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Encyclopedia results for Proton therapy

Proton therapy





Encyclopedia results for Proton therapy

  1. Proton therapy

    main Radiation therapy External beam radiotherapy Image Orsay proton therapy dsc04460.jpg thumb 2005 image of the control panel of the synchrocyclotron at the Orsay proton therapy center Proton therapy is a type of particle therapy which uses a beam of proton s to irradiation irradiate diseased tissue, most often in the treatment of cancer . The chief advantage of proton therapy is the ability to more ... . Description Image Pdd sobp photon.JPG thumb In a typical treatment plan for proton therapy the red ... Proton beam therapy W P Levin, H Kooy, J S Loeffler and T F DeLaney British Journal of Cancer 2005 ... of action Proton therapy is a type of external beam radiotherapy using ionizing radiation . During .... The accelerators used for proton therapy typically produce protons with energies in the range of 70 ... proton therapy, the tissue in front of or shallower than the tumor receive radiation dosage based on the SOBP ... MGH to pursue proton therapy. Over the next 41 years, this program refined and expanded these techniques ... the Cyclotron was shut down in 2002. The world s first hospital based proton therapy center was built ... Proton Therapy Center at Massachusetts General Hospital was brought online, and the HCL treatment ... , and unresectable sarcomas . In all these cases proton therapy achieves significant improvements ... broad class are those treatments where the increased precision of proton therapy is used to reduce ..., Proton therapy for prostate cancer the initial Loma Linda University experience, Int. J. Radiat. Oncol ... News and World Report cite news title The Promise of Proton Beam Therapy date 2008 04 16 publisher U.S. ... presentations 4 Meeting Thursday TDelaneyupdate.pdf title Francis H. Burr Proton Therapy Center ... that in 2003 roughly 26 of proton therapy treatments world wide were for prostate cancer. ref J. Sisterson ... 2005 ref Proton therapy for Eye neoplasm ocular eye tumors is a special case since this treatment ... therapy centers only treat ocular tumors. ref name PTCOG Proton, or more generally, hadron therapy ...   more details



  1. Hampton University Proton Therapy Institute

    Orphan date February 2011 Infobox hospital Name Hampton University Proton Therapy Institute Org Group optional Image optional Caption HUPTI site map type Virginia latitude 37.058807 longitude 76.403518 map caption Shown in Hampton Logo HUPTI logo.jpg Logo Size 200px Location manually link & alternatively name if wish Region Hampton State Virginia Country United States Coordinates Coord 37 03 32 N 076 24 13 W type landmark region US display inline,title HealthCare Public Type Specialist Speciality Oncology Standards optional if no national standards Emergency No Affiliation Hampton University Patron None or the individual who acts as the hospital patron Beds Founded 2010 Closed optional Website http www.hamptonproton.org Wiki Links optional The Hampton University Proton Therapy Institute HUPTI is a cancer treatment facility that will specialize in proton therapy . When it is completed, it will be the seventh in the United States and the largest in the world. It is also the first at a historically black college or university . Its research leg is the Center for Advanced Medical Instrumentation at Hampton University HU . The research group has earned at least nine patents for cancer detection and treatment devices. ref Young, Nancy February 7, 2008 , Groundbreaking stuff at Hampton University . Virginian Pilot . accessed on 2009 04 24 ref The school works in conjunction with the Eastern Virginia Medical School , who facilitates the clinical rotations for the HU graduate students who are majoring in Medical Physics . The target date to begin treating patients is August 2010. Development After hearing about the benefits of proton therapy in a conversation with an alumnus, HU s President William Harvey began investigating the possibility of developing a proton center. Several months later, he appointed Dr. Cynthia Keppel as the head of the team to explore the viability of such a center. ref http www.hamptonproton.org media Factsheetpg2.pdf Hampton University Proton Center ...   more details



  1. Proton

    Proton therapy Quark model Subatomic particle div References Reflist 2 External links Commons ...Other uses about the proton as a subatomic particle the aqueous form of the hydrogen ion often encountered in biochemistry Hydronium Infobox Particle bgcolour classification Baryon name Proton image Image Quark structure proton.svg 250px caption The quark structure of the proton. The color assignment ... Proton , SubatomicParticle Proton , SubatomicParticle Nucleon mass val 1.672621637 83 e 27 ul kg ... Update journal Physics Today volume 48 issue 10 page 9 doi 10.1063 1.2808195 ref The proton is a subatomic ... nucleus nucleus of each atom , along with neutron s. The proton is also stable by itself. proton emission Free protons are emitted in some rare types of radioactive decay , but they soon pick ... may exist in plasmas or in cosmic ray s in vacuum. The proton particle is composed of three fundamental ... them baryon s a sub type of hadron s . The two up quark s and one down quark of the proton are held together by the strong interaction strong force , mediated by gluon s. ref name Cottingham The proton ... atomic nuclei . The nucleus of the most common isotope of the hydrogen atom is a lone proton. The nuclei of the heavy hydrogen isotopes deuterium and tritium contain one proton bound to one and two neutrons ... which determine the particular isotope of an element. Stability Main Proton decay The spontaneous decay of free protons has never been observed, and the proton is therefore considered a stable particle. However, some Grand unified theory grand unified theories of particle physics predict that proton ... searches have established lower bounds on the mean lifetime of the proton for various assumed decay products. Experiments at the Super Kamiokande detector in Japan gave lower limits for proton mean lifetime ... Kamiokande collaboration year 2009 title Search for Proton Decay via p e sup sup sup 0 sup ... of a proton from oxygen 16. This experiment was designed to detect decay to any product whatever ...   more details



  1. PROTON

    Distinguish Proton The PROTON Ontology PROTo ONtology is a basic upper level ontology that contains about 300 classes and 100 properties, providing coverage of the general concepts necessary for a wide range of tasks, including semantic annotation, indexing, and retrieval of documents. ref Cite journal first Ivan last Terziev author authorlink coauthors Atanas Kiryakov, Dimitar Manov title D1.8.1 Base upper level ontology PROTON Guidance version publisher date Dec 7, 2005 url http proton.semanticweb.org D1 8 1.pdf accessdate 2010 09 29 ref Its design principles can be summarized as domain independence light weight logical definitions alignment with popular standards, and good coverage of named entities and concrete domains i.e., people, organizations, locations, numbers, dates, addresses . It was originally developed under the auspices of the SEKT project, and first released in 2005. It is presently maintained by Ontotext . See also Cyc UMBEL Upper ontology 28information science 29 Upper Ontologies Notes Reflist External links Semantic Web Category Knowledge representation Category Ontology information science Category Semantic Web ...   more details



  1. Therapy

    Mergefrom First line treatment date February 2011 otheruses Therapy in Greek language Greek ... specifically to psychotherapy or talk therapy . Preventive therapy or prophylactic therapy is a treatment ... s prevent infectious diseases. An abortive therapy is a treatment that is intended to stop a medical ... symptoms of a migraine headache, is an abortive therapy. A supportive therapy is one ... compliance medicine quit a therapy because of its adverse effects. The severity of adverse effects ... By therapy composition Treatments can be classified according to the thing used for treatment ... therapy by gold chrysotherapy aurotherapy by hormone hormone therapy by organism biotherapy as by virus virotherapy by bacteriophage phage therapy by maggot maggot therapy by ozone ozonotherapy by salt ... electrotherapy by electromagnetic radiation electromagnetic therapy alternative medicine electromagnetic therapy by magnetic energy magnet therapy by light phototherapy by Mechanics mechanical manual therapy as massotherapy & therapy by exercise as in physiotherapy by sound Cymatic therapy , music therapy by radiation radiotherapy by temperature by heat thermotherapy by cold cryotherapy by human interaction by counseling , such as psychotherapy by education by exercise or physical therapy by lifestyle ... schedule First or second line First line therapy is the initial treatment used, also called induction therapy, primary therapy, and primary treatment. ref http www.cancer.gov dictionary ?CdrID 346494 National Cancer Institute Dictionary of Cancer Terms first line therapy Retrieved July 2010 ref Second line therapy , on the other hand, is treatment that is given when initial treatment first line therapy ... Institute Dictionary of Cancer Terms second line therapy Retrieved July 2010 ref See also Wiktionary therapy Classification of Pharmaco Therapeutic Referrals Cure Interventionism medicine Therapeutic ... Prevention medical Prevention Psychotherapy References reflist Category Therapy Category Pharmacology ...   more details



  1. Therapy?

    Infobox musical artist See Wikipedia WikiProject Musicians Name Therapy? Img Therapy311006.jpg Img capt Therapy? performing acoustic in HMV , Dublin on October 31, 2006 br Courtesy Kati Haapala Background ... Past members Fyfe Ewing br Martin McCarrick br Graham Hopkins Therapy? are an alternative metal ... and a willingness to draw inspiration from diverse sources notably punk rock , Therapy? came to attention ... and outwit industry attempts at categorization... Therapy are still headbangers with their thinking ..., Therapy? continue to release material, gaining enough attention to enable them to tour and entertain ... has enjoyed a stable lineup since 2004. Therapy? are currently signed to Demolition Records , with worldwide ... news read.php?newsid 229 title Therapy sign new record contract ref The band has sold over two million ... biography band a 1989 title Band Biography 1989 by Andy Cairns ref Therapy? released its ... and Neds Atomic Dustbin . Therapy? quickly came to the attention of local music fans with their distinctively ... Therapy? s trademark led them more towards the grunge camp than away from it. ref cite web url http ... certainly be 1993. The release of the Shortsharpshock EP catapulted Therapy? into the Top 40 , peaking ... Stories Therapy? song Stories and Loose Therapy? song Loose charting in the UK earlier in the year, it was clear that Therapy? had changed direction. Although the string laden single Diane Therapy? song ... now missing, Therapy? would inevitably break up. The band quickly recruited Graham Hopkins to replace ... also provided Cairns with a co songwriter. After the tour wound up in mid 1996, Therapy? finally took ... by Andy Cairns ref Therapy? recorded follow up record Shameless album Shameless in early 2001 in Seattle ... Keith Baxter drummer Keith Baxter . Hopkins was permanently replaced in Therapy? by ex The Beyond ... re acquainted with the three piece Therapy? and was reminiscent of the claustrophobic sound of their earlier ... s fans. ref name themetalforge.com On September 19, 2006, Therapy? performed an exclusive studio ...   more details



  1. Proton beam

    Unreferenced date September 2010 Proton beams , a type of ion beam s, are the result of proton particle acceleration by means of a cyclotron or a synchrotron and can be used e.g. in Proton Beam Therapy for cancer treatment or for proton beam writing in lithography. Physics stub Category Cancer treatments Category Lithography Category Particle accelerators Category Plasma physics ...   more details



  1. Proton (disambiguation)

    wiktionary proton TOCright A proton is a subatomic particle. Proton may also refer to In chemistry The following ions may be losely referred as proton Hydron chemistry   chem H Hydronium hydroxonium  chem H 3 O especially in biochemistry In technology Proton rocket , Russian unmanned space vehicle design Proton satellite , Soviet satellite Protei 5 Russian diver rider called a Proton , Russian diver propulsion vehicle Proton, a make of rebreather breathing set made by Siebe Gorman In business Proton carmaker , a Malaysian car producer Proton FC , a team in the Malaysian Premier League sponsored by the carmaker Proton Bank , an investment bank in Greece Proton Radio , an internet electronic music station Other uses Proton, a geologic province of a craton that is between 1.6 and 2.5 billion years old, which developed in the Proterozoic Eon USS Proton AG 147 , a US Navy tank landing ship disambig af Proton dubbelsinnig az Proton d qiql dirm bs Proton vor cs Proton rozcestn k de Proton Begriffskl rung es Prot n desambiguaci n fr Proton homonymie hr Proton razdvojba it Proton nl Proton ja nds Proton Mehrd dig Begreep pl Proton ujednoznacznienie pt Proton desambigua o ro Proton dezambiguizare ru sk Proton sr sv Proton olika betydelser tr Proton anlam ayr m vi Proton nh h ng ...   more details



  1. Proton EMAS

    Infobox Automobile name Proton EMAS image File Proton emas geneva 2.jpg 250px manufacturer Proton carmaker Proton parent company Proton carmaker Proton Holdings Berhad aka production 2010 assembly predecessor successor class body style 3 door and 5 door hatchback layout platform engine transmission wheelbase length 3555 3000 mm width 1699 mm height 1576 mm weight fuel capacity related Lotus CityCar designer Italdesign Giugiaro sp The Proton EMAS ref http paultan.org topics cars proton emas concept Proton EMAS Concept ref is the name of a concept car designed by Italdesign Giugiaro and developed by Proton carmaker Proton . It debuted at the Geneva Motor Show 2010 Geneva Motor Show as a hybrid vehicle .Proton EMAS is powered by Lotus Range Extender Engine. It is a 1.2 liter 3 cylinder single cam 4 valves per cylinder engine that weighs only 56kg dry and is optimized for 2 RPM points 20hp at 1,500rpm and 47hp at 3,500rpm. Peak torque is 107Nm at 2,500rpm. Proton EMAS will be Malaysia and Proton carmaker Proton first global car and is expected to be in production by 2012. EMAS is an acronym for Eco Mobility Advance Solution. The word emas means gold in the Malay language , and is a very likely inspiration for the acronym. File Proton emas geneva 1.jpg thumb left Proton EMAS at the Geneva Motor Show 2010 Geneva Motor Show . File Proton EMAS interior.JPG thumb center Proton EMAS interior. See also Proton Inspira Proton Saga Proton Exora References Reflist External links http www.protonconcepts.com Proton Concepts http www.proton.com Proton Holdings Berhad Official Website modern auto stub Proton vehicles Category Proton vehicles EMAS Category 2010 introductions ms Proton Emas ...   more details



  1. Proton channel

    Proton channel s are ion channels for protons . Most prominent are the voltage gated proton channel s. biochemistry stub Category Ion channels ca Canal de protons ...   more details



  1. Proton?proton chain reaction

    Refimprove date September 2009 The proton proton chain reaction is one of several nuclear fusion fusion ... . The proton proton chain dominates in stars the size of the Sun or smaller. In general, proton proton ... , The Proton type nuclear fission reaction ref The theory that proton proton reactions were the basic ... temperature than the classical physics classical prediction. Even so, it was unclear how proton proton ... The Proton proton chain dominates in stars the size of the Sun or smaller. The first step involves the fusion of two hydrogen nuclei SimpleNuclide Link Hydrogen proton s into deuterium , releasing a positron and a neutrino as one proton changes into a neutron . Autogenerated using Phykiformulae 0.11 ... much SimpleNuclide Helium 4 . Citation needed date March 2008 The pp II branch File Proton Proton II chain reaction.svg thumb Proton Proton II chain reaction See also lithium burning Autogenerated ... state, respectively . The pp III branch File Proton Proton III chain reaction.png thumb Proton Proton III chain reaction Autogenerated using Phykiformulae 0.11 by User SkyLined He 3 He 4 Be 7 y Be 7 ..., Helium 3 reacts directly with a proton to give helium 4, with an even higher possible neutrino energy ... in the Cosmos , The University of Chicago Press, 1988, p. 354. ref The pep reaction Image Proton proton cycle.png thumb 300px Proton proton and electron capture chain reactions in a star. Deuterium can also be produced by the rare pep proton electron proton reaction electron capture Autogenerated ... as an anti electron. This is represented in the figure of proton proton and electron capture ... References Commonscat Proton proton chain reaction references Nuclear processes DEFAULTSORT Proton Proton Chain Reaction Category Nuclear fusion ar ca Cadena prot prot cs Proton protonov cyklus da P P k de de Proton Proton Reaktion es Cadena prot n prot n fr Cha ne proton proton ko hr Niz proton proton id Reaksi rantai proton proton it Catena protone protone ...   more details



  1. Proton Tiara

    Unreferenced date December 2009 Infobox Automobile boxcolor red image Image Proton Tiara front , Sungai Besi.jpg 250px A Proton Tiara. name Proton Tiara manufacturer Proton car Proton production 1996&ndash 2000 class Car classification Supermini.2FSub compact Supermini platform layout FF layout body style 5 door hatchback engine 1.1  L Citro n Straight 4 I4 competitor Daihatsu Charade successor Proton Savvy The Proton Tiara was a Malaysia n automobile based on the Citro n AX , built under licence by the Automobile industry automobile manufacturer Proton car Proton between 1996 and 2000. History The genesis of the Tiara was the result of an agreement during the mid 1990s between Proton s then Chief executive officer CEO , Yahaya Ahmad Tan Sri Yahaya Ahmad , and PSA Peugeot Citro n , a producer of Citro n and Peugeot vehicles. Yahaya had expressed wishes that Proton not use Mitsubishi Motors Mitsubishi platforms, and that Proton cooperate with PSA Peugeot Citro n for access to its diesel engines. Yahaya Ahmad was killed in a helicopter crash in 1997, and Proton returned to using various Mitsubishi based platforms and developed in house designed models later. Production of the Tiara ceased in 2000 due to low sales volume in 2005, the Proton Savvy was launched as a successor to the Proton Tiara. Design and market The Tiara was known as the cheapest used car in its market. Verify ... GT, but the grille was restyled to match the existing Proton Saga Saga and Proton Wira Wira models ... with a 1.1 litre Convert 45 kW hp 0 abbr on engine. The Proton Tiara was sold only in the Malaysian market, due to similarities with the Citro n AX . Proton vehicles Category Proton vehicles Tiara Category 1990s automobiles Category 2000s automobiles Category Vehicles introduced in 1996 de Proton Tiara fr Proton Tiara ms Proton Tiara ja pl Proton Tiara pt Proton Tiara sco Proton Tiara fi Proton Tiara tr Proton Tiara ...   more details



  1. Proton emission

    Proton emission also known as proton radioactivity is a type of radioactive decay in which a proton is ejected from a atomic nucleus nucleus . Image Zerfallsschema.png left thumb 300px The decay of a proton rich nucleus A populates excited states of a daughter nucleus B by emission or electron capture EC . Those excited states that lie below the separation energy for protons Sp decay by emission towards the groundstate of daughter B. For the higher excited states a competitive decay channel of proton emission to the granddaughter C exists, called delayed proton emission. Proton emission can occur from high lying excited states in a nucleus following a beta decay , in which case the process is known as beta delayed proton emission, or can occur from the ground state or a low lying nuclear isomer isomer of very proton rich nuclei, in which case the process is very similar to alpha decay . For a proton to escape a nucleus, the proton separation energy must be negative the proton is therefore unbound, and Quantum tunneling tunnels out of the nucleus in a finite time. Proton emission is not seen in naturally occurring isotopes proton emitters can be produced via nuclear reaction s, usually utilising some kind of particle accelerator . Although prompt i.e. not beta delayed proton emission was observed from an isomer in Cobalt Isotopes Cobalt 53 as early as 1969, no other proton emitting states were found until 1981, when the proton radioactive ground states of Lutetium Isotopes ... after this breakthrough, and to date more than 25 isotopes have been found to exhibit proton emission. The study of proton emission has aided the understanding of nuclear deformation, masses and structure ... it was experimentally determined at the same facility that Zinc 54 can also undergo double proton decay. See also Proton drip line Diproton a particle possibly involved in double proton decay Free neutron ... Data IAEA with query on Proton Separation Energy Nuclear processes Categories Category Nuclear physics ...   more details



  1. Proton satellite

    FAIR USE of Protonstation.jpg see image description page at http en.wikipedia.org wiki Image Protonstation.jpg for rationale Image Protonstation.jpg right The Proton was a model of Soviet Union Soviet scientific artificial satellite s. The maximum mass was about 17 metric tonne tonnes . Four Protons were launched between 1965 and 1968. The satellite was developed by NPO Mashinostroyenia . The aim of the project was to study high and ultra high energy Subatomic particle particle s. The latest became Proton 4 NORAD ID 3544, NSSDC ID 1968 103A launched on November 16 , 1968 by Proton K rocket with a booster and was in orbit for 250 days. ref http nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov nmc masterCatalog.do?sc 1968 103A Proton 4 at NASA NSSDC Master Catalog ref The Proton satellites were the source of the name for the Proton rocket , which launched them as some of its first payloads. Photos gallery Image Proton satellite model.jpg Proton satellite model at Tsiolkovsky State Museum of the History of Cosmonautics Tsiolkovsky State Museum , two Photovoltaic module solar panel s dismantled to fit the hall Image Proton satellite model closeup.jpg Proton satellite model closeup gallery References references External links http www.npomash.ru society en about.htm The history of NPO Mashinostroyenia http www.inr.ac.ru muhamed INCA project eng.htm The INCA Project , Ionization Neutron CAlorimeter a modern continuation of Proton experiment project at Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences website Dead link date September 2010 DEFAULTSORT Proton Satellite Category Soviet Earth satellites USSR spacecraft stub bg cs Proton dru ice ja ru fi Proton satelliitti uk ...   more details



  1. Proton Gen-2

    Infobox Automobile boxcolor red image Image Proton Gen.2 front , Serdang.jpg 250px name Proton Gen 2 ... manufacturer Kia Motors manufacturer Proton car Proton parent company Proton car Proton Holdings ... kg lb 0 abbr on predecessor Proton Wira hatchback related Proton Persona br Chery A3 Chery A3 Hatchback Citation needed date December 2009 The Proton Gen 2 is an automobile manufactured by Malaysia n carmaker Proton company Proton , and was launched in the third quarter of 2004. The Gen 2 uses a platform which has been extensively developed in house by Proton and their partner Lotus Cars Lotus . Initially codenamed the Proton Wira Replacement Model , it was hinted that the car was to replace the Proton ... in Proton s Tanjung Malim plant, developed as part of its Proton City development project. The Gen 2 s platform is also used by the Proton Satria Neo with a shortened wheelbase and the Proton Persona ... present Performance Proton owns Lotus Cars which was involved in the development of the car. The Gen 2 is the first Proton model to use the new Proton Lotus developed Campro engine . Although the Gen ... improve the cars driveability. This undesirable torque dip was eventually corrected by Proton in 2008 ... Vios , the discount is even greater, at about 30 percent. Proton s price advantage in Malaysia can be attributed ..., a lower spec version of Proton Gen 2 powered by a 1.3 Litre non CPS Campro engine was offered in Malaysia ... 2007, a new facelifted Proton Gen 2 was unveiled in Thailand in conjunction with the carmaker s entry into the Thai market. It also marked the first production Proton to be fitted with the Campro CPS ... was no longer offered. The Medium Line variant featured a non CPS Campro engine with IAFM, Proton s version ... Infobox Automobile name Proton Gen 2 Special Edition manufacturer Proton car Proton Sometime after the launch ... Proton Gen 2 R3 Concept manufacturer Proton car Proton Race Rally Research R3 unveiled a prototype ... Concept Infobox Automobile name Proton Gen 2 EVE Hybrid Concept manufacturer Proton car Proton engine ...   more details



  1. Proton (rocket)

    Infobox rocket image Proton Zvezda crop.jpg caption Launch of a Proton rocket name Proton 8K82K function ... payloads Salyut 6 & Salyut 7 br Mir & International Space Station ISS components fail 41 first Proton 16 July 1965 br Proton K 10 March 1967 br Proton M 7 April 2001 last Proton 6 July 1966 boosters ... stage1engines Proton K 1 stage1thrust 10.47 Newton unit MN alt stage1thrust 1.9 million pounds ... alt stage4thrust 19,100 pounds stage4SI stage4time stage4fuel LOX RP 1 Proton formal designation ... launches. The first Proton rocket was launched in 1965 and the launch system is still in use as of 2011 ... for launch. ref name factsheet cite web url http www.ilslaunch.com assets pdf Proton 20Mission 20Planner 27s 20Guide 20Revision 207 20 LKEB 9812 1990 .pdf format PDF title Proton Mission Planner ... photos alexpgp 40437004 date September 5, 2005 title Proton Verticalization, Pad 39, Baikonur ... with their launchers. Thusly, the moniker Proton originates from a series of large scientific Proton ... orbit , a Proton M Breeze M can place a spacecraft with mass at separation of convert 9127 lb kg ... of 19.7 . ref cite press date March 7, 2008 url http www.ilslaunch.com news 030708 title ILS Proton to Launch AMC 14 Satellite publisher ILS ref History Proton initially started life as a super ICBM ... a two man Zond craft around the Moon. With the termination of the Saturn V program, Proton became ... Titan IV in 1989. Between the 1965 first flight and 1970, the Proton experienced dozens of failures ... of about 335 launches, it has a 96 success rate. Proton launched the unmanned Soviet circumlunar flights ... States flew the Apollo 8 mission. Proton launched the Salyut space stations, the Mir core segment ... using the 4 stage D 1e version . Proton also launches commercial satellite s, most of them being managed by International Launch Services . The first ILS Proton launch was on 9 April 1996 with the launch ... March 2006, a Proton M rocket failed to launch Arab Satellite Communications Organization Arabsat ...   more details



  1. Proton conductor

    A proton conductor is an electrolyte , typically a solid electrolyte , in which hydron chemistry H sup sup ref Traditionally, but not precisely, H sup sup   ions are referred as proton s . ref are the primary charge carriers. Composition For practical applications, proton conductors are usually solid materials. Typical materials are polymers or ceramic. Typically the pores in practical materials are small such that proton s dominate electrical conduction direct current and transport of bulk solvent is prevented. Ice is a proton conductor, albeit a relatively poor one. ref cite web author A. Crofts date 1996 title Lecture 12 Proton Conduction, Stoichiometry url http www.life.uiuc.edu crofts bioph354 lect12.html publisher University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign accessdate 2009 12 06 ref Proton conduction was first suggested by Alfred Rene Jean Paul Ubbelohde 14 December 1907 7 January 1988 and S.E. Rogers. ref cite journal author S.E. Rogers and A.R. Ubbelohde year 1950 title Melting and Crystal Structure III Low melting Acid Sulphates journal Transactions of the Faraday Society volume 46 pages 1051 doi 10.1039 tf9504601051 ref When in the form of thin Proton Exchange Membrane membrane s, proton conductors are an essential part of small, inexpensive proton exchange membrane fuel cell fuel cells . The polymer nafion is a typical proton conductor in fuel cells. See also Electrical conduction Proton exchange membrane Grotthuss mechanism Superacid References references physical chemistry stub Category Electrochemistry ca Conductor prot nic it Conduttore protonico ...   more details



  1. Proton (supermarkets)

    Unreferenced date December 2006 orphan date November 2009 Proton is a Greece Greek based retail chain of independent retailers primarily grocery shops operating as a brand and buying group or symbol group . All stores are independently owned. The parent company ELETA LTD is communally owned with each retailer owning a share. As of 2006, the Proton retail network consists of around 390 stores throughout Greece. See also Greek Supermarkets List of Greek supermarkets DEFAULTSORT Proton Supermarkets Category Supermarkets of Greece Retail stub ...   more details



  1. Proton Juara

    Infobox Automobile name Proton Juara image Image Proton Juara, Kuala Lumpur.jpg 250px manufacturer Proton company Proton production 2001 2003 predecessor successor class Microvan platform body style 5 door van engine 1.1 L 4A31 straight 4 I4 EFI transmission wheelbase convert 2390 mm in 1 abbr on length convert 3660 mm in 1 abbr on width convert 1535 mm in 1 abbr on height convert 1810 mm in 1 abbr on weight convert 1005 kg lb 0 abbr on aka fuel economy fuel capacity related Mitsubishi Town Box Mitsubishi Town Box Wide similar Perodua Kenari designer The Proton Juara was a microvan produced by Malaysia n Automotive industry carmaker Proton company Proton between 2001 and 2003. The design and production of the Juara marked a notable departure from Proton s traditional preference towards sedan car saloon s and hatchback s, making the Juara the first van to be manufactured by Proton. In its marketing campaign, PROTON decided that the JUARA is essentially a Mini MPV Multi Purpose Vehicle and became the platform in its advertising and promotional campaign. The van s name was derived from the Malay language , meaning champion . It was discontinued in 2003, but six years later, it was succeeded by Proton Exora . Design The Juara was introduced in 2001 as a rival to Perodua s Perodua Kenari ... by Proton to go with the Juara. Throughout its production, the Juara was given a 1.1 litre EFI engine ... function. It is also the only vehicle in the PROTON stable that has EPS Electrical Power Steering ... 1,000 units was resumed in mid 2002. The sales figures remained so disappointing that in 2003, Proton ... tag of the Proton Juara was around RM42,000 to RM52,000. Less than a year later, the price was reduced to RM35,000 but it still failed to attract the consumers in Malaysia. Proton vehicles Category Proton vehicles Juara Category Vehicles introduced in 2001 Category 2000s automobiles modern auto stub Malaysia stub fa it Proton Juara ms Proton Juara ja pl Proton Juara pt Proton ...   more details



  1. Proton Inspira

    Infobox Automobile name Proton Inspira image File Proton inspira truck.jpg 250px Proton Inspira manufacturer Proton carmaker Proton parent company Proton carmaker Proton Holdings Berhad aka model years 2010 present production 2010 present assembly Shah Alam , Selangor , Malaysia predecessor Proton Waja ... Caliber designer sp The Proton Inspira , ref name Enter the Inspira cite web title Enter the Inspira ... 15 October 2010 ref or previously referred to as Proton New Sedan , ref cite web title Gambaran awal ... 2009 ref or codenamed P3 90A ref cite web last Tan first Paul url http paultan.org 2010 10 13 proton p3 90a based on mitsubishi lancer preview drive title Proton P3 90A based on Mitsubishi Lancer preview drive publisher Paultan.org date accessdate 2011 01 27 ref is an automobile produced by Proton carmaker Proton as the successor to the Proton Waja . The Compact car is essentially a rebadged 9th generation and current Mitsubishi Lancer . To be able to do so, Proton renewed a technological transfer agreement with Mitsubishi Motors , ref cite web title PROTON ENTERS INTO PRODUCT COLLABORATION ... accessdate 16 March 2009 ref an agreement that in the mid 1980s was fundamental to Proton s origins. Proton s inagural model in September 1985, the Proton Saga , was based largely on the 4th generation, and then current, Mitsubishi Lancer . Three variants of the Inspira will be produced at Proton ... paultan.org 2010 11 10 proton inspira launch title Proton Inspira launched full details and photos ... Corp Proton group managing director Datuk Syed Zainal Abidin Syed Mohamed Tahir has reportedly said that it would cost Proton as much as RM700mil USD230mil to develop a new car from the ground up but only ... 2011 This enables the Proton Inspira to be marketed at a cheaper price. ref cite web title Sales target ... thumb See also Proton EMAS References reflist Official Websites http www.protoninspira.com Proton Inspira http www.proton.com Proton Holdings Berhad http www.proton2020.com inspira.asp Inspira at a glance ...   more details



  1. Proton City

    Proton City tagged as City of the Future is a new township with industrial, commercial and residential activities spread over 4,000 acres 16 km . It is located about 5 km north of Tanjung Malim , a town in Perak , Malaysia , and houses the state of the art ringgit RM 1.8 billion Proton company Proton car assembly plant. To be fully developed by 2020, Proton City aims to be home to Malaysia s automobile industry. Undertaken by Proton City Development Corp Sdn Bhd, a joint venture between DRB HICOM DRB Hicom Bhd and Proton Bhd, itself a core member of Proton Holdings Bhd, it started in 1996 with an initial investment of RM2.5 billion, beginning with the construction of the Proton plant. The Proton plant has a workforce of more than 2,000 and most of them are expected to live in the area. When Proton City is fully developed, it would have a population of about 240,000. The first settlement in the area 252 units of apartments were formally handed over to the buyers recently. These apartments have common facilities that include car and motorcycle parking bays, children s playground, BBQ area, car wash areas, mosque and a nursery kindergarten on the ground floor of each block and a multipurpose hall. Parcels 19 and 20 when completed in 2007 will have 1,091 apartments, 336 units of single and double storey terrace houses, 86 semi detached houses, 37 bungalows and 36 shop offices. Proton City is also expected to be home to students and staff of the Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris UPSI , which a few years ago was known as Sultan Idris Teachers College, one of the country s oldest teachers training institutions. UPSI, occupying 800 acres 3.2 km within Proton City, is expected to have a student population of 20,000 within four years. The next phase of development at Proton City ... within Proton City. External links http www.iproperty.com.my coverstory protoncity coverpage.htm Proton City Perak coord missing Malaysia Category Populated places in Perak ...   more details



  1. Proton pump

    About proton pumps in general the proton P type ATPase proton ATPase A proton pump is an integral membrane protein that is capable of moving proton s across a cell membrane , mitochondrion , or other organelle . Function File proton gradient.png thumb Proton gradient Pink represents the matrix while the red dots represent protons that have been taken from the matrix. In cell respiration , the pump actively transports protons from the matrix biology matrix of the mitochondrion into the space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes. This action creates a gradient concentration gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane as there are more protons outside the matrix than in. This difference in pH and electric charge ignoring differences in Buffering agent buffer capacity establishes an electrochemical potential that acts as a kind of battery or reservoir of stored energy for the cell, ref Campbell, N.A., 2008. Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants. 8th ed., Biology. San Fransisco Pearson Benjamin Cummings. ref that functions in a similar way to a dam in a river ... use, as it produces potential energy . It is important to remember that the proton pump does not create ... ferryboats and cross the matrix. Enzymes that cross the matrix may have a secondary role as proton ... membrane proton ATPase and in the transmembrane ATPase ATPase proton pumps of other cellular membranes ... energy from this flow to synthesize ATP. To allow the passage of protons a ion channel proton channel ... sup ATPase is the proton pump of the stomach which is primarily responsible for the acidification ... ATPase active transport cytochrome mitochondrion chloroplast electron transfer chain proton pump inhibitor ATP synthase V ATPase GORD Kidney proton ATPase References reflist External links http www.1lec.com Biochemistry Proton 20Pump index.html Proton Pump Animation MeshName Proton Pumps Ion pumps Proton pumps DEFAULTSORT Proton Pump Category Transport proteins cs Protonov pumpa de Protonenpumpe ...   more details



  1. Proton Radio

    Advert date August 2010 File ProtonType.svg thumb right Proton Radio logo. Proton Radio is an internet electronic music station. Founded in 2002 by Sam Packer, Alex Ambroziak, and Eric Liberda, the station features over 200 exclusive shows from various DJs around the world. They have featured guest DJ sets from such DJs as Sasha DJ Sasha , Luke Chable , James Zabiela , Anthony Pappa , Kasey Taylor, Lance Cashion, Oliver Lieb , Way Out West , and many others. Since 2003, they have also staged an event at the annual Winter Music Conference . ref name ra wmc cite web title Proton Radio first event at WMC url http www.residentadvisor.net news.asp?ID 2917 date 2003 02 10 accessdate 2007 03 01 work Resident Advisor ref In 2004, Proton Radio created a record label, Proton Music, which has featured releases from artists such as Digital Witchcraft and Deepsky . Proton Music s first release was a compilation titled The Sound mixed by resident DJ Lance Cashion which was released in October 2004. ref name bf thesound cite web url http www.beatfactor.net news 187 proton radio releases its first mix compilation.html title Proton Radio releases its first mix compilation accessdate 2007 03 01 date 2004 10 10 last Rusu first Andrei work Beat Factor ref The label s first single was Digital Witchcraft s Fingerpaint , for which they held a remix contest. ref name ps fingerpaint cite web url http www.progressive ... Proton Music releases its singles and compilations through stores including iTunes , Beatport , and Release ... 2151&Title Proton Radio 3A Promoting Progressive Excellence on 365MAG International Music Magazine title PROTON RADIO PROMOTING PROGRESSIVE EXCELLENCE date 2004 10 06 accessdate 2007 03 01 work 365mag ref In 2006, Proton Radio began its On Demand service, allowing users access to its DJ mixes at any ... Proton Radio Goes On Demand on 365MAG International Music Magazine title PROTON RADIO GOES ON DEMAND ... Proton Radio site Category Internet radio internet bcast stub ...   more details



  1. Proton Persona

    about the 2007 car model by Proton company Proton the previous car model sold in Europe and Australia Proton Wira Infobox automobile image Image Proton Persona front , Serdang.jpg 250px Proton Persona front br The Proton Persona is largely similar to the Proton Gen 2 hatchback, with an added Trunk automobile boot , slightly extended roof line and higher profile tyres. name Proton Persona manufacturer Proton carmaker Proton parent company Proton carmaker Proton aka Proton Gen 2 Persona UK, Indonesia ... years 2007 2010 class Compact car Compact platform Proton Gen 2 layout FF layout body style 4 door sedan car sedan predecessor Proton Wira sedan successor related Proton Gen 2 length convert 180.5 ... 2008 04 11 work vindy.com ref designer Azlan Othman Image Proton Persona rear , Serdang.jpg thumb right Proton Persona rear The Proton Persona is a compact car introduced by Proton carmaker Proton ... the saloon variant of the successful Proton Wira , whose export name is not confused with this model s same name, as Proton s compact car. It is available as a sedan car sedan and is based upon the platform also shared with the Proton Gen 2 and the Proton Satria Neo . Also available is a Proton Persona Proton Persona SE Special Edition variant . All Personas are currently manufactured at Proton s Tanjung Malim plant in Tanjung Malim , Perak . Design Body The Proton Persona is essentially a Sedan car saloon based on the Proton Gen 2 Gen 2 hatchback introduced in 2004, and inherits the Persona name from rebadged Proton Wira Wiras sold in certain countries. It addresses several main flaws of the Gen ... engine in the Persona is the same Convert 82 kW hp 0 abbr on unit used in other Proton models but with an improved ... rev breathing. Year to year changes Image Proton Persona SE 8 Large.jpg thumb right Proton Persona ... IAFM engine Campro IAFM engine is introduced on all trim levels of the Persona. All Proton badges now bear the black and silver, rather than a blue and gold. Also, the Proton Persona SE was added ...   more details



  1. Proton Wira

    Infobox automobile image File 1995 1996 Proton Wira XLi sedan 02.jpg 250px Proton Wira name Proton Wira manufacturer Proton carmaker Proton production 1993 2007 class Compact car Compact platform layout ... Proton Saga successor Proton Waja saloon br Proton Gen 2 hatchback br Proton Persona saloon related Proton Jumbuck br Mitsubishi Lancer br Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution br Mitsubishi Mirage br Dodge Colt Dodge Plymouth Colt br Eagle Summit aka Proton Persona br Proton 400 series The Proton Wira was a automobile car manufactured by Malaysia n carmaker Proton carmaker Proton , released as a four door saloon and four door hatchback beginning 1993. The Wira was intended as a newer alternative to the Proton Saga Saga Iswara 1992 current Proton Saga Iswara , a facelifted version of Proton s first model, the Proton Saga , as a flagship Compact car compact model for Proton. The Saga continued to receive ... Proton cars The Proton Gen 2 launched in 2004 to replace the Aeroback hatchback variant and the Proton Persona launched in 2007 to replace the saloon variant . The Proton Waja , a saloon compact, was also ... more upmarket demand, below the Proton Perdana . Wira is a Malay language Malay word derived from ... and a different dashboard. The frontal design continues the styling first shown on the Proton Saga Saga Iswara 1992 current Proton Iswara with a fluted bonnet that tapers towards the Proton badge on the grill ... fashion as the 5 door Saga hatchback was introduced. Proton was originally in the works of a little ... newspaper, depicting an abandoned estate Wira prototype outside Proton s assembly plant in Shah ..., the general design of the Wira has, for more than a decade, remained mostly the same. In 2004, Proton ... t support a Wira based bumper? Time paradox? Several Proton models released following the Wira s debut sported frontal stylings that were derivatives of the Wira s. Among them, the original Proton Satria Satria 3 door hatchback, the Proton Putra Putra 2 door sports coup , and the Proton Arena Arena ...   more details




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