Refimprove date January 2008 Voltage gated proton channels are ion channel s that have the unique property of opening with depolarization , but in a strongly pH sensitive manner. ref Citation last1 Cherny first1 V.V. last2 Markin first2 V.S. last3 DeCoursey first3 T.E. publication date 1995 06 title The voltage activated hydrogen ion conductance in rat alveolar epithelial cells is determined by the pH gradient periodical Journal of General Physiology volume 105 issue 6 pages 861 896 url http www.jgp.org cgi reprint 105 6 861.pdf accessdate 2008 07 14 doi 10.1085 jgp.105.6.861 year 1995 ref The result is that these channels open only when the electrochemical gradient is outward, such that their opening will only allow protons to leave Cell biology cells . Their function thus appears to be acid extrusion from cells. ref Citation last DeCoursey first T.E. publication date 2003 title Voltage gated proton channels and other proton transfer pathways periodical Physiological Reviews volume 83 issue 2 pages 475 579 url http physrev.physiology.org cgi content full 83 2 475 doi 10.1152 physrev.00028.2002 oclc 205658168 accessdate 2008 07 14 pmid 12663866 year 2003 ref Another important function occurs in phagocyte s e.g. eosinophil s, neutrophil s, and macrophage s during the respiratory burst . When bacteria or other microbe s are engulfed by phagocytes, the enzyme NADPH oxidase assembles in the membrane and begins to produce reactive oxygen species ROS that help kill bacteria. ref Citation last Babior first B.M. author link Bernard Babior publication date date 1999 03 01 title NADPH Oxidase An Update. periodical Blood volume 93 issue 5 pages 1464 1476 url http bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org cgi reprint 93 5 1464.pdf issn 1528 0020 accessdate 2008 07 14 ref NADPH oxidase is electrogenic ... is electrogenic and associated with an H channel periodical The Biochemical Journal volume 246 issue ... 2008 07 14 ref moving electrons across the membrane, and proton channels open to allow proton ... more details
Image Flu und legende color c.jpg thumb 350px 3D model. M2 labeled in white. The M2 protein is a proton selective ion channel protein , integral in the viral envelope of the influenza A virus . The channel itself is a homotetramer consists of four identical M2 units , where the units are helices stabilized by two disulfide bond s. It is activated by low pH . Structure The M2 protein unit consists of three protein domain s i the 24 amino acid s on the N terminal end , exposed to the outside environment the N terminal methionine is removed from the peptide and the remaining 23 amino acid sequence is also known as the M2 ectodomain, or M2e ii the 22 mostly hydrophobic amino acids in the transmembrane region and iii the 52 amino acids on the C terminal domain , exposed to the inside of the viral particle. Two different high resolution structures of truncated forms of M2 have been reported the structure of a mutated form of the M2 transmembrane region residues 22 46 , ref cite journal author Stouffer AL, Acharya R, Salom D, Levine AS, Di Costanzo L, Soto CS, Tereshko V, Nanda V, Stayrook S, DeGrado WF title Structural basis for the function and inhibition of an influenza virus protonchannel journal Nature volume 451 issue 7178 pages 596 9 year 2008 pmid 18235504 url http www.nature.com nature journal v451 n7178 pdf nature06528.pdf doi 10.1038 nature06528 ref as well as a longer version of the protein residues 18 60 containing the transmembrane region and a segment of the C terminal domain. ref cite journal author Schnell JR, Chou JJ title Structure and mechanism of the M2 protonchannel of influenza A virus journal Nature volume 451 issue 7178 pages 591 5 year 2008 pmid 18235503 ... and drug resistance of influenza A M2 channel. Proc Natl Acad Sci, 106 18 7379 84 2009 . ref Function ... to the cytoplasm of the host cell. Inhibition and resistance The function of the M2 channel can ... the channel. This stops the protons from entering the virion, which then does not disintegrate. However ... more details
acceptor. Likewise, biochemistry biochemical terms such as proton pump and protonchannel refer to the movement ...Other uses about the proton as a subatomic particle the aqueous form of the hydrogen ion often encountered in biochemistry Hydronium Infobox Particle bgcolour classification Baryon name Proton image Image Quark structure proton.svg 250px caption The quark structure of the proton. The color assignment ... Proton , SubatomicParticle Proton , SubatomicParticle Nucleon mass val 1.672621777 74 e 27 ul kg ... bibcode 1995PhT....48j...9S ref The proton is a subatomic particle subatomic particle with the symbol SubatomicParticle Proton or SubatomicParticle Proton and a positive electric charge of 1 elementary ... physics, the proton is a hadron , composed of quark s. Prior to that model becoming a consensus in the physics community, the proton was considered a fundamental particle . A proton is composed of two ... page 19 publisher Cambridge University Press isbn ref The free proton is stable and is found naturally ... 90 of cosmic ray s, which propagate in vacuum for interstellar distances. Free protons are proton emission ... proton is not changed, and it remains a proton. The attraction of low energy protons to electrons ... to combine. In vacuum, a sufficiently slow proton may pick up a free electron, becoming a neutral ... s and one down quark of the proton are held together by the strong interaction strong force , mediated by gluon s. ref name Cottingham The proton has an approximately exponentially decaying positive ... atom with the chemical symbol H is a lone proton. The nuclei of the heavy hydrogen isotopes deuterium and tritium contain one proton bound to one and two neutrons, respectively. All other types of atoms are composed of two or more protons and various numbers of neutrons. Stability Main Proton decay The spontaneous decay of free protons has never been observed, and the proton is therefore ... physics predict that proton decay should take place with lifetimes of the order of val e 36 u years ... more details
Distinguish Proton notability date September 2011 primary sources date September 2011 The PROTON Ontology PROTo ONtology is a basic upper level ontology that contains about 300 classes and 100 properties, providing coverage of the general concepts necessary for a wide range of tasks, including semantic annotation, indexing, and retrieval of documents. ref Cite journal first Ivan last Terziev author authorlink coauthors Atanas Kiryakov, Dimitar Manov title D1.8.1 Base upper level ontology PROTON Guidance version publisher date Dec 7, 2005 url http proton.semanticweb.org D1 8 1.pdf accessdate 2010 09 29 ref Its design principles can be summarized as domain independence light weight logical definitions alignment with popular standards, and good coverage of named entities and concrete domains i.e., people, organizations, locations, numbers, dates, addresses . It was originally developed under the auspices of the SEKT project, and first released in 2005. It is presently maintained by Ontotext . See also Cyc UMBEL Upper ontology 28information science 29 Upper Ontologies Notes Reflist External links Semantic Web Category Knowledge representation Category Ontology information science Category Semantic Web ... more details
Proton emission also known as proton radioactivity is a type of radioactive decay in which a proton is ejected from a atomic nucleus nucleus . Image Zerfallsschema.png left thumb 300px The decay of a proton rich nucleus A populates excited states of a daughter nucleus B by emission or electron capture EC . Those excited states that lie below the separation energy for protons Sp decay by emission towards the groundstate of daughter B. For the higher excited states a competitive decay channel of proton emission to the granddaughter C exists, called delayed proton emission. Proton emission can occur from high lying excited states in a nucleus following a beta decay , in which case the process is known as beta delayed proton emission, or can occur from the ground state or a low lying nuclear isomer isomer of very proton rich nuclei, in which case the process is very similar to alpha decay . For a proton to escape a nucleus, the proton separation energy must be negative the proton is therefore unbound, and Quantum tunneling tunnels out of the nucleus in a finite time. Proton emission is not seen in naturally occurring isotopes proton emitters can be produced via nuclear reaction s, usually utilising some kind of particle accelerator . Although prompt i.e. not beta delayed proton emission was observed from an isomer in Cobalt Isotopes Cobalt 53 as early as 1969, no other proton emitting states were found until 1981, when the proton radioactive ground states of Lutetium Isotopes ... flourished after this breakthrough, and to date more than 25 isotopes have been found to exhibit proton emission. The study of proton emission has aided the understanding of nuclear deformation, masses ... proton decay. See also Proton drip line Diproton a particle possibly involved in double proton decay ... and Decay Data IAEA with query on Proton Separation Energy Nuclear processes DEFAULTSORT Proton ... mission de proton ko ja pl Emisja protonu pt Emiss o prot nica ru ... more details
of protons a ion channelprotonchannel temporarily opens in the inner membrane. The gastric hydrogen potassium ATPase or H sup sup K sup sup ATPase is the proton pump of the stomach , which ...About proton pumps in general the proton pump enzyme in plants proton ATPase the proton pump enzyme in the mammalian stomach Hydrogen potassium ATPase A proton pump is an integral membrane protein that is capable of moving proton s across a cell membrane , mitochondrion , or other organelle . Mechanisms are based on Protein conformation conformational changes of the protein structure or on the Q cycle . Function In cell respiration , the pump actively transports protons from the matrix biology matrix of the mitochondrion into the space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes. This action creates a gradient concentration gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane, as there are more protons outside the matrix than in. This difference in pH and electric charge ignoring differences in Buffering agent buffer capacity establishes an electrochemical potential that acts as a kind of battery or reservoir of stored energy for the cell, ref Campbell, N.A., 2008. Resource Acquisition ... to remember that the proton pump does not create energy, but instead creates a gradient that stores ... the matrix may have a secondary role as proton pumps because they can deliver protons to the inner ... provided by reduced cytochrome c . In the plasma membrane proton ATPase and in the transmembrane ATPase ATPase proton pumps of other cellular membranes, ATP itself powers this transport. The F sub o ... mitochondrion chloroplast electron transfer chain proton pump inhibitor uncoupling protein protonophore 2,4 Dinitrophenol ATP synthase V ATPase proton ATPase References reflist External links http www.1lec.com Biochemistry Proton 20Pump index.html Proton Pump Animation MeshName Proton Pumps Ion pumps Proton pumps DEFAULTSORT Proton Pump Category Transport proteins ar ca Canal ... more details
wiktionary proton A proton is a subatomic particle. Proton may also refer to TOC right In chemistry The following ions may be losely referred as proton Hydron chemistry chem H Hydronium hydroxonium chem H 3 O especially in biochemistry In technology Proton rocket , Russian unmanned space vehicle design Proton bank card , used for payments of small amounts Proton satellite , Soviet satellite Protei 5 Russian diver rider called a Proton , Russian diver propulsion vehicle Proton, a make of rebreather breathing set made by Siebe Gorman In business Proton carmaker , a Malaysian car producer Proton FC , a team in the Malaysian Premier League sponsored by the carmaker Proton Bank , an investment bank in Greece Proton Radio , an internet electronic music station Other uses Proton, a geologic province of a craton that is between 1.6 and 2.5 billion years old, which developed in the Proterozoic Eon USS Proton AG 147 , a US Navy tank landing ship disambig af Proton dubbelsinnig az Proton d qiql dirm bs Proton vor cs Proton rozcestn k de Proton Begriffskl rung es Prot n desambiguaci n fr Proton homonymie hr Proton razdvojba it Proton nl Proton ja nds Proton Mehrd dig Begreep pl Proton ujednoznacznienie pt Proton desambigua o ro Proton dezambiguizare ru sk Proton sr sv Proton olika betydelser tr Proton anlam ayr m vi Proton nh h ng ... more details
Infobox automobile name Proton P3 21A image manufacturer Proton carmaker Proton predecessor Proton Persona class Compact car Proton P3 21A known internally as Proton Persona R , which R stands for replacement is a codename of the upcoming global compact car compact successor of the Proton Persona developed by Malaysian automaker Proton carmaker Proton . It is reported to be based on a shrinked version of the Proton Exora platform. It will begin production in late 2011 and early 2012 at the Tanjung Malim plant. Proton Tuah A compact sedan called the Proton Tuah is exhibited at the 2010 Kuala Lumpur International Motor Show . Its exterior design was designed by Italdesign Giugiaro . References reflist Category Upcoming automobiles Category Proton vehicles ms Proton P3 21A ... more details
Refimprove date September 2009 Image FusionintheSun.svg thumb 250px The protonproton chain reaction dominates in stars the size of the Sun or smaller. The protonproton chain reaction is one of several ... being the CNO cycle . The protonproton chain dominates in stars the size of the Sun or smaller. In general, protonproton fusion can occur only if the temperature i.e. kinetic energy of the protons ... , 1 42,59, 1971 , The Proton type nuclear fission reaction ref In the Sun, deuterium producing ... quickly, the Sun would have exhausted its hydrogen long ago. History of the protonproton chain reaction The theory that protonproton reactions were the basic principle by which the Sun and other stars ... prediction. Even so, it was unclear how protonproton fusion might proceed, because the most obvious ... . The protonproton chain reaction The first step involves the fusion of two hydrogen nuclei SimpleNuclide Link Hydrogen proton s into deuterium , releasing a positron and a neutrino as one proton changes ... much SimpleNuclide Helium 4 . Citation needed date March 2008 The pp II branch File ProtonProton II chain reaction.svg thumb Protonproton II chain reaction See also lithium burning Autogenerated using ..., respectively . The pp III branch File ProtonProton III chain reaction.png thumb Protonproton III ... 3 reacts directly with a proton to give helium 4, with an even higher possible neutrino energy ... in the Cosmos , The University of Chicago Press, 1988, p. 354. ref The pep reaction Image Protonproton cycle.png thumb 300px Protonproton and electron capture chain reactions in a star. Deuterium can also be produced by the rare pep proton electron proton reaction electron capture Autogenerated ... as an anti electron. This is represented in the figure of protonproton and electron capture ... Commons category Protonproton chain reaction references Nuclear processes DEFAULTSORT ProtonProton Chain Reaction Category Nuclear fusion ar ca Cadena prot prot ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Infobox Automobile boxcolor red image Image Proton Tiara front , Sungai Besi.jpg 250px A Proton Tiara. name Proton Tiara manufacturer Proton car Proton production 1996&ndash 2000 class Car classification Supermini.2FSub compact Supermini platform layout FF layout body style 5 door hatchback engine 1.1 L Citro n Straight 4 I4 competitor Daihatsu Charade successor Proton Savvy related Citro n AX The Proton Tiara was a Malaysia n automobile based on the Citro n AX , built under licence by the Automobile industry automobile manufacturer Proton car Proton between 1996 and 2000. History The genesis of the Tiara was the result of an agreement during the mid 1990s between Proton s then Chief executive officer CEO , Yahaya Ahmad Tan Sri Yahaya Ahmad , and PSA Peugeot Citro n , a producer of Citro n and Peugeot vehicles. Yahaya had expressed wishes that Proton not use Mitsubishi Motors Mitsubishi platforms, and that Proton cooperate with PSA Peugeot Citro n for access to its diesel engines. Yahaya Ahmad was killed in a helicopter crash in 1997, and Proton returned ... of the Tiara ceased in 2000 due to low sales volume in 2005, the Proton Savvy was launched as a successor to the Proton Tiara or Citroen AX. Design and market The Tiara was known as the cheapest ... Citro n AX s, such as the AX GT, but the grille was restyled to match the existing Proton Saga Saga and Proton Wira Wira models. Other cosmetic differences included different bumpers and taillight clusters. It was only available with a 1.1 litre Convert 45 kW hp 0 abbr on engine. The Proton Tiara was sold only in the Malaysian market, due to similarities with the Citro n AX . Proton vehicles Category Proton vehicles Tiara Category 1990s automobiles Category 2000s automobiles Category Vehicles introduced in 1996 de Proton Tiara fr Proton Tiara ms Proton Tiara nl Proton Tiara ja pl Proton Tiara pt Proton Tiara sco Proton Tiara fi Proton Tiara tr Proton Tiara ... more details
Infobox Rocket image Proton K Zarya.jpg caption Launch of a Proton K with Zarya imsize 200px manufacturer Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center Khrunichev function Heavy carrier rocket country origin USSR br RUS status Out of production sites Baikonur Cosmodrome Baikonur Sites Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 81 81 & Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 200 200 height convert 50 m diameter convert 7.4 m stages 3 or 4 first 10 March 1967 ref cite web url http planet4589.org space lvdb launch Proton title Proton work Orbital and Suborbital Launch Database first Jonathan last McDowell publisher Jonathan s Space Page ref family Universal Rocket stagedata Infobox Rocket Stage type stage stageno First engines 6 RD 253 RD 253 14D48 thrust convert 10470 kN SI 316 sec burntime 124 seconds fuel Dinitrogen tetroxide N sub 2 sub O sub 4 sub Unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine UDMH length convert 21.2 m diameter convert 7.4 m gross convert 450510 kg empty convert 31100 kg Infobox Rocket Stage type stage stageno ... convert 4.15 m gross convert 50747 kg empty convert 4185 kg The Proton K , also designated Proton ... carrier rocket derived from the earlier Proton rocket Proton . It was built by Khrunichev State ... of the modernised Proton M . Vehicle description The baseline Proton K is a three stage rocket. Thirty ... used on the Proton, are, however, corrosive and toxic and require special handling. The Russian Government pays for the cleanup of residual propellent in spent stages that impact downrange. Proton ... point near the pad. The first stage of the Proton K consists of a central oxidiser tank, and six ..., and act as ullage motor s. Ducts are built into the structure to channel vernier exhaust before stage ... . ref cite web url http space.skyrocket.de doc lau fam proton.htm title Proton first Gunter ... used a DM 3, DM3, or DM 2. See also Comparison of heavy lift launch systems List of Proton launches ... cs Proton K lv Proton K sk Proton K nosn raketa zh K ... more details
Unreferenced date September 2010 Proton beams , a type of ion beam s, are the result of proton particle acceleration by means of a cyclotron or a synchrotron and can be used e.g. in Proton Beam Therapy for cancer treatment or for proton beam writing in lithography. See also Electron beam Physics stub Category Lithography Category Particle accelerators Category Plasma physics ... more details
FAIR USE of Protonstation.jpg see image description page at http en.wikipedia.org wiki Image Protonstation.jpg for rationale Image Protonstation.jpg right The Proton was a model of Soviet Union Soviet scientific artificial satellite s. The maximum mass was about 17 metric tonne tonnes . Four Protons were launched between 1965 and 1968. The satellite was developed by NPO Mashinostroyenia . The aim of the project was to study high and ultra high energy Subatomic particle particle s. The latest became Proton 4 NORAD ID 3544, NSSDC ID 1968 103A launched on November 16 , 1968 by Proton K rocket with a booster and was in orbit for 250 days. ref http nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov nmc masterCatalog.do?sc 1968 103A Proton 4 at NASA NSSDC Master Catalog ref The Proton satellites were the source of the name for the Proton rocket , which launched them as some of its first payloads. Photos gallery Image Proton satellite model.jpg Proton satellite model at Tsiolkovsky State Museum of the History of Cosmonautics Tsiolkovsky State Museum , two Photovoltaic module solar panel s dismantled to fit the hall Image Proton satellite model closeup.jpg Proton satellite model closeup gallery References references External links http www.npomash.ru society en about.htm The history of NPO Mashinostroyenia http www.inr.ac.ru muhamed INCA project eng.htm The INCA Project , Ionization Neutron CAlorimeter a modern continuation of Proton experiment project at Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences website Dead link date September 2010 DEFAULTSORT Proton Satellite Category Soviet Earth satellites USSR spacecraft stub bg cs Proton dru ice de Proton Satellit ja ru fi Proton satelliitti uk ... more details
Infobox Automobile name Proton EMAS image File Proton emas geneva 2.jpg 250px manufacturer Proton carmaker Proton parent company Proton carmaker Proton Holdings Berhad aka production 2010 assembly predecessor successor class body style 3 door and 5 door hatchback layout platform engine transmission wheelbase length 3555 3000 mm width 1699 mm height 1576 mm weight fuel capacity related Lotus Ethos designer Italdesign Giugiaro sp Proton EMAS is a family of concept cars designed by Italdesign Giugiaro and developed by Proton carmaker Proton . The EMAS debuted at the Geneva Motor Show 2010 Geneva Motor Show as a plug in hybrid vehicle. ref cite web url http paultan.org 2010 03 02 proton showcases the emas emas country and emas3 trio of concepts at geneva 2010 title Proton showcases the EMAS, EMAS Country and EMAS3 trio of concepts at Geneva 2010 author Paul Tan date 2010 03 02 publisher Paul Tan s Automotive News accessdate 2011 09 30 ref Its electric powertrain is supplemented by a Range Extender Engine from Lotus Engineering this is a 1.2 liter 3 cylinder single cam 4 valves per cylinder engine that weighs only 56kg dry and is optimized for 2 RPM points 20hp at 1,500rpm and 47hp at 3,500rpm. Peak torque is 107Nm at 2,500rpm. The Proton EMAS will be Malaysia s and Proton carmaker Proton ... for the acronym. Proton s subsidiary Lotus Cars has shown a plug in hybrid city concept car based ... date 2010 12 16 publisher Car magazine accessdate 2011 09 30 ref File Proton emas geneva 1.jpg thumb left Proton EMAS at the Geneva Motor Show 2010 Geneva Motor Show . File Proton EMAS interior.JPG thumb center Proton EMAS interior. See also Proton Inspira Proton Saga Proton Exora References Reflist External links http www.protonconcepts.com Proton Concepts http www.proton.com Proton Holdings Berhad Official Website modern auto stub Proton vehicles Category Proton vehicles EMAS Category 2010 introductions ar EMAS ms Proton Emas ... more details
Infobox rocket image Proton Zvezda crop.jpg caption Launch of a Proton rocket name Proton 8K82K function ... 43 first Proton 16 July 1965 br Proton K 10 March 1967 br Proton M 7 April 2001 last Proton 6 July ... stage1name stage1engines Proton K 1 stage1thrust 10.47 Newton unit MN alt stage1thrust 1.9 million ... abbr on ref cite web url http www.friends partners.org partners mwade lvs pro8k82k.htm title Proton ... stage4fuel LOX RP 1 Proton formal designation UR 500 is an expendable launch system used for both commercial and Russia n government space launches. The first Proton rocket was launched ... launch services proton mission planners guide title Proton Mission Planner s Guide publisher ... date September 5, 2005 title Proton Verticalization, Pad 39, Baikonur publisher flickr ref Like many ... Proton originates from a series of large scientific Proton satellite s, which were among ... communications satellite destined for geostationary orbit , a Proton M Breeze M can place ... 7, 2008 url http www.ilslaunch.com newsroom news releases ils proton launch amc 14 satellite title ILS Proton to Launch AMC 14 Satellite publisher ILS ref History Proton ref cite web url http www.ilslaunch.com launch services ils proton breeze m launch vehicle proton heritage title Proton Heritage ... a two man Zond craft around the Moon. With the termination of the Saturn V program, Proton became the largest ... Titan IV in 1989. Between the 1965 first flight and 1970, the Proton experienced dozens of failures ... 335 launches, it has an 88 success rate. Proton launched the unmanned Soviet circumlunar flights ... States flew the Apollo 8 mission. Proton launched the Salyut space stations, the Mir core segment and expansion ... using the 4 stage D 1e version . Proton also launches commercial satellite s, most of them being managed by International Launch Services . The first ILS Proton launch was on 9 April 1996 with the launch ... proton launch archives ref Since 1994, Proton has earned 4.3 billion for the Russian space industry ... more details
Infobox Automobile boxcolor red image Image Proton Gen.2 front , Serdang.jpg 250px name Proton Gen 2 ... manufacturer Kia Motors manufacturer Proton car Proton parent company Proton car Proton Holdings ... kg lb 0 abbr on predecessor Proton Wira hatchback related Proton Persona br Chery A3 Chery A3 Hatchback Citation needed date December 2009 The Proton Gen 2 is an automobile manufactured by Malaysia n carmaker Proton company Proton , and was launched in the third quarter of 2004. The Gen 2 was among the first cars to be produced in Proton s Tanjung Malim plant, developed as part of its Proton City development project. The Gen 2 uses a platform which has been extensively developed in house by Proton and their partner Lotus Cars Lotus . Initially codenamed the Proton Wira Replacement Model , it was hinted that the car was to replace the Proton Wira . The name Gen 2 is an abbreviation of Generation ... 2 s platform is also used by the Proton Satria Neo with a shortened wheelbase and the Proton Persona ... console. Performance Proton owns Lotus Cars which was involved in the development of the car. The Gen 2 is the first Proton model to use the new Proton Lotus developed Campro engine . Although the Gen ... improve the cars driveability. This undesirable torque dip was eventually corrected by Proton ... Vios and the Mazda Atenza Mazda 6 , the discount is even greater, at about 30 percent. Proton s price ... . Changes and facelifts In 2005, a lower spec version of Proton Gen 2 powered by a 1.3 Litre non CPS ... seller. In December 2007, a new facelifted Proton Gen 2 was unveiled in Thailand in conjunction with the carmaker s entry into the Thai market. It also marked the first production Proton ... engine with IAFM, Proton s version of variable air intake management, while the High Line version .... Variants Special Edition Infobox Automobile name Proton Gen 2 Special Edition manufacturer Proton car Proton Sometime after the launch of the standard Gen 2, comes the special edition. It is fitted ... more details
Infobox automobile image File 1995 1996 Proton Wira XLi sedan 02.jpg 250px Proton Wira name Proton Wira manufacturer Proton carmaker Proton production 1993 2007 class Compact car Compact platform layout ... 980 kg lb 0 abbr on convert 1011 kg lb 0 abbr on predecessor Proton Saga successor Proton Waja saloon br Proton Gen 2 hatchback br Proton Persona saloon related Proton Jumbuck br Mitsubishi Lancer br ... Proton Persona br Proton 400 series The Proton Wira was a automobile car manufactured by Malaysia n carmaker Proton carmaker Proton , released as a four door saloon and four door hatchback beginning 1993. The Wira was intended as a newer alternative to the Proton Saga Saga Iswara 1992 current Proton Saga Iswara , a facelifted version of Proton s first model, the Proton Saga , as a flagship Compact car compact model for Proton. The Saga continued to receive minor updates until 2008, when a second ... planned to be replaced by two similar in house designed Proton cars The Proton Gen 2 launched in 2004 to replace the Aeroback hatchback variant and the Proton Persona launched in 2007 to replace the saloon variant . The Proton Waja , a saloon compact, was also launched in 2001 as an earlier successor to the Wira saloon, but currently caters slightly towards more upmarket demand, below the Proton ... design continues the styling first shown on the Proton Saga Saga Iswara 1992 current Proton Iswara with a fluted bonnet that tapers towards the Proton badge on the grill. In 1994, a 5 door hatchback ... was introduced. Proton was originally in the works of a little known 5 door Station wagon estate variant ... estate Wira prototype outside Proton s assembly plant in Shah Alam. Citation needed date May 2008 ..., for more than a decade, remained mostly the same. In 2004, Proton introduce the Wira Special Edition ... paradox? Several Proton models released following the Wira s debut sported frontal stylings that were derivatives of the Wira s. Among them, the original Proton Satria Satria 3 door hatchback, the Proton ... more details
Proton City tagged as City of the Future is a new township with industrial, commercial and residential activities spread over 4,000 acres 16 km . It is located about 5 km north of Tanjung Malim , a town in Perak , Malaysia , and houses the state of the art ringgit RM 1.8 billion Proton company Proton car assembly plant. To be fully developed by 2020, Proton City aims to be home to Malaysia s automobile industry. Undertaken by Proton City Development Corp Sdn Bhd, a joint venture between DRB HICOM DRB Hicom Bhd and Proton Bhd, itself a core member of Proton Holdings Bhd, it started in 1996 with an initial investment of RM2.5 billion, beginning with the construction of the Proton plant. The Proton plant has a workforce of more than 2,000 and most of them are expected to live in the area. When Proton City is fully developed, it would have a population of about 240,000. The first settlement in the area 252 units of apartments were formally handed over to the buyers recently. These apartments have common facilities that include car and motorcycle parking bays, children s playground, BBQ area, car wash areas, mosque and a nursery kindergarten on the ground floor of each block and a multipurpose hall. Parcels 19 and 20 when completed in 2007 will have 1,091 apartments, 336 units of single and double storey terrace houses, 86 semi detached houses, 37 bungalows and 36 shop offices. Proton City is also expected to be home to students and staff of the Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris UPSI , which a few years ago was known as Sultan Idris Teachers College, one of the country s oldest teachers training institutions. UPSI, occupying 800 acres 3.2 km within Proton City, is expected to have a student population of 20,000 within four years. The next phase of development at Proton City ... within Proton City. External links http proton city.com v1 main.htm Proton City Perak coord missing Malaysia Category Populated places in Perak ms Bandar raya Proton ... more details
A proton conductor is an electrolyte , typically a solid electrolyte , in which hydron chemistry H sup sup ref Traditionally, but not precisely, H sup sup ions are referred as proton s . ref are the primary charge carriers. Composition For practical applications, proton conductors are usually solid materials. Typical materials are polymers or ceramic. Typically the pores in practical materials are small such that proton s dominate electrical conduction direct current and transport of bulk solvent is prevented. Ice is a proton conductor, albeit a relatively poor one. ref cite web author A. Crofts date 1996 title Lecture 12 Proton Conduction, Stoichiometry url http www.life.illinois.edu crofts bioph354 lect12.html publisher University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign accessdate 2009 12 06 ref Proton conduction was first suggested by Alfred Rene Jean Paul Ubbelohde 14 December 1907 7 January 1988 and S. E. Rogers. ref cite journal author S. E. Rogers and A. R. Ubbelohde year 1950 title Melting and Crystal Structure III Low melting Acid Sulphates journal Transactions of the Faraday Society volume 46 pages 1051 doi 10.1039 tf9504601051 ref When in the form of thin Proton Exchange Membrane membrane s, proton conductors are an essential part of small, inexpensive proton exchange membrane fuel cell fuel cells . The polymer nafion is a typical proton conductor in fuel cells. High proton conductivity has been reported among alkaline earth cerates and zirconate based perovskite materials such as acceptor doped SrCeO sub 3 sub , BaCeO sub 3 sub and BaZrO sub 3 sub . fact date November 2011 Relatively high proton conductivity has also been found in rare earth ortho niobates and ortho tantalates as well as rare earth tungstates. fact date November 2011 References references physical chemistry stub Category Electrochemistry ca Conductor prot nic it Conduttore protonico ... more details
Infobox Automobile name Proton Juara image Image Proton Juara, Kuala Lumpur.jpg 250px manufacturer Proton company Proton production 2001 2003 predecessor successor class Microvan platform body style 5 door van engine 1.1 L 4A31 straight 4 I4 EFI transmission wheelbase convert 2390 mm in 1 abbr on length convert 3660 mm in 1 abbr on width convert 1535 mm in 1 abbr on height convert 1810 mm in 1 abbr on weight convert 1005 kg lb 0 abbr on aka fuel economy fuel capacity related Mitsubishi Town Box Mitsubishi Town Box Wide similar Perodua Kenari designer The Proton Juara was a microvan produced by Malaysia n Automotive industry carmaker Proton company Proton between 2001 and 2003. The design and production of the Juara marked a notable departure from Proton s traditional preference towards sedan car saloon s and hatchback s, making the Juara the first van to be manufactured by Proton. In its marketing campaign, PROTON decided that the JUARA is essentially a Mini MPV Multi Purpose Vehicle and became the platform in its advertising and promotional campaign. The van s name was derived from the Malay language , meaning champion . It was discontinued in 2003, but six years later, it was succeeded by Proton Exora . Design The Juara was introduced in 2001 as a rival to Perodua s Perodua Kenari ... by Proton to go with the Juara. Throughout its production, the Juara was given a 1.1 litre EFI engine ... function. It is also the only vehicle in the PROTON stable that has EPS Electrical Power Steering ... 1,000 units was resumed in mid 2002. The sales figures remained so disappointing that in 2003, Proton ... tag of the Proton Juara was around RM42,000 to RM52,000. Less than a year later, the price was reduced to RM35,000 but it still failed to attract the consumers in Malaysia. Proton vehicles Category Proton vehicles Juara Category Vehicles introduced in 2001 Category 2000s automobiles modern auto stub Malaysia stub fa it Proton Juara ms Proton Juara ja pl Proton Juara pt Proton ... more details
Infobox Automobile name Proton Inspira image File Proton inspira truck.jpg 250px Proton Inspira manufacturer Proton carmaker Proton parent company Proton carmaker Proton Holdings Berhad aka model years 2010 present production 2010 present assembly Shah Alam , Selangor , Malaysia predecessor Proton Waja successor class body style 4 vehicle door door sedan automobile saloon sedan layout platform engine ... Sebring br Dodge Avenger br Dodge Caliber br Mitsubishi Lancer designer sp The Proton Inspira , ref ... to as Proton New Sedan , ref cite web title Gambaran awal Waja Replacement aka Lancer Rebadge work funtasticko ... last Tan first Paul url http paultan.org 2010 10 13 proton p3 90a based on mitsubishi lancer preview drive title Proton P3 90A based on Mitsubishi Lancer preview drive publisher Paultan.org date accessdate 2011 01 27 ref is an automobile produced by Proton carmaker Proton as the successor to the Proton ..., Proton s inagural model in September 1985, the Proton Saga , was based largely on the 4th generation, and then current, Mitsubishi Lancer . Collaboration With Mitsubishi Motors Corp Proton group ... cost Proton as much as RM700mil USD230mil to develop a new car from the ground up but only half the amount ... the Proton Inspira to be marketed at a cheaper price. ref cite web title Sales target for car manufacturers ... Trade Centre in Malaysia. This is where local automaker and owner of Lotus, Proton, revealed a host ... MiVEC engine producing 237HP 177kW at 6,000 rpm and 343Nm of peak torque at 3,000 rpm. Proton ... out at 232 km h or 144 mph. See also Proton EMAS References reflist External links http www.protoninspira.com Proton Inspira http www.proton.com Proton Holdings Berhad http www.proton2020.com inspira.asp Inspira at a glance Proton vehicles Category Proton vehicles Inspira Category Sedans Category 2010 introductions Category Upcoming automobiles modern auto stub ar ms Proton Inspira ja pl Proton Inspira ... more details
Advert date August 2010 File ProtonType.svg thumb right Proton Radio logo. Proton Radio is an internet electronic music station. Founded in 2002 by Sam Packer, Alex Ambroziak, and Eric Liberda, the station features over 200 exclusive shows from various DJs around the world. They have featured guest DJ sets from such DJs as Sasha DJ Sasha , Luke Chable , James Zabiela , Anthony Pappa , Kasey Taylor, Lance Cashion, Oliver Lieb , Way Out West musicians Way Out West , and many others. Since 2003, they have also staged an event at the annual Winter Music Conference . ref name ra wmc cite web title Proton Radio first event at WMC url http www.residentadvisor.net news.asp?ID 2917 date 2003 02 10 accessdate 2007 03 01 work Resident Advisor ref In 2004, Proton Radio created a record label, Proton Music, which has featured releases from artists such as Digital Witchcraft and Deepsky . Proton Music s first release was a compilation titled The Sound mixed by resident DJ Lance Cashion which was released in October 2004. ref name bf thesound cite web url http www.beatfactor.net news 187 proton radio releases its first mix compilation.html title Proton Radio releases its first mix compilation accessdate 2007 03 01 date 2004 10 10 last Rusu first Andrei work Beat Factor ref The label s first single was Digital Witchcraft s Fingerpaint , for which they held a remix contest. ref name ps fingerpaint ... Progressive Sounds ref Proton Music releases its singles and compilations through stores including ... index.php?pg news&recnum 2151&Title Proton Radio 3A Promoting Progressive Excellence on 365MAG International Music Magazine title PROTON RADIO PROMOTING PROGRESSIVE EXCELLENCE date 2004 10 06 accessdate 2007 03 01 work 365mag ref In 2006, Proton Radio began its On Demand service, allowing users access ... news&recnum 3040&Title Proton Radio Goes On Demand on 365MAG International Music Magazine title PROTON ... links http www.protonradio.com Proton Radio site Category Internet radio stations internet bcast ... more details
about the 2007 car model by Proton company Proton the previous car model sold in Europe and Australia Proton Wira Infobox automobile image Image Proton Persona front , Serdang.jpg 250px Proton Persona front br The Proton Persona is largely similar to the Proton Gen 2 hatchback, with an added Trunk automobile boot , slightly extended roof line and higher profile tyres. name Proton Persona manufacturer Proton carmaker Proton parent company Proton carmaker Proton aka Proton Gen 2 Persona UK, Indonesia ... years 2007 2010 class Compact car Compact platform Proton Gen 2 layout FF layout body style 4 door sedan car sedan predecessor Proton Wira sedan successor related Proton Gen 2 length convert 180.5 ... 2008 04 11 work vindy.com ref designer Azlan Othman Image Proton Persona rear , Serdang.jpg thumb right Proton Persona rear The Proton Persona is a compact car introduced by Proton carmaker Proton ... the saloon variant of the successful Proton Wira , whose export name is not confused with this model s same name, as Proton s compact car. It is available as a sedan car sedan and is based upon the platform also shared with the Proton Gen 2 and the Proton Satria Neo . Also available is a Proton Persona Proton Persona SE Special Edition variant . All Personas are currently manufactured at Proton s Tanjung Malim plant in Tanjung Malim , Perak . Design Body The Proton Persona is essentially a Sedan car saloon based on the Proton Gen 2 Gen 2 hatchback introduced in 2004, and inherits the Persona name from rebadged Proton Wira Wiras sold in certain countries. It addresses several main flaws of the Gen ... engine in the Persona is the same Convert 82 kW hp 0 abbr on unit used in other Proton models but with an improved ... rev breathing. Year to year changes Image Proton Persona SE 8 Large.jpg thumb right Proton Persona ... IAFM engine Campro IAFM engine is introduced on all trim levels of the Persona. All Proton badges now bear the black and silver, rather than a blue and gold. Also, the Proton Persona SE was added ... more details
Infobox Automobile image Image Proton Savvy first generation front , Serdang.jpg 250px A pre 2007 facelift Proton Savvy. name Proton Savvy manufacturer Proton car Proton production 2005 2011 class Supermini ... 0 abbr on predecessor Proton Tiara successor aka related Proton Saga second generation designer The Proton Savvy is a supermini car supermini hatchback produced by Malaysia n car manufacturer Proton car Proton . The car was introduced in June 2005 as a successor to Proton Tiara . History Following Proton s decision to discontinue the Citro n AX based Proton Tiara Tiara in 2000, a replacement model was required in order for Proton to reenter the supermini market. The replacement, originally codenamed the Tiara Replacement Model TRM , was partially designed in house by Proton but is powered by a Renault ... Kingdom in September 2005. The Savvy was also among two models alongside the Proton Gen 2 the now defunct MG Rover Group MG Rover was seeking to rebadge when it entered talks with Proton s parent ... on the front and rear. File Proton savvy r3.jpg thumb Proton Savvy R3. In 2006, Proton introduced a Savvy Zerokit variant developed in conjunction with the Proton s motorsports division, R3 Race Rally ... Proton car to undergo the first ever publicly announced product recall recall . On April 1, 2008, Proton Edar ordered the recall of all 34,000 Savvys on Malaysian roads of which their production ... might causes malfunction to its components. The second generation Proton Saga , launched in January ... manual subst Auto km h 165 0 automatic div Unlike the Proton Tiara Tiara , the Savvy s exterior design was largely developed in house by Proton, prominently featuring a clamshell bonnet design for efficient ... the mid 1990s. The Savvy, along with other in house designed Protons such as the Proton Gen 2 Gen 2 , Proton Persona Persona , Proton Satria Satria Neo , Proton Waja Waja , Waja Chancellor, and second generation Proton Saga Saga , feature signal switches placed at the left hand side, unlike models introduced ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2006 orphan date November 2009 Proton is a Greece Greek based retail chain of independent retailers primarily grocery shops operating as a brand and buying group or symbol group . All stores are independently owned. The parent company ELETA LTD is communally owned with each retailer owning a share. As of 2006, the Proton retail network consists of around 390 stores throughout Greece. See also Greek Supermarkets List of Greek supermarkets DEFAULTSORT Proton Supermarkets Category Supermarkets of Greece retail company stub ... more details
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