RNA ... with a weaker influence than the proximal promoter. E box main E box The E box has a hexanucleotide ... promoter starting at or near 300 bp, the proximal promoter, or both. ref name Chaudhary A third E box ... doi ref The proximal GRE has no inherent capacity by itself to stimulate transcription. ref name Jantzen When present in conjunction with the distal GRE, the proximal GRE synergistically enhances glucocorticoid ... contains the sequence 5 GCTCAGTGT 3 . ref name Beaupain The proximal PBGD initiator element 2 bp ... of the two GATC sites proximal and distal to the pap promoter . ref name Casedesus cite ... author Esumi N, Kachi S, Campochiaro PA, Zack DJ title VMD2 promoter requires two proximal E box ... more details
Proximal subungual onychomycosis is an infection of the nail plate by fungus, primarily affecting the proximal nailfold. ref name Andrews cite book author James, William D. Berger, Timothy G. et al. title Andrews Diseases of the Skin clinical Dermatology publisher Saunders Elsevier location year 2006 pages isbn 0 7216 2921 0 oclc doi accessdate ref rp 305 See also Onychomycosis Skin lesion References reflist Cutaneous infection stub Category Mycosis related cutaneous conditions ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name Proximal Convoluted Tubule Latin tubulus contortus proximalis GraySubject 253 GrayPage ... tubule labeled at center top. Image2 Histology kidney.jpg Caption2 1 Glomerulus , 2 proximal tubule ... Lymph MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre t 22 DorlandsSuf 12830072 The proximal tubule is the portion of the Duct ... of Henle . Structure and appearance The most distinctive characteristic of the proximal tubule is its brush border or striated border . Brush border cell Renal proximal tubule brush border cell ... for the active transport of sodium ions out of the proximal tubule. Water passively follows the sodium out of the cell along its concentration gradient. Cuboidal epithelial cells lining the proximal ... of having no discrete cell margins when viewed with a light microscope. Agonal resorption of the proximal ... often leads to disturbance of the cellular morphology of the proximal tubule cells, including ... of proximal tubules as occluded or dirty looking, in contrast to the clean appearance of distal tubules , which have quite different properties. Divisions The proximal tubule as a part of the nephron ... divisions Description rowspan 4 Proximal tubule rowspan 2 convoluted S1 ref name boron743 cite book ... portion . In relation to the morphology of the kidney as a whole, the convoluted segments of the proximal ... . Pars recta Proximal straight tubule redirects here The Pars recta is the following straight descending ... described above, this segment is sometimes designated as S3 . Absorption The proximal tubule ... and other bases, into the filtrate. Fluid in the filtrate entering the proximal convoluted tubule ... potential of the fluid leaving the proximal tubule is the same as that of the initial ... proximal tubule. ref Boron & Boulpaep. Medical Physiology. Updated Edition. 2005. ref phosphate approximately 80 Parathyroid hormone reduces reabsorption of phosphate in the proximal tubules ... the same. Secretion Many types of medications are secreted in the proximal tubule. Further ... more details
Proximal diabetic neuropathy or lumbosacral radiculoplexus neuropathy , previously termed diabetic amyotrophy , is a diabetic neuropathy peripheral nerve disease characterized by painful muscle wasting and weakness. It affects the lower limbs and is typically asymmetric. Proximal diabetic neuropathy typically occurs in aged type 2 diabetic males, though it may occur in younger diabetic patients and women too. Symptoms Muscle weakness and wasting most striking in the thigh and buttocks, but may also occur in the shin and foot Pain in the back or thighs Loss of knee reflex on the affected side and in the ankles Diagnosis Nerve conduction studies and needle electromyography are used to rule out other conditions and diagnose proximal diabetic neuropathy. Treatment Proximal diabetic neuropathy is very much reversible. This can be done by taking various measures. Controlling the blood sugar levels is the most important part of treating proximal diabetic neuropathy. Proper eating habits, medication, physical exercise, good mental health and avoiding harmful habits like drinking, smoking etc. all form a part of the lifestyle to control diabetes. Physical therapy to restore the nerves in the legs is very useful. Physical therapy brings back feeling in the legs. Medication helps reduce the pain involved in proximal diabetic neuropathy. References Fowler & Scadding. Clinical Neurology. 3rd edition. Pg. 163 Kumar & Clark. Clinical Medicine. 5th edition, pg. 1098. GPnotebook 1073348602 Category Diabetes Category Neurological disorders endocrine disease stub ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name Proximal radioulnar articulation Latin articulatio radioulnaris proximalis GraySubject 85 GrayPage 324 Image Gray331.png Caption Capsule of elbow joint distended . Anterior aspect. Image2 Gray333.png Caption2 Annular ligament of radius, from above. The head of the radius has been sawn off and the bone dislodged from the ligament. System Precursor MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre a 64 DorlandsSuf 12161505 The proximal radioulnar articulation superior radioulnar joint is a trochoid or pivot joint between the circumference of the head of the radius and the ring formed by the radial notch of the ulna and the annular ligament . Nerve Supply median nerve musculocutaneous nerve radial nerve See also Distal radioulnar articulation Supination Gray s Joints of upper limbs Category Bones of the upper limb Musculoskeletal stub de Articulatio radioulnaris proximalis ... more details
Proximal femoral focal deficiency PFFD is a rare, heredity non hereditary congenital disorder birth defect that affects the pelvis , particularly the hip bone, and the proximal femur . The disorder may affect one side or both, with the hip being deformed and the human leg leg shortened. It is commonly linked with the absence or shortening of a leg bone fibular hemimelia and the absence of a patella kneecap . Other linked birth defects include the dislocation or instability of the joint between the femur and the kneecap, a shortened tibia or fibula , and foot deformities. Classifications There are typically four classes or types of PFFD, ranging from class A to class D, as detailed by Aitken http gait.aidi.udel.edu res695 homepage pd ortho educate clincase pffd.htm . Causes The cause of PFFD is uncertain. Two hypotheses have been advanced. The theory of sclerotome subtraction posits injury to neural crest cells that are the precursors to sensory nerves at the level of L4 and L5. ref http emedicine.medscape.com article 1248323 overview ref Histologic studies of a fetus with unilateral PFFD have prompted an alternative hypothesis that PFFD is caused by a defect in maturation of chondrocytes cartilage cells at the growth plate ref http www.ejbjs.org cgi content abstract 71 8 1119 ref . In either hypothesis, the agent causing the injury is usually not known. Thalidomide is known to cause PFFD when the mother is exposed to it in the fifth or sixth week of pregnancy, and it is speculated that exposure to other toxin s during pregnancy may also be a cause. Other etiologies that have been suggested, but not proven, include Hypoxia medical anoxia , ischemia , radiation , infection , hormone .... References http www.dynomed.com encyclopedia encyclopedia pediatric orthopedics Proximal Femoral Focal Deficiency.html Proximal Femoral Focal Deficiency at DynoMed.com. Accessed 9 August 2005. External links http gait.aidi.udel.edu res695 homepage pd ortho educate clincase pffd.htm Proximal Femoral ... more details
The zone of proximal development , often abbreviated ZPD , is the difference between what a learner can do without help and what he or she can do with help. It is a concept developed by Soviet psychologist and constructivism learning theory social constructivist Lev Vygotsky 1896 &ndash 1934 . Vygotsky stated that a child follows an adult s example and gradually develops the ability to do certain tasks without help or assistance. Vygotsky s often quoted definition of zone of proximal development presents it as blockquote the distance between the actual developmental level as determined by independent problem solving and the level of potential development as determined through problem solving under adult guidance, or in collaboration with more capable peers ref L.S. Vygotsky Mind in Society Development of Higher Psychological Processes , p. 86 ref blockquote Vygotsky among other educational professionals believes the role of education to be to provide children with experiences which are in their ZPD, thereby encouraging and advancing their individual learning. ref Berk, L & Winsler, A. 1995 . Vygotsky His life and works and Vygotsky s approach to development . In Scaffolding children s learning Vygotsky and early childhood learning . Natl. Assoc for Educ. Of Young Children. p. 24 ref Origins The concept of the zone of proximal development was originally developed by Vygotsky to argue against the use of academic, knowledge based tests as a means to gauge students intelligence. Vygotsky argued that rather than examining what a student knows to determine intelligence, it is better to examine their ability to solve problems independently and their ability ... placed in the zone of proximal development. ref Wells, G. 1999 . Dialogic Inquiries in education ... of Proximal Development in Vygotsky s analysis of learning and instruction. In Kozulin, A., Gindis ... proximal sk Z na najbli ieho v voja fi L hikehityksen vy hyke zh ... more details
dablink Phalanges redirects here. For the Lebanese Phalange, see the Kataeb Party . For the Spanish political party, see Falange . Image Scheme human hand bones en.svg thumb 180px Illustration of the phalanges Image Hand bones.jpg thumb The phalanges in a human hand In anatomy , phalanx bone s plural phalanges are those that form the finger s and toe s. In primate s such as human s and monkey s, the thumb and big toe have two phalanges, while the other fingers and toes consist of three Citation needed date March 2011 . Phalanges are classified as long bone s. The phalanges do not really have individual names. They are named for the digit they represent, their distance from the body and, in the case of the intermediate phalange, their location relative to each other. Distal phalanges are at the tips of the fingers and toes. Proximalphalanges are closest to the hand or foot and articulate with the metacarpal s of the hand, or metatarsal s of the foot. Middle or intermediate phalanges are between the distal and proximal. The thumb and big toe do not have middle phalanges. The term phalanx or phalanges refers to an Phalanx formation ancient Greek army formation in which soldiers stand side by side, several rows deep, like an arrangement of fingers or toes. Phalangeal formula The number of phalanges in animals is often expressed as a phalangeal formula that indicates the numbers of phalanges in digits beginning from Anatomical terms of location Left and right .28lateral.29.2C and medial medial . Primitive reptile s typically had the formula 2 3 4 4 5, and this pattern, with some modification, remained in many later reptiles and in the mammal like reptile s. Primitive mammals, however ... marine mammals is 2 12 8 1, which is seen at their flippers. See also Phalanges of the foot Phalanges of the hand References reflist http www.medterms.com script main art.asp?articlekey 4866 ... pl Paliczki pt Falange ru simple Phalanges sk l nky prstov sv Falang anatomi ... more details
Methotrexate induced papular eruption appears in patients being treated with methotrexate , such as those with rheumatic disease, presenting with List of cutaneous conditions erythematous indurated papules , usually located on the Proximal phalanges proximal extremities . ref name Andrews James, William Berger, Timothy Elston, Dirk 2005 . Andrews Diseases of the Skin Clinical Dermatology . 10th ed. . Saunders. Page 181. ISBN 0 7216 2921 0. ref It has been suggested that it may represent a Cutaneous small vessel vasculitis . ref PMID 18094347 ref See also List of cutaneous conditions References reflist Cutaneous condition stub External causes of morbidity and mortality Category Connective tissue diseases ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name PAGENAME Latin skeleton appendiculare GraySubject GrayPage Image Appendicular skeleton diagram.svg Caption Appendicular skeleton diagram Image2 Caption2 Precursor System Artery Vein Nerve Lymph MeshName MeshNumber The appendicular skeleton is composed of 126 bones in the human body. The word appendicular is the adjective of the noun appendage, which itself means a part that is joined to something larger. Functionally it is involved in locomotion Lower limbs of the axial skeleton and manipulation of objects in the environment Upper limbs . The appendicular skeleton is divided into six major regions 1 Pectoral Girdles 4 bones Left and right Clavicle 2 and Scapula 2 . 2 Arm and Forearm 6 bones Left and right Humerus 2 Arm , Ulna 2 and Radius 2 Fore Arm . 3 Hands 58 bones Left and right Carpal 16 wrist , Metacarpal 10 , Proximal phalanges 10 , Middle phalanges 8 , distal phalanges 10 , and sesamoid 4 . 4 Pelvis 2 bones Left and right os coxae 2 ilium . 5 Thigh and leg 8 bones Femur 2 thigh , Tibia 2 , Patella 2 knee , and Fibula 2 leg . 6 Feet 56 bones Tarsus skeleton Tarsals 14 ankle , Metatarsals 10 , Proximal phalanges 10 , middle phalanges 8 , distal phalanges 10 , and sesamoid 4 . It is important to realize that through anatomical variation it is common for the skeleton to have many extra bones sutural bones in the skull, cervical ribs, lumbar ribs and even extra lumbar vertebrae The appendicular skeleton of 126 bones and the axial skeleton of 80 bones together form the complete skeleton of 206 bones in the human body. Unlike the axial skeleton, the appendicular skeleton is unfused. This allows for a much greater range of motion. ref Vizniak, N.A., 2008, Quick Reference Clinical Consultant Muscle Manual, Professional Health Systems Inc, Canada ref References references Bonesofskeleton Category Skeletal system ko ht Eskel t apendikil pt Esqueleto apendicular sq Gjymtyr t e poshtme t njeriut th tr Apendik ler iskelet kemik ... more details
Trochlea Latin for pulley is a term in anatomy . It refers to a grooved structure reminiscent of a pulley s wheel. Most commonly, trochleae bear the articular surface of saddle joint saddle and other joints Trochlea of humerus Trochlear process of the Calcaneus The knuckles of the tarsometatarsus which articulate with the proximal phalanges in a bird s foot It also can refer to structures which serve as a guide for muscles Trochlea of superior oblique see also superior oblique muscle . This use is the source of the name for the Trochlear nerve . disambig de Trochlea ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name Metatarsophalangeal articulations Latin articulationes metatarsophalangeae GraySubject 99 GrayPage 359 Image Gray268.png Caption Bones of the right foot. Dorsal surface. Image2 Caption2 System Precursor MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre a 64 DorlandsSuf 12161421 The metatarsophalangeal articulations are the joints between the metatarsal bones of the foot and the proximal bones proximal phalanges of the toe s . They are condyloid joint s meaning an elliptical or rounded surface of the metatarsal bones come close to the shallow cavities of the proximal phalanges . The ligaments are the plantar and two collateral. Movements The movements permitted in the metatarsophalangeal articulations are flexion , Extension kinesiology extension , anatomical terms of motion abduction , and adduction . See also Turf toe Turf toe metatarsalphalangeal joint sprain Hallux valgus Bunion hallux valgus External links http www.webmd.com hw health guide atoz hw139870.asp Diagram at webmd.com http www.microsurgeon.org vasc 20joint 20bones.jpg Diagram at microsurgeon.org Gray s Joints of lower limbs musculoskeletal stub Category Joints de Zehengrundgelenk nl MTP gewricht ... more details
Otheruses2 Annular ligament Infobox Ligament Name Annular ligaments of toes Latin pars anularis vaginae fibrosae digitorum pedis GraySubject GrayPage Image Caption Image2 Caption2 From phalanx bones phalanx To phalanx bones phalanx System MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre l 09 DorlandsSuf 12488651 The Annular ligaments of the toes are the wikt annular annular part of the fibrous sheathes of the toes . These strong transverse bands of fibrous tissue cross the flexor tendons at the level of the upper half of the proximal phalanges of the foot . Category Ligaments Category Lower limb anatomy ligament stub ... more details
Infobox Ligament Name Collateral ligament of interphalangeal articulations of hand Latin ligamenta collateralia articulationum digitorum manus GraySubject GrayPage Image Caption Image2 Caption2 From phalanx bones phalanx To phalanx bones phalanx System MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre l 09 DorlandsSuf 12491880 On each side of the Interphalangeal articulations of hand interphalangeal joints of the fingers are diagonally placed fibrous bands. The proximal ends of the bands are near the dorsal phalanges of the hand and the distal ends of the bands are near the palmar margins of the Digit anatomy digits . Category Hand Category Ligaments ligament stub ... more details
Wikify date April 2011 The plexor is usually the middle finger of the examiner s right hand is kept flexed so as to form a right angle between the proximal and middle phalanges. During percussion medicine percussion , the middle finger of examiner s hand is routinely used as pleximeter and the technique involves making series of strokes with the plexor on the pleximeter finger. The strokes are sudden flicking movements arising at the wrist. With each hit, the distal pad not the tip of the plexor strikes the middle phalanx of the pleximeter. ref name LHC cite web url http vol.lifehugger.com wiki Percussion title Percussion publisher LifeHugger accessdate 2009 10 07 ref References references Category Physical examination med stub ... more details
metatarsal bone 5 × 2 Digits of the feet toe bones or phalangesproximalphalanges 5 × 2 intermediate phalanges 4 × 2 distal phalanges 5 × 2 Category Human anatomy Category Skeletal ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name Extensor expansion Latin GraySubject GrayPage Image gray416.png Caption Tendons of forefinger and vincula tendina. Extensor expansion not labeled, but region is visible. Image2 Caption2 Map MapPos MapCaption Precursor System Artery Vein Nerve Lymph MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre DorlandsSuf A extensor expansion dorsal expansion , dorsal hood is an anatomical term that refers to the flattened tendons aponeurosis of extensor muscles that run into the back of the hand. It spans the proximal and middle phalanges. ref name titleeMedicine Hand, Tendon Lacerations Extensors Article by D Glynn Bolitho, MD, PhD, FACS cite web url http www.emedicine.com plastic topic324.htm title eMedicine Hand, Tendon Lacerations Extensors Article by D Glynn Bolitho, MD, PhD, FACS accessdate 2008 01 20 format work ref At the distal end of the metacarpal , the extensor tendon will expand to form a hood, which covers the back and sides of the head of the metacarpal and the proximal Phalanx bones phalanx . Bands The expansion soon divides into three bands lateral bands pass on either side of the proximal phalanx and stretch all the way to the distal phalanx. The lumbricals of the hand , extensor indicis muscle , ref name isbn0 7817 5309 0 cite book author Kyung Won, PhD. Chung title Gross Anatomy Board Review publisher Lippincott Williams & Wilkins location Hagerstown, MD year 2005 isbn 0 7817 5309 0 oclc doi page 43 ref dorsal interossei of the hand , and palmar interossei insert on these bands. A single median band passes down the middle of the finger along the back of the proximal phalanx, ending at the base of the middle phalanx. A band known as the retinacular ligament runs obliquely along the middle phalanx, and connects the fibrous digital sheath on the anterior side of the phalanges to the extensor expansion. References reflist External links NormanAnatomy lesson5musofpostforearm KansasHandKinesiology ligaments fingdorsup.htm Upper limb general Category Muscular sy ... more details
Muscle infobox Name Lumbrical muscle of the foot Latin musculus lumbricalis pedis GraySubject 131 GrayPage 493 Image Lumbricales pedis.png Caption Muscles of the sole of the foot. Second layer. Lumbricals visible at bottom. Origin Medial borders of long flexor tendons Insertion Proximal phalanges and extensor tendons of the 4 lateral toes Action Flexes metatarsophalangeal joints, extends interphalangeal joints Blood Medial and Lateral plantar arteries Nerve medial and lateral plantar nerves S3 MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre m 22 DorlandsSuf 12549758 For the muscle of the hand, see Lumbrical muscle hand . The lumbricals are four small skeletal muscle s, accessory to the tendons of the flexor digitorum longus muscle flexor digitorum longus and numbered from the medial side of the foot they arise from these tendons, as far back as their angles of division, each springing from two tendons, except the first. The muscles end in tendon s, which pass forward on the medial sides of the four lesser toes, and are inserted into the expansions of the tendons of the Extensor digitorum longus on the dorsal surfaces of the first phalanx bones phalanges . All four lumbricals insert into extensor hoods of the phalanges, thus creating extension at the inter phalangeal joints. However as the tendons also pass inferior to the metatarsal phalangeal joints it creates flexion at this joint. Variations Absence of one or more doubling of the third or fourth even the fifth. Insertion partly or wholly into the first phalanges. Innervation The most medial lumbrical is innervated by the medial plantar nerve while the remaining three lumbricals are supplied by the lateral plantar nerve . External links MuscleLoyola lumf GPnotebook 1966079920 eMedicineDictionary lumbricals 28lumbrical muscles 29 of foot http www.ptcentral.com muscles musclelegs.html lumbricals PTCentral Gray s muscle stub Muscles of lower limb Category Foot muscles de Musculi lumbricales Fu fr Muscles lombricaux du pied it Musco ... more details
lead rewrite date March 2011 wikify date March 2011 orphan date April 2010 Hand and finger injuries are extremely common and often described in colorful terms. Anatomy Image Fingers1.jpg thumb alt A drawing of the hand and tendons. All four non thumb digits index finger , middle finger , ring finger and little finger contain three bones called the Phalanx bones phalanges that are aligned in a linear row like box cars in a train. These bones are designated the Proximal phalanges proximal phalanx closest to the palm , the Middle phalanges middle phalanx and the Distal phalanges distal phalanx furthest from the palm . The joints between these bones are referred to as the proximal interphalangeal joint PIP, between the proximal and middle phalanx and the distal interphalangeal joint DIP, between the middle and distal phalanx . Large muscle s in the forearm send long tendon s to the fingers and these tendons attach at specific points on these bones. Flexing and extending these digits occurs when these muscles contract and their tendons pull on their bony attachments. The deepest of the flexor muscle s in the anterior forearm is called the flexor digitorum profundus muscle FDP it gives off four tendons that travel through the carpal tunnel into the hand and attach to the distal phalanx in each of the four non thumb digits. Jersey Finger Injury Jersey finger is a term used to describe an injury to an FDP tendon at its point of attachment to the distal phalanx. This injury often occurs in American football when a player grabs another player s Jersey clothing jersey with the tips of one or more fingers while that player is pulling or running away. ref Wang, Quincy C., MD, and Johnson, Brett A., MD. Fingertip Injuries. American Family Physician. May 15, 2001. Vol. 63, Number 10. Pp. 1961 1966. ref The force of this action Hyperextension hyperextends the tip of the finger at the DIP joint while the proximal portion of the finger is Flexion flexed . This action can partially or ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
