Refimprove date August 2010 Science Protoscience denotes a fringe science that has limited acceptance in the mainstream scientific community but is nonetheless rooted in established scientific principles and thus has potential for being more widely accepted. It can be defined as any set of beliefs or theories that have not yet been tested adequately by the scientific method but which are otherwise ... science . ref http dictionary.reference.com browse Protoscience Webster s New Millennium Dictionary ... been rejected are classified as pseudoscience , not protoscience. In the philosophy of science , a protoscience is an area of scientific endeavor that is in the process of becoming established. Protoscience ... skeptics refer to protoscience as pathological sciences . Protoscience is a term sometimes ... cultural practices cultural , traditional practices traditional , or ancient practices . A protoscience ... for string theory, which at the time of this article writing is a protoscience. ref http www.wordiq.com definition Protoscience Dictionary definition, wordiq ref List of examples Since fringe science ... it as a promising protoscience with an inline citation. If a subject is already classified as pseudoscience ... as protoscience. Please list alphabetically any name starting with a number at the bottom ... Psychology as Protoscience . Skeptic Magazine, 1996. D Hartmann, Protoscience and Reconstruction . Journal of General Philosophy of Science, 1996. R Tuomela, Science, Protoscience and Pseudoscience ..., 1986. G Kennedy, Psychoanalysis Protoscience and Metapsychology . 1959. AC Maffei, Psychoanalysis Protoscience Or Science? . 1969. N Psarros, The Constructive Approach to the Philosophy of Chemistry ... Protoscience Wikicity http physics.syr.edu courses modules PSEUDO moller.html Questions to help distinguish a pseudoscience from a protoscience Category Scientific method ar de Protowissenschaft el es Protociencia fr Protoscience id Protosains it Protoscienza nl Protowetenschap ... more details
Natural magic in the context of Renaissance magic is that part of the occult which deals with natural forces directly, as opposed to ceremonial magic , in particular goety and theurgy , which deals with the summoning of spirit s. Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa so uses the term in his 1526 de vanitate . Natural magic so defined thus includes astrology , alchemy , and disciplines that we would today consider fields of natural science , such as astronomy and chemistry which developed and diverged from astrology and alchemy, respectively, into the modern sciences they are today or botany herbology . References Charles G. Nauert, Magic and Skepticism in Agrippa s Thought, Journal of the History of Ideas 1957 , p. 176. references See also Protoscience Category History of science Category Renaissance Category Magic paranormal vi Ph p thu t t nhi n ... more details
Refimprove date February 2008 Notarikon lang he is a method of deriving a word, akin to the creation of an acronym , by using each of its initial Hebrew or final Hebrew letters to stand for another word, forming a sentence or idea out of the words. Another variation entails using the first and last letters, or the two middle letters of a word, etc. to form another word. The word notarikon is borrowed from Greek language , which in its turn was derived from the Latin language Latin word notarius, meaning short hand writer. ref The Dictionary of Jewish usage a guide to the use of Jewish terms, By Sol Steinmetz, ISBN 0742543870 , 2005, article Notarikon ref Notarikon is one of the three ancient methods, the other two being gematria and temurah Kabbalah temurah , used by the Kabbalah Kabbalists to rearrange words and sentences in the Bible to derive the esoteric substratum and deeper spiritual meaning of the words. Notarikon was also used in the protoscience alchemy . See also Hebrew acronyms References reflist Category History of cryptography Category Kabbalah Category Alchemy Kabbalah stub ar de Notarikon es Notarikon fr Notarikon ja pl Notarikon fi Notarikon ... more details
Selfref For the Wikipedia guideline, see Wikipedia Fringe theories . A fringe theory is an idea or a collection of ideas that departs significantly from the prevailing or mainstream view in its particular field of study . Examples include conspiracy theories , ideas which pseudoscience purport to be scientific theories but have little or no scientific support , unproven alternative medicine alternative claims about medicine , pseudohistory and so forth. Some fringe theories may in a stricter sense be hypothesis hypotheses , conjecture s, or speculation s. ref name Shermer 1997 cite book author Michael Shermer Shermer, Michael title Why People Believe Weird Things Pseudoscience, Superstition, and Other Confusions of Our Time publisher Henry Holt and Company year 1997 isbn 0805070893 ref Status of a theory can change. For example, continental drift has moved from being a contested, fringe theory in geology , to becoming very widely accepted as plate tectonics within the scientific community . ref Bell, David, 2005, Science, Technology and Culture, Open University Press, p. 134, ISBN 978 0335213269 ref See also Conspiracy theory Fringe disambiguation Fringe science Protoscience Pseudohistory Pseudoscience References Reflist Epistemology Category Conspiracy theories Category Fringe science Category Fringe theory Category Pseudo scholarship Category Pseudohistory Category Pseudoscience philosophy stub ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Unreferenced date April 2008 neologism Cryptofiction is s word primarily used today to describe a fiction genre based on cryptozoology . Cryptofiction draws upon its subject matter by combining elements of native legend, historical records and eyewitness accounts concerning a continuing mythical or legendary creature. Primarily dealing with the likes of Bigfoot and the Loch Ness Monster , any creature for which there is enough evidence to warrant study by cryptozoologists may serve as the basis for such fiction. Although this fairly recent genre includes a growing list of authors and movie makers, there have been many such tales written over the years. This includes works by Jules Verne The Mysterious Island , Arthur Conan Doyle The Lost World Conan Doyle novel The Lost World , and Edgar Rice Burroughs The Land That Time Forgot novel The Land That Time Forgot , to modern authors such as Michael Crichton Jurassic Park novel Jurassic Park and Steve Alten the Meg series and The Loch . See also Paranormal state collapsed Cryptid Cryptobotany List of megafauna recently discovered Lists of fictional species Legendary creature List of legendary creatures List of notable figures in cryptozoology Monster Cryptic zoology , an animal that is difficult to observe due to its behaviour or camouflage . Pseudoscience and protoscience Xenobiology External links commonscat Cryptofiction http www.strangeark.com czfiction.html StrangeArk Cryptofiction , Chad Arment, http www.coachwhipbooks.com Coachwhip Books http amarketingexpert.com ameblog ?p 111 Cryptofiction, A New Genre on the Horizon? , Eric Penz http mattbille.blogspot.com 2007 10 notes on cryptozoological fiction.html Notes on Cryptozoological Fiction , Matt Bille http www.cryptomundo.com cryptozoo news top cz fiction 2005 The Top Cryptofiction Books of 2005 , Loren Coleman http www.cryptomundo.com cryptozoo news crypto fi bks 06 The Top Cryptofiction Books of 2006 , Loren Coleman Cryptozoology Catego ... more details
Expert subject date August 2010 Cryptozoology Image The ya te veo.jpg thumb Depiction of a man eating tree from Central America. Cryptobotany is the study of various exotic plants which are not believed to exist by the scientific community , but which exist in myth, literature or unsubstantiated reports. As with cryptozoology , the undisciplined field is associated with fringe research and is considered a pseudoscience . Citation needed date July 2009 Folk legend and ethnic usage of plants, often as interdisciplinary research, is presented and developed for an unknown species, in the hope of allowing those species to be collected or adequately identified. Any researcher or writer can identify himself or herself as a cryptobotanist the field is surveyed within cryptozoological or other journals, or with varying degrees of scepticism as a protoscience . ref cite web url http web.ncf.ca bz050 criticalcz.html title Taking a Hard Look at Cryptozoology A Critical Approach to Cryptozoology accessdate 2007 07 03 author Roesch, Ben S. authorlink coauthors date year 1999 work Author s On Line Cryptozoology Archives publisher quote Thus the argument goes in order to ensure accuracy in cryptozoology, research on sasquatch should be done by a primatologist or physical anthropologist, and research on sea serpents should be done by a marine biologist, preferably one who has good knowledge of both invertebrate and vertebrate marine organisms. ref Many plants remain undiscovered or are yet to be classified, however cryptobotany usually focuses on fantastical plants believed to have harmful or therapeutic interactions with people. Sources of data may be secondary or scant reports may be plausible or outlandish. ref cite web url http web.ncf.ca bz050 HomePage.scza.html title Cryptozoologists An Endangered Species accessdate 2007 07 03 author Paul McCarthy authorlink date 1993 01 11 work The Scientist, Vol 7, 1 publisher quote Krantz is a member of a small band of scientists called cry ... more details
refimprove date January 2009 Reproducibility is one of the main principles of the scientific method , and refers to the ability of a test or experiment to be accurately reproduced, or replicated , by someone else working independently. The results of an experiment performed by a particular research er or group of researchers are generally evaluated by other independent researchers who repeat the same experiment themselves, based on the original experimental description see independent review . Then they see if their experiment gives similar results to those reported by the original group. The result values are said to be commensurate if they are obtained in distinct experimental trials according to the same reproducible experimental description and procedure. Reproducibility is different from repeatability , which measures the success rate in successive experiments, possibly conducted by the same experimenters. Reproducibility relates to the agreement of test results with different operators, test apparatus, and laboratory locations. It is often reported as a standard deviation . While repeatability of scientific experiments is desirable, it is not considered necessary to establish the scientific validity of a theory. For example, the cloning of animals is difficult to repeat, but has been reproduced by various teams working independently, and is a well established research domain. One failed cloning does not mean that the theory is wrong or unscientific. Repeatability is often low in protoscience s. The basic idea can be seen in Aristotle s dictum that there is no scientific knowledge of the individual, where the word used for individual in Greek had the connotation of the idiosyncratic , or wholly isolated occurrence. Thus all knowledge, all science, necessarily involves the formation of general concepts and the invocation of their corresponding symbols in language cf. Turner . Reproducible research The term reproducible research was first proposed by Jon Claerbou ... more details
Unreferenced date May 2007 Exploratory engineering is a term coined by K. Eric Drexler to describe the process of designing and analyzing detailed hypothetical models of systems that are not feasible with current technologies or methods, but do seem to be clearly within the bounds of what science considers to be possible within the narrowly defined scope of operation of the hypothetical system model. It usually results in paper prototypes paper or video prototype s, or more likely nowadays computer simulation computer model s that are as convincing as possible to those that know the relevant science, given the lack of experimental confirmation. By analogy with protoscience , it might be considered a form of protoengineering . Usage Due to the difficulty and necessity of anticipating results in such areas as genetic modification , climate change , molecular engineering , and megascale engineering , parallel fields such as bioethics , climate engineering and hypothetical molecular nanotechnology sometimes emerge to develop and examine hypotheses, define limits, and express potential solutions to the anticipated technological problems. Proponents of exploratory engineering contend that it is an appropriate initial approach to such problems. Engineering is concerned with the design of a solution to a practical problem. A scientist may ask why? and proceed to research the answer to the question. By contrast, engineers want to know how to solve a problem, and how to implement that solution. Exploratory engineering often posits that a highly detailed solution exists, and explores the putative characteristics of such a solution, while holding in abeyance the question of how to implement that solution. If a point can be reached where the attempted implementation of the solution is addressed using the principles of engineering science , the activity transitions from protoengineering to actual engineering, and results in success or failure to implement the design. Requirements ... more details
Citations missing date February 2009 SpecialChars Image Alchemical symbols 1775.jpg 250px right thumb Alchemical symbols in Torbern Bergman s 1775 Dissertation on Elective Affinities . Alchemical symbols , originally devised as part of the protoscience of alchemy , were used to denote some elements and some compounds until the 18th century. Note that while notation like this was mostly standardized, style and symbol varied between alchemists, so this page lists the most common. Three primes According to Paracelsus , the Three Primes alchemy Three Primes or Tria Prima are Mercury element Mercury fluid connection between the High and the Low Image Mercury symbol.svg 30px Sulfur omnipresent spirit of life Image Sulphur.svg 20px Salt base matter File Line within circle.svg 20px Four basic elements Fire classical element Fire Image Alchemy fire symbol.svg 20px Water classical element Water Image Alchemy water symbol.svg 20px Earth classical element Earth Image Alchemy earth symbol.svg 20px Air classical element Air Image Alchemy air symbol.svg 20px Seven planetary metals main Classical planets in Western alchemy Planets in astrology Image Astrological Glyphs.svg 275px thumb Astrological symbols glyph s representing the Sun , Moon , Pluto and Solar system planets , including the Earth , in Western astrology . Planetary metals were dominated or ruled by one of the seven planets known by the ancients. Although they occasionally have a symbol of their own denoted by also , they were usually symbolized by the planet s symbol. Gold dominated by Sun astrology Sol Image Sun symbol.svg 20px Silver dominated by Moon astrology Luna Image Crescent.svg 15px Copper dominated by Venus astrology Venus also Image Copper symbol.svg 30px Iron dominated by Mars astrology Mars Image Mars symbol.svg 20px Tin dominated by Jupiter astrology Jupiter Image Jupiter symbol.svg 20px Mercury element Mercury quicksilver dominated by Mercury astrolo ... more details
Stephen LaBerge born 1947 is a psychophysiologist and a leader in the Oneirology scientific study of lucid dreaming . In 1967 he received his Bachelor s Degree in mathematics . He began researching lucid dreaming for his Ph.D. in Psychophysiology at Stanford University , which he received in 1980. ref http dreamtalk.hypermart.net member files stephen laberge.html Stephen LaBerge at IASD ref He developed techniques to enable himself and other researchers to enter a lucid dream state at will, most notably the MILD technique Lucid dreaming Mnemonic induction of lucid dreams MILD mnemonic induction of lucid dreams , which was necessary for many forms of dream experimentation. ref http www.lucidity.com LucidDreamingFAQ2.html LIQ Lucid Dreaming Frequently Asked Questions Answered by The Lucidity Institute Bot generated title ref In 1987, he founded The Lucidity Institute , an organization that promotes research into lucid dreaming, as well as running courses for the general public on how to achieve a lucid dream. ref http www.lucidity.com info.html About the Lucidity Institute Bot generated title ref His technique of signalling to a collaborator monitoring his EEG with agreed upon eye movements during REM became the first published, scientifically verified signal from a dreamer s mind to the outside world. The first confirmed signal came from Alan Worsley under study in England however his group did not publish their results until later. ref http spiritwatch.ca alan worsley.htm Alan Worsley Bot generated title ref Though the technique is simple, it opens broad new avenues of dream research and pushed the field of dream research, or oneirology , beyond its protoscience protoscientific and largely discredited psychoanalysis psychoanalytic roots, establishing it as a fruitful and respectable discipline. Research results main Lucid dreaming Results from LaBerge s lab and others ref http www.lucidity.com SleepAndCognition.html Psychophysiology of Lucid Dreaming Bot generated t ... more details
About a scientific profession File Julie Perkins at LLNL.jpg right frame A chemist pours from a round bottom flask . A chemist is a scientist trained in the study of chemistry . Chemists study the composition of matter and its properties such as density and acidity. Chemists carefully describe the properties they study in terms of quantities, with detail on the level of molecule s and their component atom s. Chemists carefully measure substance proportions, Chemical reaction reaction rates, and other chemical properties . Chemists use this knowledge to learn the composition, and properties of unfamiliar substances, as well as to reproduce and synthesize large quantities of useful naturally occurring substances and create new artificial substances and useful processes. Chemists may specialize in any number of Chemistry Subdisciplines subdisciplines of chemistry . Materials science Materials scientists and metallurgists share much of the same education and skills with chemists. Chemical engineer s are concerned with the physical processes necessary to carry out industrial reactions heating, cooling, mixing, diffusion etc. and to separate and purify the products, and work with industrial chemists on the development of new processes. History main History of chemistry The roots of chemistry can be traced to the phenomenon of combustion burning . Fire was a mystical force that transformed one substance into another and thus was of primary interest to mankind. It was fire that led to the discovery of iron and glass . After gold was discovered and became a precious metal, many people were interested to find a method that could convert other substances into gold. This led to the protoscience called Alchemy . The word chemist is derived from the New Latin noun chimista , an abbreviation of alchimista Alchemy alchemist . Alchemists discovered many chemical process es that led to the development of modern chemistry. Chemistry as we know it today, was invented by Antoine Lavoisi ... more details
Unreferenced date May 2010 A superseded , or obsolete, scientific theory is a scientific theory that was once commonly accepted but that is no longer considered the most complete description of reality by a mainstream scientific consensus , or a theory which has been shown to be falsifiability false . This label does not cover protoscience protoscientific or fringe science theories with limited support in the scientific community , nor does it describe theories that were never widely accepted. Some theories which were only supported under specific political authorities, such as Lysenkoism , may also be described as obsolete or superseded. In some cases a theory or idea is found to be baseless and is simply discarded for example, the phlogiston theory was entirely replaced by the quite different concept of energy and related laws. In other cases an existing theory is replaced by a new theory which retains elements of the earlier theory in these cases, the older theory is often still useful because it provides a description that is good enough for many purposes, is more easily understood than the complete theory, and may lead to simpler calculations. An example of this is the use of Newtonian physics , which differs from the currently accepted relativistic physics by a factor which is negligibly small at velocities much lower than that of light. Newtonian physics is so satisfactory for most purposes that many secondary educational systems teach it, but not the correct , but more complex, relativity. Another case is the theory that the earth is approximately flat while clearly wrong for long distances, viewing a landscape as flat is still sufficient for some local maps and surveying. Karl Popper suggested that a theory should be considered scientific if and only if it can in principle be falsifiability falsified by experiment any idea not susceptible to falsification does not belong to science. Image Cellarius ptolemaic system c2.jpg thumb The obsolete Geocentric model ... more details
Infobox Journal title Journal of Scientific Exploration cover editor Stephen E. Braude discipline language English abbreviation publisher Society for Scientific Exploration country USA frequency quarterly history founded in 1987 openaccess impact impact year website http www.scientificexploration.org link1 link1 name link2 link2 name RSS atom JSTOR OCLC 15153049 LCCN CODEN ISSN 0892 3310 eISSN The Journal of Scientific Exploration JSE , founded in 1987, is a quarterly publication of the Society for Scientific Exploration . According to its mission statement, the journal provides a forum for research on topics outside the established disciplines of mainstream science. ref name JSE cite web url http www.scientificexploration.org jse.php title Journal of Scientific Exploration website accessdate 2008 07 12 publisher scientificexploration.org archiveurl http web.archive.org web 20080113132506 http www.scientificexploration.org jse.php archivedate January 13, 2008 ref However, due to its scope of examining Fortean anomaly anomalies , fringe science , protoscience , and other controversial topics, the editors of the JSE acknowledge that the periodical publishes claimed observations and proffered explanations that will seem more speculative or less plausible than in some mainstream disciplinary journals. Nevertheless, those observations and explanations must conform to rigorous standards of observational techniques and logical argument. ref name instructions cite web url http www.scientificexploration.org jse author instr.php title JSE Instructions for Authors publisher scientificexploration.org accessdate 2008 07 12 archiveurl http web.archive.org web 20080113161325 http www.scientificexploration.org jse author instr.php archivedate January 13, 2008 ref Topics and policies The Journal s website describes the publication s purpose as providing a professional forum for presentations, criticism, and debate concerning topics which are for various reasons ignored or studied in ... more details
potential are astrology and biorhythms ... . ref ref Cite book chapter Science, Protoscience ... it an established interdisciplinary area of scientific endeavor which is still speculative a protoscience ... more details
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