Unreferenced date December 2009 Image PS Surface 28 September 2005 .jpg thumb The surface above the PS at CERN . After more than 45 years, the ring shaped accelerator is hardly visible due to later constructions. However it can still be seen as a raised area in the lower left part of the photo. The Proton Synchrotron PS is the first major particle accelerator at CERN , built as a 28 GeV proton accelerator in the late 1950s and put into operation in 1959. It takes the protons from the Proton Synchrotron Booster at a kinetic energy of 1.4 GeV and lead ions from the Low Energy Ion Ring LEIR at 72 MeV per nucleon. It has been operated as an injector for the Intersecting Storage Rings ISR , the Super Proton Synchrotron SPS and the Large Electron Positron Collider LEP . Starting in November 2009, the PS machine delivers protons and will provide lead ion beams for the Large Hadron Collider LHC . It has also been used as a particle source for other experiments, such as the Gargamelle bubble chamber for which it supplied a neutrino beam. This led to the discovery of the Weak interaction weak neutral current in 1974. The PS machine is a circular accelerator with a circumference of 628.3 m. It is a versatile machine having accelerated proton s, antiproton s, electron s, positron s and species of ion s. Major upgrades have improved its performance by more than a factor of 1000 since 1959. The only main components remaining from its original installation some 50 years ago are the bending magnets and the buildings. CERN coord 46 13 55 N 6 02 55 E region CH GE type landmark source kolossus dewiki display title Category Particle physics facilities Category CERN de Proton Synchrotron lt Proton sinchrotronas hu Proton Synchrotron pl Synchrotron protonowy pt Sincrotr o a Prot es ... more details
The ProtonSynchrotron Booster , a synchrotron , is the first and smallest circular proton particle accelerator accelerator in the accelerator chain at the CERN Large Hadron Collider injection complex http ps div.web.cern.ch ps div LHC PS LHC PS.html . The accelerator was built in 1972, and contains four superimposed rings with a radius of 25 meters. It takes proton s with an energy of 50 MeV from the linear accelerator Linac2 and accelerates them up to 1.4 GeV , ready to be injected into the ProtonSynchrotron . See also Wikipedia Books Large Hadron Collider External links http psb machine.web.cern.ch psb machine PS Booster Machine layout and photographs CERN Category Particle physics facilities Category Large Hadron Collider Category CERN lt Proton sinchrotrono stiprintuvas hu ProtonSynchrotron Booster ... more details
See also List of Super ProtonSynchrotron experiments Hadron colliders Image Image SPS.gif 250px Caption An Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge employee on the SPS beamline The Super ProtonSynchrotron SPS is a particle accelerator of the synchrotron type at CERN . It is housed in a circular tunnel, convert 6.9 km mi in circumference, ref http ab dep op sps.web.cern.ch ab dep op sps SPS Presentation.htm SPS Presentation at AB OP SPS Home Page ref straddling the border of France and Switzerland near Geneva , Switzerland. ref http building.web.cern.ch building Information on CERN Sites . CERN . Updated 2010 01 26. ref The SPS was designed by a team led by John Adams physicist John Adams , List of Directors General of CERN director general of what was then known as Laboratory II . Originally specified as a 300 GeV accelerator, the SPS was actually built to be capable of 400 GeV, an operating energy it achieved on the official commissioning date of 17 June 1976. However, by that time, this energy had been exceeded by Fermilab , which reached an energy of 500 GeV on 14 May of that year. History File CERN UA5 ppbar interaction at 540GeV.jpg thumb 260px left A proton antiproton collision from the UA5 experiment at the SPS in 1982. The SPS has been used to accelerate protons and antiproton s, electron s and positron s for use as the injector for the Large Electron Positron Collider LEP ref http sl div.web.cern.ch sl div history lep doc.html 3.8 The LEP Collider from Design ... facilities Category CERN ar de Super ProtonSynchrotron es Super ProtonSynchrotron fr Super ProtonSynchrotron lt Super proton sinchrotronas hu Super ProtonSynchrotron pt Super ... gluon plasma heavy ions . Most notably, as a proton antiproton collider as such it was called Sp ... injector for high intensity proton beams for the Large Hadron Collider , which began preliminary ... program, where the SPS is used to provide 400 GeV proton beams for a number of active fixed ... more details
See also Super ProtonSynchrotron This is a list of past and current experiments at the CERN Super ProtonSynchrotron SPS facility since its commissioning in 1976. ref cite web author date title 1976 The SPS ... align left Study of Pion &pi sup &minus sup proton p interactions with neutral final states sort 1978 ... K sup &minus sup , proton p , and antiproton overline p yields in 400 GeV proton beryllium ... study of proton p antiproton overline p annihilation physics at the European Hybrid Spectrometer EHS ... dependent structure functions of the neutron and proton sort 1988 12 32 Dec 1988 sort 1989 04 06 ... align left Study of prompt dimuon and charm production with proton and heavy ion beams at the CERN ... angle detector for the SPS used as a proton antiproton collider at center of mass c.m. energy of 630 ... Luigi Di Lella align left Study of antiproton proton interaction at 630 GeV center of mass ... Paul Musset align left Search for magnetic monopoles at the antiproton proton colliding ring sort ... of elastic scattering in the Coulomb interference region at the CERN antiproton proton collider ... Book &mdash UA5 experiment UA5 &mdash John Gordon Rushbrooke align left Investigation of proton antiproton ... left An exploratory investigation of antiproton proton interactions at 800 900 center of mass c.m. ... in antiproton overline p proton p and p p interactions at radical s 24.3 GeV sort 1980 ... tagged with large X proton sort 1984 10 26 26 Oct 1984 sort 1985 04 18 18 Apr 1985 sort 1985 10 ... proton p and kaon K p interactions sort 1974 02 08 8 Feb 1974 sort 1974 06 12 12 Jun 1974 sort 1977 ... in proton p p and Pion &pi p elastic scattering sort 1974 02 32 Feb 1974 sort 1974 09 04 4 Sep 1974 ... of rare meson states in Kaon K sup sup proton p collisions ?? sort 1975 01 22 22 Jan 1975 ... Study of Kaon K sup sup proton p Kaon K su p 0 b S Pion &pi sup sup p and reactions ... overline p proton p Lambda baryon overline &Lambda Lambda baryon &Lambda at large p transverse ... more details
are carefully synchronised with the travelling particle beam. The protonsynchrotron was originally ... 3.5 align right 432 align right 2007 align right ProtonSynchrotron CERN , Switzerland align right ...hatnote This article is about the sub atomic particle accelerator. For applications of the synchrotron radiation produced by cyclic particle accelerators see synchrotron light source . Image Sch ma de principe du synchrotron.jpg thumb 300px Here, the synchrotron is the circular track, off which the beamlines branch. A synchrotron is a particular type of cyclic particle accelerator in which the magnetic ... the idea. The first electron synchrotron was constructed by Edwin McMillan . Characteristics While ... in the synchrocyclotron , both of these fields are varied in the synchrotron. By increasing ... extraction devices such as Wiggler synchrotron wigglers and undulator s. The maximum energy that a cyclic ... radius maximum curvature of the particle path. Image Aust. Synchrotron Interior Panorama, 14.06.2007.jpg thumb right 500px The interior of the Australian Synchrotron facility. Dominating the image is the storage ring , showing the Beamline Synchrotron radiation beamline optical diagnostic beamline at front right. In the middle of the storage ring is the booster synchrotron and Linear accelerator ... at all, but charged particles under acceleration emit photons synchrotron radiation ... not play a significant role in the dynamics of proton or ion accelerators. The energy of those is limited ... into the main ring at substantial energies by either a linear accelerator or by an intermediate synchrotron ... can be very large here, Soleil synchrotron Soleil near Paris One of the early large synchrotrons ... of this proton accelerator comes from its power, in the range of 6.3 GeV then called BeV for billion ... here. Another early large synchrotron is the Cosmotron built at Brookhaven National Laboratory ... generated title ref Until August 2008, the highest energy synchrotron in the world was the Tevatron ... more details
Other uses about the proton as a subatomic particle the aqueous form of the hydrogen ion often encountered in biochemistry Hydronium Infobox Particle bgcolour classification Baryon name Proton image Image Quark structure proton.svg 250px caption The quark structure of the proton. The color assignment ... Proton , SubatomicParticle Proton , SubatomicParticle Nucleon mass val 1.672621777 74 e 27 ul kg ... bibcode 1995PhT....48j...9S ref The proton is a subatomic particle subatomic particle with the symbol SubatomicParticle Proton or SubatomicParticle Proton and a positive electric charge of 1 elementary ... physics, the proton is a hadron , composed of quark s. Prior to that model becoming a consensus in the physics community, the proton was considered a fundamental particle . A proton is composed of two ... page 19 publisher Cambridge University Press isbn ref The free proton is stable and is found naturally ... 90 of cosmic ray s, which propagate in vacuum for interstellar distances. Free protons are proton emission ... proton is not changed, and it remains a proton. The attraction of low energy protons to electrons ... to combine. In vacuum, a sufficiently slow proton may pick up a free electron, becoming a neutral ... s and one down quark of the proton are held together by the strong interaction strong force , mediated by gluon s. ref name Cottingham The proton has an approximately exponentially decaying positive ... atom with the chemical symbol H is a lone proton. The nuclei of the heavy hydrogen isotopes deuterium and tritium contain one proton bound to one and two neutrons, respectively. All other types of atoms are composed of two or more protons and various numbers of neutrons. Stability Main Proton decay The spontaneous decay of free protons has never been observed, and the proton is therefore ... physics predict that proton decay should take place with lifetimes of the order of val e 36 u years , and experimental searches have established lower bounds on the mean lifetime of the proton for various ... more details
Distinguish Proton notability date September 2011 primary sources date September 2011 The PROTON Ontology PROTo ONtology is a basic upper level ontology that contains about 300 classes and 100 properties, providing coverage of the general concepts necessary for a wide range of tasks, including semantic annotation, indexing, and retrieval of documents. ref Cite journal first Ivan last Terziev author authorlink coauthors Atanas Kiryakov, Dimitar Manov title D1.8.1 Base upper level ontology PROTON Guidance version publisher date Dec 7, 2005 url http proton.semanticweb.org D1 8 1.pdf accessdate 2010 09 29 ref Its design principles can be summarized as domain independence light weight logical definitions alignment with popular standards, and good coverage of named entities and concrete domains i.e., people, organizations, locations, numbers, dates, addresses . It was originally developed under the auspices of the SEKT project, and first released in 2005. It is presently maintained by Ontotext . See also Cyc UMBEL Upper ontology 28information science 29 Upper Ontologies Notes Reflist External links Semantic Web Category Knowledge representation Category Ontology information science Category Semantic Web ... more details
Nimrod was a 7 GeV protonsynchrotron operating in the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in the United Kingdom between 1964 and 1978. It was used for studies of nuclear physics nuclear and particle physics sub nuclear phenomena. Nimrod was dismantled and the space it occupied reused for the synchrotron of the ISIS neutron source . References http www.isis.stfc.ac.uk about isis target station 2 publications issue 1 september 20038209.pdf physics stub Category Nuclear research centers Category Particle physics facilities Category Synchrotron radiation facilities pt Nimrod sincrotr o ... more details
Distinguish German submarine U 70 U 70 lang ru 70 is the protonsynchrotron for energy of 70 GeV , built in 1967 in Institute for High Energy Physics in Protvino near Serpukhov , Russia . The energy of the accelerator was a record high at the time of construction, and still U 70 is a most high energy accelerator in Russia . In 1970 U 70 scientists team has been awarded the Lenin Prize for the development and commisioning of the synchrotron. Description of the accelerator complex File RIAN archive 105514 U 70 atom smasher control panel.jpg left thumb The U 70 atom smasher control panel in the Institute for High Energy Physics in the city of Protvino. The complex operates in pulsed mode. Protons are accelerated to 30 MeV by linear accelerator URAL 30. Then they are injected into the fast cyclic booster synchrotron U 1.5 having 100 m perimeter, where protons are accelerated to 1.32 GeV. Then the protons are injected to the U 70. After this, an acceleration cycle takes place for 9 sec, when protons are accelerated to the maximum energy of 76 GeV, and then, they are extracted from the ring to the secondary beams in the experimental halls. U 70 has perimeter about 1.5 km. Focusing structure type is FODO strong focusing . The total weight of the magnetic system of over 20 000 t. class simple border 1 colspan 2 The main parameters of the synchrotron ref http www.oku.ihep.su index.php?option com content&view article&id 17&Itemid 43&lang ru Technical specifications of U 70 . ru icon ref The maximum proton energy, E sub max sub 76 GeV Injection energy, E sub min sub 1.32 GeV Perimeter, P 1483.63 m Pulse repetition frequency 0.11 Hz The frequency of the accelerating voltage, f sub rf sub 5.5 6.1 MHz Multiplicity HF 30 Betatron frequency , sub x sub sub y sub 9.75 9.85 The intensity ... proton accelerator UNK accelerator storage complex, a protonproton collider for energy of 3 3 TeV . It was planned that synchrotron U 70 becomes an injector for the collider ring. But the project was stopped ... more details
proton may lose 6.7keV per turn due to this phenomenon. ref name CERN Synchrotron http cdsweb.cern.ch ...about physical phenomenon of synchrotron radiation details on the production of this radiation and applications in laboratories Synchrotron light source The electromagnetic radiation emitted when charged particles are accelerated radially math mathbf a perp mathbf v math is called synchrotron radiation. It is produced in synchrotron s using bending magnets, undulator s and or Wiggler synchrotron wigglers ... fields. This may be achieved artificially in synchrotron or storage ring s, or naturally by fast electrons ... Syncrotron.png thumb Synchrotron radiation from a bending magnet File Undulator.png thumb Synchrotron radiation from an undulator History Image ge synchrotron acclerator.jpg thumb 300px General Electric synchrotron accelerator built in 1946, the origin of the discovery of synchrotron radiation. The arrow indicates the evidence of radiation. Synchrotron radiation was named after its discovery in a General Electric synchrotron accelerator built in 1946 and announced in May 1947 by Frank Elder, Anatole Gurewitsch, Robert Langmuir, and Herb Pollock in a letter entitled Radiation from Electrons in a Synchrotron ... & high 42ca922c9c07689 Radiation from Electrons in a Synchrotron 1947 Physical Review , vol. 71 ... concrete wall. He immediately signaled to turn off the synchrotron as he saw an arc in the tube ... seeing Dmitri Ivanenko Ivanenko and Isaak Pomeranchuk Pomeranchuk radiation. ref Handbook on Synchrotron ... als.lbl.gov als science sci archive SRTurns50.html Synchrotron Radiation Turns the Big Five O ref Properties of synchrotron radiation Broad Spectrum which covers from microwaves to hard X rays the users ... by a magnetic field , synchrotron radiation is produced. This is similar to a radio antenna, but with the difference ... cone of radiation. Synchrotron radiation is the brightest artificial source of X rays. The planar ... transformation of the 4 acceleration in Larmor s formula. Velocity acceleration synchrotron radiation ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Image HalbachArrayFEL2.png thumb 300px Schematic diagram of a free electron laser A wiggler is an insertion device in a synchrotron . It is a series of magnets designed to periodically laterally deflect wiggle a beam of charged particles invariably electron s or positron s inside a storage ring of a synchrotron. These deflections produce emission of broadband synchrotron radiation much like that of a bending magnet , but the intensity is higher due to the contribution of many magnet dipoles in the wiggler. A wiggler has a broader spectrum of radiation than an undulator . Typically the magnets in a wiggler are arranged in a Halbach array . The design shown above is usually known as a Halbach wiggler. DEFAULTSORT Wiggler Synchrotron Category Synchrotron instrumentation Tech stub ca Wiggler sincrotr es Wiggler sincrotr n ru simple Wiggler synchrotron ... more details
In mathematics the synchrotron functions are defined as follows for x &ge 0 First synchrotron function math F x x int x infty K frac 5 3 t ,dt math Second synchrotron function math G x x K frac 2 3 x math where K sub j sub is the modified Bessel function of the second kind. The function F x is shown on the right, as the output from a plot in Mathematica . Image Firstsynchfunction.jpg thumb First synchrotron function, F x Image with unknown copyright status removed Image secondsynchfunction.jpg thumb Second synchrotron function, G x Use in Astrophysics In astrophysics, x is usually a ratio of frequencies, that is, the frequency over a critical frequency critical frequency is the frequency at which most synchrotron radiation is radiated . This is needed when calculating the spectra for different types of synchrotron emission. It takes a spectrum of electrons or any charged particle generated by a separate process such as a power law distribution of electrons and positrons from a constant injection spectrum and converts this to the spectrum of photons generated by the input electrons positrons. For further information, see High Energy Astrophysics , Malcolm S. Longair, CUP, 1990. Category Special functions ... more details
Image Australian Synchrotron schema.jpg frame thumbnail 50px Australian Synchrotron schema br 1 Electron ... br 6 Endstation or experimental workstation, i.e., laboratory The Australian Synchrotron is a 3 GeV synchrotron radiation facility built in Melbourne , Victoria Australia Victoria and opened on 31 ..., link did not work 1 Jan 2010 ref ref Citation title Scientists to unveil monster synchrotron newspaper ..., ref Citation title Architectus and Thiess to Design Australian Synchrotron url http www.architectus.com.au ... by Professor John Boldeman . The Synchrotron building is located in Clayton, Victoria Clayton near the Monash University Clayton Campus. The Australian Synchrotron is a Synchrotron light source ... synchrotron light . The light is directed down separate beamline s at the end of which may be placed ... cite web title Australian Synchrotron Machine Fact sheet url http www.synchrotron.org.au index.php about us our facilities accelerator physics how does the australian synchrotron work ref Image Aust. Synchrotron Interior Panorama, 14.06.2007.jpg thumb right 500px The interior of the Australian Synchrotron ... ring and Linear accelerator linac . Electron gun br The electrons used to provide the synchrotron light ... are used to help Focus optics focus the electron beam. Image Aust. Synchrotron, Linac & Booster ... ring seen at the left Booster synchrotron br The booster is an electron synchrotron which takes ... dipole magnet is a potential source of synchrotron light and most straight sections can also host an insertion device , giving the possibility of 30 beamlines at the Australian Synchrotron. Two of the straight ... for replacing the energy that the beam loses through synchrotron radiation. The storage ring also ... EPICS as the basis for their control. Beamlines and experimental endstations Image Aust. Synchrotron ... Management and governance issues In 2009, the Australia Synchrotron Director, Professor Robert ... between the Synchrotron board, the Science Advisory Committee the SAC to the Australian Synchrotron ... more details
ALBA is a synchrotron radiation facility in Cerdanyola del Vall s near Barcelona , Catalonia , Spain . It is constructed and operated by the CELLS Consortium for the Exploitation of the Synchrotron Light Laboratory consortium, and co financed by the Spanish and Catalan government Catalan governments. After nearly ten years of planning and design work by the Spanish scientific community, the project was approved in 2002 by the Spanish and the Catalan government Catalan governments. After scientific workshops and meetings with prospective users, the facility was redesigned in 2004, and in 2006 construction started. The laboratory was officially opened for experiments on 7 beamlines in March 2010. See also European Synchrotron Radiation Facility Synchrotron External links http www.cells.es Official website http www.lightsources.org Lightsources.org coord 41 29 12 N 2 06 35 E display title region ES CT source cawiki Category Synchrotron radiation facilities Category Research institutes in Catalonia engineering stub ca Alba sincrotr es ALBA sincrotr n ru ALBA ... more details
Unreferenced date September 2010 Proton beams , a type of ion beam s, are the result of proton particle acceleration by means of a cyclotron or a synchrotron and can be used e.g. in Proton Beam Therapy for cancer treatment or for proton beam writing in lithography. See also Electron beam Physics stub Category Lithography Category Particle accelerators Category Plasma physics ... more details
wiktionary proton A proton is a subatomic particle. Proton may also refer to TOC right In chemistry The following ions may be losely referred as proton Hydron chemistry chem H Hydronium hydroxonium chem H 3 O especially in biochemistry In technology Proton rocket , Russian unmanned space vehicle design Proton bank card , used for payments of small amounts Proton satellite , Soviet satellite Protei 5 Russian diver rider called a Proton , Russian diver propulsion vehicle Proton, a make of rebreather breathing set made by Siebe Gorman In business Proton carmaker , a Malaysian car producer Proton FC , a team in the Malaysian Premier League sponsored by the carmaker Proton Bank , an investment bank in Greece Proton Radio , an internet electronic music station Other uses Proton, a geologic province of a craton that is between 1.6 and 2.5 billion years old, which developed in the Proterozoic Eon USS Proton AG 147 , a US Navy tank landing ship disambig af Proton dubbelsinnig az Proton d qiql dirm bs Proton vor cs Proton rozcestn k de Proton Begriffskl rung es Prot n desambiguaci n fr Proton homonymie hr Proton razdvojba it Proton nl Proton ja nds Proton Mehrd dig Begreep pl Proton ujednoznacznienie pt Proton desambigua o ro Proton dezambiguizare ru sk Proton sr sv Proton olika betydelser tr Proton anlam ayr m vi Proton nh h ng ... more details
Infobox automobile name Proton P3 21A image manufacturer Proton carmaker Proton predecessor Proton Persona class Compact car Proton P3 21A known internally as Proton Persona R , which R stands for replacement is a codename of the upcoming global compact car compact successor of the Proton Persona developed by Malaysian automaker Proton carmaker Proton . It is reported to be based on a shrinked version of the Proton Exora platform. It will begin production in late 2011 and early 2012 at the Tanjung Malim plant. Proton Tuah A compact sedan called the Proton Tuah is exhibited at the 2010 Kuala Lumpur International Motor Show . Its exterior design was designed by Italdesign Giugiaro . References reflist Category Upcoming automobiles Category Proton vehicles ms Proton P3 21A ... more details
Refimprove date September 2009 Image FusionintheSun.svg thumb 250px The protonproton chain reaction dominates in stars the size of the Sun or smaller. The protonproton chain reaction is one of several ... being the CNO cycle . The protonproton chain dominates in stars the size of the Sun or smaller. In general, protonproton fusion can occur only if the temperature i.e. kinetic energy of the protons ... , 1 42,59, 1971 , The Proton type nuclear fission reaction ref In the Sun, deuterium producing ... quickly, the Sun would have exhausted its hydrogen long ago. History of the protonproton chain reaction The theory that protonproton reactions were the basic principle by which the Sun and other stars ... prediction. Even so, it was unclear how protonproton fusion might proceed, because the most obvious ... . The protonproton chain reaction The first step involves the fusion of two hydrogen nuclei SimpleNuclide Link Hydrogen proton s into deuterium , releasing a positron and a neutrino as one proton changes ... much SimpleNuclide Helium 4 . Citation needed date March 2008 The pp II branch File ProtonProton II chain reaction.svg thumb Protonproton II chain reaction See also lithium burning Autogenerated using ..., respectively . The pp III branch File ProtonProton III chain reaction.png thumb Protonproton III ... 3 reacts directly with a proton to give helium 4, with an even higher possible neutrino energy ... in the Cosmos , The University of Chicago Press, 1988, p. 354. ref The pep reaction Image Protonproton cycle.png thumb 300px Protonproton and electron capture chain reactions in a star. Deuterium can also be produced by the rare pep proton electron proton reaction electron capture Autogenerated ... as an anti electron. This is represented in the figure of protonproton and electron capture ... Commons category Protonproton chain reaction references Nuclear processes DEFAULTSORT ProtonProton Chain Reaction Category Nuclear fusion ar ca Cadena prot prot ... more details
Proton therapy is a type of particle therapy which uses a beam of proton s to irradiation irradiate diseased tissue, most often in the treatment of cancer . The chief advantage of proton therapy is the ability ... beam radiotherapy . Description Image Pdd sobp photon.JPG thumb In a typical treatment plan for proton ... name SOBP Proton beam therapy W P Levin, H Kooy, J S Loeffler and T F DeLaney British Journal of Cancer ... therapy Mechanism of action Proton therapy is a type of external beam radiotherapy using ionizing radiation ... at greater depths, the proton accelerator must produce a beam with higher energy, typically given ... energy. The accelerators used for proton therapy typically produce protons with energies in the range ... of the protons during application of treatment, the cell damage due to the proton beam is maximized ... from proton therapy, the tissue in front of or shallower than the tumor receive radiation dosage ... Hospital MGH to pursue proton therapy. Over the next 41 years, this program refined and expanded ... ref before the Cyclotron was shut down in 2002. The world s first hospital based proton therapy center ..., The Northeast Proton Therapy Center at Massachusetts General Hospital was brought online, and the HCL ... joined by an additional seven regional hospital based proton therapy centers in the United States alone ... and paraspinal tumors chondrosarcoma and chordoma , and unresectable sarcomas . In all these cases proton ... radiotherapy. ref E. B. Hug et al Proton radiation therapy for chordomas and chondrosarcomas of the skull ... ref J. E. Munzenrider, N. J. Liebsch, Proton radiotherapy for tumors of the skull base, Strahnlenther ... of proton therapy is used to reduce unwanted side effects, by limiting the dose to normal tissue ... structures. ref J. D. Slater et al, Proton therapy for prostate cancer the initial Loma Linda University ... 2005 ref Lambert et al. Intrafractional motion during proton beam scanning Phys. Med. Biol. 50 ... 1072 url http books.google.com ?id U5JrAAAAMAAJ quote Proton Patient Summary Inception Through December ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Infobox Automobile boxcolor red image Image Proton Tiara front , Sungai Besi.jpg 250px A Proton Tiara. name Proton Tiara manufacturer Proton car Proton production 1996&ndash 2000 class Car classification Supermini.2FSub compact Supermini platform layout FF layout body style 5 door hatchback engine 1.1 L Citro n Straight 4 I4 competitor Daihatsu Charade successor Proton Savvy related Citro n AX The Proton Tiara was a Malaysia n automobile based on the Citro n AX , built under licence by the Automobile industry automobile manufacturer Proton car Proton between 1996 and 2000. History The genesis of the Tiara was the result of an agreement during the mid 1990s between Proton s then Chief executive officer CEO , Yahaya Ahmad Tan Sri Yahaya Ahmad , and PSA Peugeot Citro n , a producer of Citro n and Peugeot vehicles. Yahaya had expressed wishes that Proton not use Mitsubishi Motors Mitsubishi platforms, and that Proton cooperate with PSA Peugeot Citro n for access to its diesel engines. Yahaya Ahmad was killed in a helicopter crash in 1997, and Proton returned ... of the Tiara ceased in 2000 due to low sales volume in 2005, the Proton Savvy was launched as a successor to the Proton Tiara or Citroen AX. Design and market The Tiara was known as the cheapest ... Citro n AX s, such as the AX GT, but the grille was restyled to match the existing Proton Saga Saga and Proton Wira Wira models. Other cosmetic differences included different bumpers and taillight clusters. It was only available with a 1.1 litre Convert 45 kW hp 0 abbr on engine. The Proton Tiara was sold only in the Malaysian market, due to similarities with the Citro n AX . Proton vehicles Category Proton vehicles Tiara Category 1990s automobiles Category 2000s automobiles Category Vehicles introduced in 1996 de Proton Tiara fr Proton Tiara ms Proton Tiara nl Proton Tiara ja pl Proton Tiara pt Proton Tiara sco Proton Tiara fi Proton Tiara tr Proton Tiara ... more details
Proton emission also known as proton radioactivity is a type of radioactive decay in which a proton is ejected from a atomic nucleus nucleus . Image Zerfallsschema.png left thumb 300px The decay of a proton rich nucleus A populates excited states of a daughter nucleus B by emission or electron capture EC . Those excited states that lie below the separation energy for protons Sp decay by emission towards the groundstate of daughter B. For the higher excited states a competitive decay channel of proton emission to the granddaughter C exists, called delayed proton emission. Proton emission can occur from high lying excited states in a nucleus following a beta decay , in which case the process is known as beta delayed proton emission, or can occur from the ground state or a low lying nuclear isomer isomer of very proton rich nuclei, in which case the process is very similar to alpha decay . For a proton to escape a nucleus, the proton separation energy must be negative the proton is therefore unbound, and Quantum tunneling tunnels out of the nucleus in a finite time. Proton emission is not seen in naturally occurring isotopes proton emitters can be produced via nuclear reaction s, usually utilising some kind of particle accelerator . Although prompt i.e. not beta delayed proton emission was observed from an isomer in Cobalt Isotopes Cobalt 53 as early as 1969, no other proton emitting states were found until 1981, when the proton radioactive ground states of Lutetium Isotopes ... flourished after this breakthrough, and to date more than 25 isotopes have been found to exhibit proton emission. The study of proton emission has aided the understanding of nuclear deformation, masses ... proton decay. See also Proton drip line Diproton a particle possibly involved in double proton decay ... and Decay Data IAEA with query on Proton Separation Energy Nuclear processes DEFAULTSORT Proton ... mission de proton ko ja pl Emisja protonu pt Emiss o prot nica ru ... more details
FAIR USE of Protonstation.jpg see image description page at http en.wikipedia.org wiki Image Protonstation.jpg for rationale Image Protonstation.jpg right The Proton was a model of Soviet Union Soviet scientific artificial satellite s. The maximum mass was about 17 metric tonne tonnes . Four Protons were launched between 1965 and 1968. The satellite was developed by NPO Mashinostroyenia . The aim of the project was to study high and ultra high energy Subatomic particle particle s. The latest became Proton 4 NORAD ID 3544, NSSDC ID 1968 103A launched on November 16 , 1968 by Proton K rocket with a booster and was in orbit for 250 days. ref http nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov nmc masterCatalog.do?sc 1968 103A Proton 4 at NASA NSSDC Master Catalog ref The Proton satellites were the source of the name for the Proton rocket , which launched them as some of its first payloads. Photos gallery Image Proton satellite model.jpg Proton satellite model at Tsiolkovsky State Museum of the History of Cosmonautics Tsiolkovsky State Museum , two Photovoltaic module solar panel s dismantled to fit the hall Image Proton satellite model closeup.jpg Proton satellite model closeup gallery References references External links http www.npomash.ru society en about.htm The history of NPO Mashinostroyenia http www.inr.ac.ru muhamed INCA project eng.htm The INCA Project , Ionization Neutron CAlorimeter a modern continuation of Proton experiment project at Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences website Dead link date September 2010 DEFAULTSORT Proton Satellite Category Soviet Earth satellites USSR spacecraft stub bg cs Proton dru ice de Proton Satellit ja ru fi Proton satelliitti uk ... more details
Infobox Automobile name Proton EMAS image File Proton emas geneva 2.jpg 250px manufacturer Proton carmaker Proton parent company Proton carmaker Proton Holdings Berhad aka production 2010 assembly predecessor successor class body style 3 door and 5 door hatchback layout platform engine transmission wheelbase length 3555 3000 mm width 1699 mm height 1576 mm weight fuel capacity related Lotus Ethos designer Italdesign Giugiaro sp Proton EMAS is a family of concept cars designed by Italdesign Giugiaro and developed by Proton carmaker Proton . The EMAS debuted at the Geneva Motor Show 2010 Geneva Motor Show as a plug in hybrid vehicle. ref cite web url http paultan.org 2010 03 02 proton showcases the emas emas country and emas3 trio of concepts at geneva 2010 title Proton showcases the EMAS, EMAS Country and EMAS3 trio of concepts at Geneva 2010 author Paul Tan date 2010 03 02 publisher Paul Tan s Automotive News accessdate 2011 09 30 ref Its electric powertrain is supplemented by a Range Extender Engine from Lotus Engineering this is a 1.2 liter 3 cylinder single cam 4 valves per cylinder engine that weighs only 56kg dry and is optimized for 2 RPM points 20hp at 1,500rpm and 47hp at 3,500rpm. Peak torque is 107Nm at 2,500rpm. The Proton EMAS will be Malaysia s and Proton carmaker Proton ... for the acronym. Proton s subsidiary Lotus Cars has shown a plug in hybrid city concept car based ... date 2010 12 16 publisher Car magazine accessdate 2011 09 30 ref File Proton emas geneva 1.jpg thumb left Proton EMAS at the Geneva Motor Show 2010 Geneva Motor Show . File Proton EMAS interior.JPG thumb center Proton EMAS interior. See also Proton Inspira Proton Saga Proton Exora References Reflist External links http www.protonconcepts.com Proton Concepts http www.proton.com Proton Holdings Berhad Official Website modern auto stub Proton vehicles Category Proton vehicles EMAS Category 2010 introductions ar EMAS ms Proton Emas ... more details
Infobox rocket image Proton Zvezda crop.jpg caption Launch of a Proton rocket name Proton 8K82K function ... 43 first Proton 16 July 1965 br Proton K 10 March 1967 br Proton M 7 April 2001 last Proton 6 July ... stage1name stage1engines Proton K 1 stage1thrust 10.47 Newton unit MN alt stage1thrust 1.9 million ... abbr on ref cite web url http www.friends partners.org partners mwade lvs pro8k82k.htm title Proton ... stage4fuel LOX RP 1 Proton formal designation UR 500 is an expendable launch system used for both commercial and Russia n government space launches. The first Proton rocket was launched ... launch services proton mission planners guide title Proton Mission Planner s Guide publisher ... date September 5, 2005 title Proton Verticalization, Pad 39, Baikonur publisher flickr ref Like many ... Proton originates from a series of large scientific Proton satellite s, which were among ... communications satellite destined for geostationary orbit , a Proton M Breeze M can place ... 7, 2008 url http www.ilslaunch.com newsroom news releases ils proton launch amc 14 satellite title ILS Proton to Launch AMC 14 Satellite publisher ILS ref History Proton ref cite web url http www.ilslaunch.com launch services ils proton breeze m launch vehicle proton heritage title Proton Heritage ... a two man Zond craft around the Moon. With the termination of the Saturn V program, Proton became the largest ... Titan IV in 1989. Between the 1965 first flight and 1970, the Proton experienced dozens of failures ... 335 launches, it has an 88 success rate. Proton launched the unmanned Soviet circumlunar flights ... States flew the Apollo 8 mission. Proton launched the Salyut space stations, the Mir core segment and expansion ... using the 4 stage D 1e version . Proton also launches commercial satellite s, most of them being managed by International Launch Services . The first ILS Proton launch was on 9 April 1996 with the launch ... proton launch archives ref Since 1994, Proton has earned 4.3 billion for the Russian space industry ... more details
Infobox Automobile boxcolor red image Image Proton Gen.2 front , Serdang.jpg 250px name Proton Gen 2 ... manufacturer Kia Motors manufacturer Proton car Proton parent company Proton car Proton Holdings ... kg lb 0 abbr on predecessor Proton Wira hatchback related Proton Persona br Chery A3 Chery A3 Hatchback Citation needed date December 2009 The Proton Gen 2 is an automobile manufactured by Malaysia n carmaker Proton company Proton , and was launched in the third quarter of 2004. The Gen 2 was among the first cars to be produced in Proton s Tanjung Malim plant, developed as part of its Proton City development project. The Gen 2 uses a platform which has been extensively developed in house by Proton and their partner Lotus Cars Lotus . Initially codenamed the Proton Wira Replacement Model , it was hinted that the car was to replace the Proton Wira . The name Gen 2 is an abbreviation of Generation ... 2 s platform is also used by the Proton Satria Neo with a shortened wheelbase and the Proton Persona ... console. Performance Proton owns Lotus Cars which was involved in the development of the car. The Gen 2 is the first Proton model to use the new Proton Lotus developed Campro engine . Although the Gen ... improve the cars driveability. This undesirable torque dip was eventually corrected by Proton ... Vios and the Mazda Atenza Mazda 6 , the discount is even greater, at about 30 percent. Proton s price ... . Changes and facelifts In 2005, a lower spec version of Proton Gen 2 powered by a 1.3 Litre non CPS ... seller. In December 2007, a new facelifted Proton Gen 2 was unveiled in Thailand in conjunction with the carmaker s entry into the Thai market. It also marked the first production Proton ... engine with IAFM, Proton s version of variable air intake management, while the High Line version .... Variants Special Edition Infobox Automobile name Proton Gen 2 Special Edition manufacturer Proton car Proton Sometime after the launch of the standard Gen 2, comes the special edition. It is fitted ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
