ProtonNMR also Hydrogen 1 NMR , or sup 1 sup H NMR is the application of nuclear magnetic resonance in NMR spectroscopy with respect to hydrogen 1 Atomic nucleus nuclei within the molecules of a substance ... 1 sup H hydrogen 1 i.e. having a proton for a nucleus . Simple NMR spectra are recorded in solution ... between the lock solvent and 0 ppm TMS are well known. ProtonNMR spectra of most organic ... peak at 7.2 ppm due to the diamagnetic ring current . Together with Carbon 13 NMR , protonNMR ... the main 1H NMR peaks. These peaks are not the result of protonproton coupling, but result from ... nmr h1 sup 1 sup H NMR Interpretation Tutorial http book.nmrguide.info Introduction to protonNMR http ... http www.chem.wisc.edu areas reich handouts nmr h hdata.htm Proton Chemical Shifts http nmr.chinanmr.cn guide eNMR 1dcont.html 1D ProtonNMR 1D NMR experiment NMR by isotope DEFAULTSORT ProtonNmr Category Nuclear magnetic resonance Category Spectroscopy da H NMR nl ProtonNMR ru ... symbolized as D solvents especially for use in NMR are preferred, e.g. deuterated water, D sub ... s of each analyte proton. TMS is a tetrahedral molecule, with all protons being chemically equivalent .... Modern spectrometers are able to reference spectra based on the residual proton in the solvent ... lock or field lock to offset the effect of the natural drift of the NMR s magnetic field math B 0 math . In order to provide deuterium lock, the NMR constantly monitors the deuterium signal ... Vincent N. Kahwaty Carl R. Kahwaty title NMR field frequency lock system ref Additionally, the deuterium ... between protons. The Integral integration curve for each proton reflects the abundance of the individual ... to the hybridization of the atom to which the proton is attached and to electronic effect s. Nuclei ... of a peak when reacted with Heavy water D sub 2 sub O , as deuterium will replace a proton . This method ... important type in basic NMR is scalar coupling . This interaction between two nuclei occurs ... more details
a triton. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance NMR Also in chemistry, the term protonNMR refers to the observation ...Other uses about the proton as a subatomic particle the aqueous form of the hydrogen ion often encountered in biochemistry Hydronium Infobox Particle bgcolour classification Baryon name Proton image Image Quark structure proton.svg 250px caption The quark structure of the proton. The color assignment ... Proton , SubatomicParticle Proton , SubatomicParticle Nucleon mass val 1.672621777 74 e 27 ul kg ... bibcode 1995PhT....48j...9S ref The proton is a subatomic particle subatomic particle with the symbol SubatomicParticle Proton or SubatomicParticle Proton and a positive electric charge of 1 elementary ... physics, the proton is a hadron , composed of quark s. Prior to that model becoming a consensus in the physics community, the proton was considered a fundamental particle . A proton is composed of two ... page 19 publisher Cambridge University Press isbn ref The free proton is stable and is found naturally ... 90 of cosmic ray s, which propagate in vacuum for interstellar distances. Free protons are proton emission ... proton is not changed, and it remains a proton. The attraction of low energy protons to electrons ... to combine. In vacuum, a sufficiently slow proton may pick up a free electron, becoming a neutral ... s and one down quark of the proton are held together by the strong interaction strong force , mediated by gluon s. ref name Cottingham The proton has an approximately exponentially decaying positive ... atom with the chemical symbol H is a lone proton. The nuclei of the heavy hydrogen isotopes deuterium and tritium contain one proton bound to one and two neutrons, respectively. All other types of atoms are composed of two or more protons and various numbers of neutrons. Stability Main Proton decay The spontaneous decay of free protons has never been observed, and the proton is therefore ... physics predict that proton decay should take place with lifetimes of the order of val e 36 u years ... more details
Distinguish Proton notability date September 2011 primary sources date September 2011 The PROTON Ontology PROTo ONtology is a basic upper level ontology that contains about 300 classes and 100 properties, providing coverage of the general concepts necessary for a wide range of tasks, including semantic annotation, indexing, and retrieval of documents. ref Cite journal first Ivan last Terziev author authorlink coauthors Atanas Kiryakov, Dimitar Manov title D1.8.1 Base upper level ontology PROTON Guidance version publisher date Dec 7, 2005 url http proton.semanticweb.org D1 8 1.pdf accessdate 2010 09 29 ref Its design principles can be summarized as domain independence light weight logical definitions alignment with popular standards, and good coverage of named entities and concrete domains i.e., people, organizations, locations, numbers, dates, addresses . It was originally developed under the auspices of the SEKT project, and first released in 2005. It is presently maintained by Ontotext . See also Cyc UMBEL Upper ontology 28information science 29 Upper Ontologies Notes Reflist External links Semantic Web Category Knowledge representation Category Ontology information science Category Semantic Web ... more details
Deuterium NMR is NMR spectroscopy of deuterium sup 2 sup D , an isotope of hydrogen . Deuterium is an isotope with spin physics spin 1, unlike hydrogen which is spin 1 2. Deuterium NMR has a range of chemical shift similar to protonNMR but with poor resolution. It may be used to verify the effectiveness of deuteration a deuterated compound will show a peak in deuterium NMR but not protonNMR. ref http chem.ch.huji.ac.il nmr techniques 1d row1 h.html ref Deuterium NMR spectra are especially informative in the solid state because of its relatively small quadrupole moment in comparison with those of bigger quadrupolar nuclei such as chlorine 35, for example. Citation needed date January 2010 One example is the use of deuterium NMR to study lipid membrane phase behavior. References Reflist http www.pascal man.com periodic table deuterium.shtml Articles about solid state deuterium NMR http chem.ch.huji.ac.il nmr techniques 1d row1 h.html Comparison of 1H, 2H and 3H solution state NMRNMR by isotope Category Nuclear magnetic resonance ... more details
NMR may refer to Applications of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Nuclear magnetic resonance NMR spectroscopy Solid state nuclear magnetic resonance Protein nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ProtonNMR Carbon 13 NMR Magnetic Resonance Imaging , the renamed version for machines using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Other Science and Technology Nictitating Membrane Reflex , a conditionable reflex of the third membrane of the eye, present in certain species Network Measurement Report , the message that is sent by a mobile phone e.g. GSM to the network containing the signal strengths of the surrounding antennas Normalized Message Router Not My Rip , an MP3 music download recording not ripped by the person putting it on line The Normalized Message Router , is the component which routes normalized messages from a source component to its eventual destination using some kind of routing policy to decide which endpoint to use. Nine Mile Run , a stream in New Jersey History and Culture Studies Net migration rate , a measure of migration National Monuments Record disambiguation Nilgiri Mountain Railway , a historic mountain railway linking Mettupalayam to Udagamandalam, Tamil Nadu, south India Logic Non monotonic logic Non monotonic reasoning Media and Banking N M Rothschild , an investment bank Nielsen Media Research , the company which produces the Nielsen Ratings for American television a pseudonym for Japanese artist Naoki Maeda disambig bg de NMR fr NMR it NMR nl NMR sl NMR sv NMR ... more details
NMR database NMR nuclear magnetic resonance may refer to NMR spectra database , a collection of NMR spectra for a large number of compounds NMR database method , a strategy to identify the stereochemistry of certain chiral compounds dab ... more details
reduce sensitivity, carbon NMR spectra are protonNMR decoupling decoupled to remove the signal .... Hence in contrast to typical protonNMR spectra which show multiplets for each proton position, carbon NMR spectra show a single peak for each chemically non equivalent carbon atom. In further contrast to sup 1 sup H NMR, the intensities of the signals are not normally proportional to the number of equivalent ...Carbon 13 NMR sup 13 sup C NMR or sometimes simply referred to as carbon NMR is the application of NMR spectroscopy nuclear magnetic resonance NMR spectroscopy to carbon . It is analogous to protonNMR SimpleNuclide link Hydrogen 1 NMR and allows the identification of carbon atom s in an organic molecule just as protonNMR identifies hydrogen atoms. As such sup 13 sup C NMR is an important tool in chemical structure elucidation in organic chemistry . sup 13 sup C NMR detects only the SimpleNuclide ..., SimpleNuclide link Carbon 12 , is not detectable by NMR since it has zero net Spin physics spin . Implementation sup 13 sup C NMR has a number of complications that are not encountered in protonNMR. sup 13 sup C NMR is much less sensitive to carbon than sup 1 sup H NMR is to hydrogen since the major ... and so is not magnetically active and therefore not detectable by NMR. Only the much less common sup ... number of 1 2 like sup 1 sup H and therefore detectable by NMR. Therefore, only the few sup 13 ... sufficient time for the nuclei to Relaxation NMR relax between repeat scans. High field magnets with internal ... 13 sup C NMR versus 5 mm for sup 1 sup H NMR , the use of relaxation reagents, ref Cite journal ... link title Precise and accurate quantitative 13C NMR with reduced experimental time journal Talanta ... needed to acquire quantitative spectra and have made quantitative carbon 13 NMR a commonly used ... in sup 13 sup C NMR center DEPT spectra Image DEPT spectra.jpg thumb 300px right DEPT spectra of propyl ... External links http www.ch.ic.ac.uk local organic nmr 13C.html Carbon NMR spectra , where there are three ... more details
Image NMR sample.JPG thumb right An NMR tube filled with a colorless sample, sealed with a green polyethylene cap and Parafilm An NMR tube is a thin glass walled tube used to contain samples in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy . Typically NMR tubes come in 5 mm diameters but 10 mm and 3 ... to ensure that NMR tube spins at a regular rate i.e. that they do not wobble , usually about 20 Hz in the NMR spectrometer. Construction NMR tubes are typically made of borosilicate glass . They are available ... mm and 10 mm outer diameters are available as well. Where boron NMR is desired, quartz NMR ... caps. Two common specifications for NMR tubes are concentricity and camber. Concentricity ... may cause poorer quality spectra by reducing the homogeneity of the sample. In particular, an NMR ... preparation Image NMR tubes2.jpg thumb right Left to right Flame, septum and polyethylene cap sealed NMR tubes Usually, only a small sample is dissolved in an appropriate solvent. ref name HarwoodMoodyEOCPAP ... Publishing Date 13 Jun 1989 Publisher WileyBlackwell Number of Pages 790 ref For sup 1 sup H NMR ... should be used in order to fill the tube by 4 5 cm depending on the spectrometer . Protein NMR ... in a Pasteur pipette , directly into the NMR tube. The NMR tube is then usually sealed with a polyethylene ... tubes A Shigemi tube is a microscale NMR tube used with an ordinary size NMR tube. Shigemi tubes may be appropriate for protein NMR experiments, where only a smaller sample is available. A corresponding ... depth is compensated for by solid glass on the NMR tube beneath the level of sample, which varies ... spectrum resolution. ref cite web publisher Sigma Aldrich title Shigemi NMR Microtube Assemblies url http www.sigmaaldrich.com Area of Interest Equipment Supplies Books Glassware Catalog NMR products.html ..., left 8 mm bottom length outer tube suitable for Bruker and Varian NMR spectrometers, right 15 mm outer ... lying in between insert and bottom length gallery Cleaning Image Aqua regia in NMR tubes.jpg ... more details
ad date December 2011 EAST NMR E nhancing A ccess and S ervices to East European users T owards an efficient and coordinated Pan European pool of NMR capacities to enable global collaborative research ... budget of EAST NMR is 3.6 million of which 3.5 million is funded by EU FP7. This equals total funded ... www.eu nmr.eu EU NMR and http www enmr.eu eNMR . Motivation Nuclear Magnetic Resonance NMR spectroscopy ... of biomolecules. NMR has continuously advanced its capability for solving the structures of molecule ... thereof over the last two decades. NMR experiments reveal the structural and dynamic properties of macromolecules .... Solid state NMR spectroscopy has successfully been applied to determine structures of bound ligand ... measurements carried out by the NMR spectroscopists. The outcomes of these studies are of interest for an even ... . Usage of NMR in Europe The European bio NMR community is composed of many hundred research ... thousand scientists across Europe. The running I3 project EU NMR is focused on the provision of NMR ... projects are carried out yearly through this access scheme at the EU NMR research infrastructures RIs ... NMR improvements. In addition to the EU NMR project, the EC funded Coordination Action http www.postgenomicnmr.net NMR Life brings together leading bio NMR research groups throughout Europe. This partnership is committed to closely monitoring the development of bio NMR techniques and technologies, with a particular ... access to NMR Research Infrastructures in Europe Statistics from the on going EU NMR project demonstrate that a large imbalance exists in the requests for NMR machine time originating from Eastern ... in NMR spectroscopy, while, despite the presence of excellent scientists, NMR has failed to reach its ... of the users applying to the EU NMR project have already screened their samples locally for feasibility ... lack of NMR in the East has led to a diminished interest in the tool itself due to a lack of understanding ... analytical tool is being drastically underused. Access to solid state NMR in Europe The rapid ... more details
File 19F NMR yne 6AmF5 .svg thumb A sample 19F NMR of a simple organic compound. Integrations are shown under each peak. Fluorine 19 nuclear magnetic resonance is an analytical technique. Fluorine 19 sup 19 sup F has a spin of 1 2, and a relative abundance of 100 and a high magnetogyric ratio , making measurements very fast comparable with 1H NMR sup 1 sup H NMR . Integrals are reliable due to the lack of a nuclear Overhauser effect fluorine forms one bond only . Fluorine containing compounds are occasionally encountered in organic chemistry fluorinated compounds are popular in pharmaceutical applications , and in inorganic chemistry e.g. the trifluoroacetate anion or counter ligand . The reference compound for sup 19 sup F is Trichlorofluoromethane CFCl sub 3 sub . ref cite web publisher Hebrew University author Roy Hoffman year 2007 title sup 19 sup Fluorine NMR url http chem.ch.huji.ac.il nmr techniques 1d row2 f.html ref References references NMR by isotope Category Nuclear magnetic resonance Category Fluorine chem stub fr RMN du fluor 19 ... more details
, spontaneous emission is negligibly slow at NMR frequencies. Hence truly isolated nuclear spins would ... 1 sub relaxation are generally strongly dependent on the NMR frequency and so vary considerably ... NMR Larmor precession precession frequency of different spins. As a result, the initial phase coherence ... in MRI magnetic resonance imaging and helps with the spatial decoding of the NMR signal ... approximation called the Relaxation NMR BPP theory BPP theory is widely used. Another relaxation ... second s , while hydrogen hydrogen nuclei sup 1 sup H proton s at 1.5 teslas carry an Larmor frequency ... www.cis.rit.edu htbooks nmr basics of NMR http chem.ch.huji.ac.il nmr techniques other t1t2 t1t2.html Relaxation in high resolution NMR spectroscopy http www.stelar.it Papers 2004 Kimmich Nmrd.pdf Field cycling NMR relaxometry Relaxometry Category Nuclear magnetic resonance de Relaxation NMR es ... more details
Orphan date September 2011 sup 59 sup Co is a nucleus of spin 7 2 and 100 abundancy. ref name review1 cite journal last1 Chan first1 J last2 Auyeung first2 S year 2000 chapter Cobalt 59 NMR spectroscopy editor1 last Webb editor1 first GA title Annual Reports on NMR Spectroscopy publisher Elsevier volume 41 pages 1 54 doi 10.1016 S0066 4103 00 41008 2 isbn 978 0 12 505341 9 ref The nucleus has a magnetic Nuclear quadrupole resonance quadrupole moment . Among all NMR active nuclei, sup 59 sup Co has the largest chemical shift range and the chemical shift can be correlated with the spectrochemical series . ref name review2 cite journal last1 Yamasaki first1 A year 1991 title Cobalt 59 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Coordination Chemistry journal Journal of Coordination Chemistry volume 24 issue 3 pages 211 doi 10.1080 00958979109407886 ref Resonances are observed over a range of 20000 ppm, the width of the signals being up to 20 kHz. A widely used standard is potassium hexacyanocobaltate 0.1M K sub 3 sub Co CN sub 6 sub in D sub 2 sub O , which, due to its high symmetry, has a rather small line width. Systems of low symmetry can yield broadened signals to an extend that renders the signals unobservable in fluid phase NMR, in these cases signals can still be observable in Solid state nuclear magnetic resonance solid state NMR . References reflist NMR by isotope DEFAULTSORT Cobalt 59 NMR Category Nuclear magnetic resonance Category Cobalt ... more details
information NMR in Biomedicine is indexed in the following services ref name onlinelibrary http ... journal 10.1002 ISSN 1099 1492 homepage ProductInformation.html DEFAULTSORT Nmr In Biomedicine ... fr NMR in Biomedicine ... more details
Image 1967 Proton magnetometer.jpg thumb Proton magnetometer from 1967. The proton magnetometer , also known as the Magnetometer Proton precession magnetometer proton precession magnetometer PPM , uses the principle of Earth s field nuclear magnetic resonance Earth s field NMR EFNMR to measure very small variations in the Earth s magnetic field , allowing ferrous objects on land and at sea to be detected. It is used in land based archaeology to map the positions of demolished walls and buildings, and at sea to locate wrecked ships, sometimes for recreational diving . PPM s were once widely used in mineral exploration. They have largely been superseded by Overhauser Effect Magnetometer Overhauser effect magnetometer magnetometers and alkali vapour cesium, helium, and potassum magnetometers, which sample faster and are more sensitive. The principle of operation is outlined in the Magnetometer Proton precession magnetometer magnetometer article. Other applications of PPM s are also outlined in this article. Proton magnetometer in archaeology According to Christopher S. Peebles Glenn A. Black Laboratory of Archaeology , Indiana University Bloomington Indiana University , Bloomington, Geophysics at the Angel Site Past, Present, and Future in 1958 Black and Mr. Eli Lilly, following the work of M. J. Aitken and his associates at the Oxford University UK Archaeometric Laboratory, used proton magnetometers to locate and map buried archaeological features. Magnetometers measure minute differences in the magnetic field of the earth caused by ferrous concentrations and iron objects in the soil, thermo remnant magnetism of fired clays, and differences in the magnetic susceptibility of disturbed ... sought and located as well. This work, which was the first systematic use of a proton magnetometer for archaeological ... Study , 2 vols., Indiana Historical Society, Indianapolis, 1967. Johnston, R. B., Proton Magnetometry ... the Overhauser GSM 19 gradiometer , Wormianum 2008. See also Earth s field NMR Magnetometer NMR Category ... more details
wiktionary proton A proton is a subatomic particle. Proton may also refer to TOC right In chemistry The following ions may be losely referred as proton Hydron chemistry chem H Hydronium hydroxonium chem H 3 O especially in biochemistry In technology Proton rocket , Russian unmanned space vehicle design Proton bank card , used for payments of small amounts Proton satellite , Soviet satellite Protei 5 Russian diver rider called a Proton , Russian diver propulsion vehicle Proton, a make of rebreather breathing set made by Siebe Gorman In business Proton carmaker , a Malaysian car producer Proton FC , a team in the Malaysian Premier League sponsored by the carmaker Proton Bank , an investment bank in Greece Proton Radio , an internet electronic music station Other uses Proton, a geologic province of a craton that is between 1.6 and 2.5 billion years old, which developed in the Proterozoic Eon USS Proton AG 147 , a US Navy tank landing ship disambig af Proton dubbelsinnig az Proton d qiql dirm bs Proton vor cs Proton rozcestn k de Proton Begriffskl rung es Prot n desambiguaci n fr Proton homonymie hr Proton razdvojba it Proton nl Proton ja nds Proton Mehrd dig Begreep pl Proton ujednoznacznienie pt Proton desambigua o ro Proton dezambiguizare ru sk Proton sr sv Proton olika betydelser tr Proton anlam ayr m vi Proton nh h ng ... more details
Infobox automobile name Proton P3 21A image manufacturer Proton carmaker Proton predecessor Proton Persona class Compact car Proton P3 21A known internally as Proton Persona R , which R stands for replacement is a codename of the upcoming global compact car compact successor of the Proton Persona developed by Malaysian automaker Proton carmaker Proton . It is reported to be based on a shrinked version of the Proton Exora platform. It will begin production in late 2011 and early 2012 at the Tanjung Malim plant. Proton Tuah A compact sedan called the Proton Tuah is exhibited at the 2010 Kuala Lumpur International Motor Show . Its exterior design was designed by Italdesign Giugiaro . References reflist Category Upcoming automobiles Category Proton vehicles ms Proton P3 21A ... more details
Refimprove date September 2009 Image FusionintheSun.svg thumb 250px The protonproton chain reaction dominates in stars the size of the Sun or smaller. The protonproton chain reaction is one of several ... being the CNO cycle . The protonproton chain dominates in stars the size of the Sun or smaller. In general, protonproton fusion can occur only if the temperature i.e. kinetic energy of the protons ... , 1 42,59, 1971 , The Proton type nuclear fission reaction ref In the Sun, deuterium producing ... quickly, the Sun would have exhausted its hydrogen long ago. History of the protonproton chain reaction The theory that protonproton reactions were the basic principle by which the Sun and other stars ... prediction. Even so, it was unclear how protonproton fusion might proceed, because the most obvious ... . The protonproton chain reaction The first step involves the fusion of two hydrogen nuclei SimpleNuclide Link Hydrogen proton s into deuterium , releasing a positron and a neutrino as one proton changes ... much SimpleNuclide Helium 4 . Citation needed date March 2008 The pp II branch File ProtonProton II chain reaction.svg thumb Protonproton II chain reaction See also lithium burning Autogenerated using ..., respectively . The pp III branch File ProtonProton III chain reaction.png thumb Protonproton III ... 3 reacts directly with a proton to give helium 4, with an even higher possible neutrino energy ... in the Cosmos , The University of Chicago Press, 1988, p. 354. ref The pep reaction Image Protonproton cycle.png thumb 300px Protonproton and electron capture chain reactions in a star. Deuterium can also be produced by the rare pep proton electron proton reaction electron capture Autogenerated ... as an anti electron. This is represented in the figure of protonproton and electron capture ... Commons category Protonproton chain reaction references Nuclear processes DEFAULTSORT ProtonProton Chain Reaction Category Nuclear fusion ar ca Cadena prot prot ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Infobox Automobile boxcolor red image Image Proton Tiara front , Sungai Besi.jpg 250px A Proton Tiara. name Proton Tiara manufacturer Proton car Proton production 1996&ndash 2000 class Car classification Supermini.2FSub compact Supermini platform layout FF layout body style 5 door hatchback engine 1.1 L Citro n Straight 4 I4 competitor Daihatsu Charade successor Proton Savvy related Citro n AX The Proton Tiara was a Malaysia n automobile based on the Citro n AX , built under licence by the Automobile industry automobile manufacturer Proton car Proton between 1996 and 2000. History The genesis of the Tiara was the result of an agreement during the mid 1990s between Proton s then Chief executive officer CEO , Yahaya Ahmad Tan Sri Yahaya Ahmad , and PSA Peugeot Citro n , a producer of Citro n and Peugeot vehicles. Yahaya had expressed wishes that Proton not use Mitsubishi Motors Mitsubishi platforms, and that Proton cooperate with PSA Peugeot Citro n for access to its diesel engines. Yahaya Ahmad was killed in a helicopter crash in 1997, and Proton returned ... of the Tiara ceased in 2000 due to low sales volume in 2005, the Proton Savvy was launched as a successor to the Proton Tiara or Citroen AX. Design and market The Tiara was known as the cheapest ... Citro n AX s, such as the AX GT, but the grille was restyled to match the existing Proton Saga Saga and Proton Wira Wira models. Other cosmetic differences included different bumpers and taillight clusters. It was only available with a 1.1 litre Convert 45 kW hp 0 abbr on engine. The Proton Tiara was sold only in the Malaysian market, due to similarities with the Citro n AX . Proton vehicles Category Proton vehicles Tiara Category 1990s automobiles Category 2000s automobiles Category Vehicles introduced in 1996 de Proton Tiara fr Proton Tiara ms Proton Tiara nl Proton Tiara ja pl Proton Tiara pt Proton Tiara sco Proton Tiara fi Proton Tiara tr Proton Tiara ... more details
Proton emission also known as proton radioactivity is a type of radioactive decay in which a proton is ejected from a atomic nucleus nucleus . Image Zerfallsschema.png left thumb 300px The decay of a proton rich nucleus A populates excited states of a daughter nucleus B by emission or electron capture EC . Those excited states that lie below the separation energy for protons Sp decay by emission towards the groundstate of daughter B. For the higher excited states a competitive decay channel of proton emission to the granddaughter C exists, called delayed proton emission. Proton emission can occur from high lying excited states in a nucleus following a beta decay , in which case the process is known as beta delayed proton emission, or can occur from the ground state or a low lying nuclear isomer isomer of very proton rich nuclei, in which case the process is very similar to alpha decay . For a proton to escape a nucleus, the proton separation energy must be negative the proton is therefore unbound, and Quantum tunneling tunnels out of the nucleus in a finite time. Proton emission is not seen in naturally occurring isotopes proton emitters can be produced via nuclear reaction s, usually utilising some kind of particle accelerator . Although prompt i.e. not beta delayed proton emission was observed from an isomer in Cobalt Isotopes Cobalt 53 as early as 1969, no other proton emitting states were found until 1981, when the proton radioactive ground states of Lutetium Isotopes ... flourished after this breakthrough, and to date more than 25 isotopes have been found to exhibit proton emission. The study of proton emission has aided the understanding of nuclear deformation, masses ... proton decay. See also Proton drip line Diproton a particle possibly involved in double proton decay ... and Decay Data IAEA with query on Proton Separation Energy Nuclear processes DEFAULTSORT Proton ... mission de proton ko ja pl Emisja protonu pt Emiss o prot nica ru ... more details
Unreferenced date September 2010 Proton beams , a type of ion beam s, are the result of proton particle acceleration by means of a cyclotron or a synchrotron and can be used e.g. in Proton Beam Therapy for cancer treatment or for proton beam writing in lithography. See also Electron beam Physics stub Category Lithography Category Particle accelerators Category Plasma physics ... more details
FAIR USE of Protonstation.jpg see image description page at http en.wikipedia.org wiki Image Protonstation.jpg for rationale Image Protonstation.jpg right The Proton was a model of Soviet Union Soviet scientific artificial satellite s. The maximum mass was about 17 metric tonne tonnes . Four Protons were launched between 1965 and 1968. The satellite was developed by NPO Mashinostroyenia . The aim of the project was to study high and ultra high energy Subatomic particle particle s. The latest became Proton 4 NORAD ID 3544, NSSDC ID 1968 103A launched on November 16 , 1968 by Proton K rocket with a booster and was in orbit for 250 days. ref http nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov nmc masterCatalog.do?sc 1968 103A Proton 4 at NASA NSSDC Master Catalog ref The Proton satellites were the source of the name for the Proton rocket , which launched them as some of its first payloads. Photos gallery Image Proton satellite model.jpg Proton satellite model at Tsiolkovsky State Museum of the History of Cosmonautics Tsiolkovsky State Museum , two Photovoltaic module solar panel s dismantled to fit the hall Image Proton satellite model closeup.jpg Proton satellite model closeup gallery References references External links http www.npomash.ru society en about.htm The history of NPO Mashinostroyenia http www.inr.ac.ru muhamed INCA project eng.htm The INCA Project , Ionization Neutron CAlorimeter a modern continuation of Proton experiment project at Institute for Nuclear Research of Russian Academy of Sciences website Dead link date September 2010 DEFAULTSORT Proton Satellite Category Soviet Earth satellites USSR spacecraft stub bg cs Proton dru ice de Proton Satellit ja ru fi Proton satelliitti uk ... more details
Infobox Automobile name Proton EMAS image File Proton emas geneva 2.jpg 250px manufacturer Proton carmaker Proton parent company Proton carmaker Proton Holdings Berhad aka production 2010 assembly predecessor successor class body style 3 door and 5 door hatchback layout platform engine transmission wheelbase length 3555 3000 mm width 1699 mm height 1576 mm weight fuel capacity related Lotus Ethos designer Italdesign Giugiaro sp Proton EMAS is a family of concept cars designed by Italdesign Giugiaro and developed by Proton carmaker Proton . The EMAS debuted at the Geneva Motor Show 2010 Geneva Motor Show as a plug in hybrid vehicle. ref cite web url http paultan.org 2010 03 02 proton showcases the emas emas country and emas3 trio of concepts at geneva 2010 title Proton showcases the EMAS, EMAS Country and EMAS3 trio of concepts at Geneva 2010 author Paul Tan date 2010 03 02 publisher Paul Tan s Automotive News accessdate 2011 09 30 ref Its electric powertrain is supplemented by a Range Extender Engine from Lotus Engineering this is a 1.2 liter 3 cylinder single cam 4 valves per cylinder engine that weighs only 56kg dry and is optimized for 2 RPM points 20hp at 1,500rpm and 47hp at 3,500rpm. Peak torque is 107Nm at 2,500rpm. The Proton EMAS will be Malaysia s and Proton carmaker Proton ... for the acronym. Proton s subsidiary Lotus Cars has shown a plug in hybrid city concept car based ... date 2010 12 16 publisher Car magazine accessdate 2011 09 30 ref File Proton emas geneva 1.jpg thumb left Proton EMAS at the Geneva Motor Show 2010 Geneva Motor Show . File Proton EMAS interior.JPG thumb center Proton EMAS interior. See also Proton Inspira Proton Saga Proton Exora References Reflist External links http www.protonconcepts.com Proton Concepts http www.proton.com Proton Holdings Berhad Official Website modern auto stub Proton vehicles Category Proton vehicles EMAS Category 2010 introductions ar EMAS ms Proton Emas ... more details
Infobox rocket image Proton Zvezda crop.jpg caption Launch of a Proton rocket name Proton 8K82K function ... 43 first Proton 16 July 1965 br Proton K 10 March 1967 br Proton M 7 April 2001 last Proton 6 July ... stage1name stage1engines Proton K 1 stage1thrust 10.47 Newton unit MN alt stage1thrust 1.9 million ... abbr on ref cite web url http www.friends partners.org partners mwade lvs pro8k82k.htm title Proton ... stage4fuel LOX RP 1 Proton formal designation UR 500 is an expendable launch system used for both commercial and Russia n government space launches. The first Proton rocket was launched ... launch services proton mission planners guide title Proton Mission Planner s Guide publisher ... date September 5, 2005 title Proton Verticalization, Pad 39, Baikonur publisher flickr ref Like many ... Proton originates from a series of large scientific Proton satellite s, which were among ... communications satellite destined for geostationary orbit , a Proton M Breeze M can place ... 7, 2008 url http www.ilslaunch.com newsroom news releases ils proton launch amc 14 satellite title ILS Proton to Launch AMC 14 Satellite publisher ILS ref History Proton ref cite web url http www.ilslaunch.com launch services ils proton breeze m launch vehicle proton heritage title Proton Heritage ... a two man Zond craft around the Moon. With the termination of the Saturn V program, Proton became the largest ... Titan IV in 1989. Between the 1965 first flight and 1970, the Proton experienced dozens of failures ... 335 launches, it has an 88 success rate. Proton launched the unmanned Soviet circumlunar flights ... States flew the Apollo 8 mission. Proton launched the Salyut space stations, the Mir core segment and expansion ... using the 4 stage D 1e version . Proton also launches commercial satellite s, most of them being managed by International Launch Services . The first ILS Proton launch was on 9 April 1996 with the launch ... proton launch archives ref Since 1994, Proton has earned 4.3 billion for the Russian space industry ... more details
Infobox Automobile boxcolor red image Image Proton Gen.2 front , Serdang.jpg 250px name Proton Gen 2 ... manufacturer Kia Motors manufacturer Proton car Proton parent company Proton car Proton Holdings ... kg lb 0 abbr on predecessor Proton Wira hatchback related Proton Persona br Chery A3 Chery A3 Hatchback Citation needed date December 2009 The Proton Gen 2 is an automobile manufactured by Malaysia n carmaker Proton company Proton , and was launched in the third quarter of 2004. The Gen 2 was among the first cars to be produced in Proton s Tanjung Malim plant, developed as part of its Proton City development project. The Gen 2 uses a platform which has been extensively developed in house by Proton and their partner Lotus Cars Lotus . Initially codenamed the Proton Wira Replacement Model , it was hinted that the car was to replace the Proton Wira . The name Gen 2 is an abbreviation of Generation ... 2 s platform is also used by the Proton Satria Neo with a shortened wheelbase and the Proton Persona ... console. Performance Proton owns Lotus Cars which was involved in the development of the car. The Gen 2 is the first Proton model to use the new Proton Lotus developed Campro engine . Although the Gen ... improve the cars driveability. This undesirable torque dip was eventually corrected by Proton ... Vios and the Mazda Atenza Mazda 6 , the discount is even greater, at about 30 percent. Proton s price ... . Changes and facelifts In 2005, a lower spec version of Proton Gen 2 powered by a 1.3 Litre non CPS ... seller. In December 2007, a new facelifted Proton Gen 2 was unveiled in Thailand in conjunction with the carmaker s entry into the Thai market. It also marked the first production Proton ... engine with IAFM, Proton s version of variable air intake management, while the High Line version .... Variants Special Edition Infobox Automobile name Proton Gen 2 Special Edition manufacturer Proton car Proton Sometime after the launch of the standard Gen 2, comes the special edition. It is fitted ... more details
Infobox automobile image File 1995 1996 Proton Wira XLi sedan 02.jpg 250px Proton Wira name Proton Wira manufacturer Proton carmaker Proton production 1993 2007 class Compact car Compact platform layout ... 980 kg lb 0 abbr on convert 1011 kg lb 0 abbr on predecessor Proton Saga successor Proton Waja saloon br Proton Gen 2 hatchback br Proton Persona saloon related Proton Jumbuck br Mitsubishi Lancer br ... Proton Persona br Proton 400 series The Proton Wira was a automobile car manufactured by Malaysia n carmaker Proton carmaker Proton , released as a four door saloon and four door hatchback beginning 1993. The Wira was intended as a newer alternative to the Proton Saga Saga Iswara 1992 current Proton Saga Iswara , a facelifted version of Proton s first model, the Proton Saga , as a flagship Compact car compact model for Proton. The Saga continued to receive minor updates until 2008, when a second ... planned to be replaced by two similar in house designed Proton cars The Proton Gen 2 launched in 2004 to replace the Aeroback hatchback variant and the Proton Persona launched in 2007 to replace the saloon variant . The Proton Waja , a saloon compact, was also launched in 2001 as an earlier successor to the Wira saloon, but currently caters slightly towards more upmarket demand, below the Proton ... design continues the styling first shown on the Proton Saga Saga Iswara 1992 current Proton Iswara with a fluted bonnet that tapers towards the Proton badge on the grill. In 1994, a 5 door hatchback ... was introduced. Proton was originally in the works of a little known 5 door Station wagon estate variant ... estate Wira prototype outside Proton s assembly plant in Shah Alam. Citation needed date May 2008 ..., for more than a decade, remained mostly the same. In 2004, Proton introduce the Wira Special Edition ... paradox? Several Proton models released following the Wira s debut sported frontal stylings that were derivatives of the Wira s. Among them, the original Proton Satria Satria 3 door hatchback, the Proton ... more details
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