Protohistory refers to a period between prehistory and history , during which a culture or civilization has not yet developed writing , but other cultures have already noted its existence in their own writings. For example, in Europe , the Celt s and the Germanic tribes may be considered to have been protohistoric when they began appearing in Ancient Greece Greek and Ancient Rome Roman texts. Protohistoric may also refer to the transition period between the advent of literacy in a society and the writings of the first historians . The preservation of oral traditions may complicate matters as these can provide a secondary historical source for even earlier events. Colonial sites involving a literate group and a non literate group, are also studied as protohistoric situations. It can also refer to a period in which fragmentary or external historical documents, not necessarily including a developed writing system, have been found. For instance, the Proto Three Kingdoms of Korea , the Yayoi ref Bahn, Paul ed. The Penguin Archaeology Guide Penguin Books Ltd 29 Nov 2001 ISBN 978 0140293081 p. 368 ref and the Mississippian culture Mississippian groups recorded by early European explorers are protohistoric. Usage of the term In The Oxford Illustrated History of Prehistoric Europe , ref cite book last Cunliffe first Barry title The Oxford Illustrated History of Prehistoric Europe year 2001 publisher Oxford University Press location Oxford isbn 978 0 19 285441 4 ref an article ref cite book last Taylor first Timothy title The Oxford Illustrated Prehistory of Europe year 1994 publisher Oxford University Press location Oxford pages 373 410 authorlink Timothy Taylor editor Cunliffe, Barry ..., see also the writings of Brian M. Fagan Brian Fagan on the protohistory of North America ref ... title Prehistory and Protohistory of the Arabian Peninsula 5 volumes year 1990 publisher Hyderabad ... to another. In its simplest form, protohistory follows the same chronology as prehistory, based on the technological ... more details
History of Ireland Ireland can be said to have had a protohistory protohistorical period, when, in Prehistoric Ireland Iron Age prehistory , the literate cultures of Ancient Greece Greece and Ancient Rome Rome began to take notice of it, and a further proto literate period of ogham epigraphy , before the Early history of Ireland early historical period began in the 5th century. Attempts have been made to reconstruct the political developments of this period by reference to early medieval Irish genealogical texts. Ireland in Classical literature Main Hiberno Roman relations Early references Classical writers occasionally refer to Ireland under a variety of names, but these references contain little reliable information. For example, Diodorus Siculus claims that the Prettanoi of the island of Iris eat human flesh. ref Diodorus Siculus , Historical Library 5.32 ref Strabo , who calls the island Ierne , repeats the accusation, adding that they consider it honourable to eat their dead fathers, and openly have sex with their mothers and sisters although he is dubious about his sources . ref Strabo , Geographica http penelope.uchicago.edu Thayer E Roman Texts Strabo 4E .html 4 4.5.4 ref Pomponius Mela calls it Iuverna and says that, although the climate is unfavourable for grain, grass grows so richly that cattle burst if unrestrained from eating it. ref Pomponius Mela , De Chorographia 3.53 ref Julius Caesar , in his Commentarii de Bello Gallico , is the first to call the island Hibernia , describes it as about half the size of Britain, and correctly places it to the west of Britain ref Julius Caesar , Commentarii de Bello Gallico s Commentaries on the Gallic War Book 5 13 5.13 ref &ndash unlike Strabo, who places it to the north. Tacitus Ireland came closer to Roman thoughts after the Roman conquest of Britain conquest of Britain . Gnaeus Julius Agricola , while governor of Britain ... History DEFAULTSORT Protohistory Of Ireland Category History of Ireland Category History of Ireland ... more details
The state of Himachal Pradesh has been considered to be inhabited by humans since the origin of civilization. It has a rich and varied history which can be divided into several distinct eras. Prehistory and protohistory Many evidences have been came under consideration that nearly 2 million years ago man lived on the foothills of Himachal Pradesh . ref name bsahistory cite web url http himachal.nic.in tour history.htm title History of Himachal accessdate 2006 10 26 publisher Cultural Dep. of Himachal ref Some of these places are The Bangana valley of Kangra Valley Kangra Sirsa valley of Nalagarh Markanda valley of Sirmour The foothills of the state are thought to be inhabited by the people from Indus valley civilization which flourished between the timeperiod of 2250 B.C. to 1750 B.C. People of Indus valley civilization pushed the original inhabitants of Ganga plains also known as Kolorian people towards the north. They moved towards the hills of Himachal Pradesh where they could led a comfortable life and preserve their way of living. br In the Vedas they have been referred as the Dasas , Dasyus and Nishadas while later they have been known as the Kinnars , Nagas and Yakshas . The Kols or Mundas are considered to be the original migrants to the hills of present Himachal . ref name bsahistory br The second stage of migrants came in the form of Mongoloid people known as Bhotas and Kiratas . At last the third and most significant wave of migrants in the form of the Aryan s came into being, who left their Central Asia n home. These laid down the base for the history and culture of Himachal Pradesh . References references History HP Category History of Himachal Pradesh ... more details
History of Poland The prehistory and protohistory of Poland is the period from the first appearance of Homo genus Homo species on the territory of modern day Poland , to the establishment of the Polish Sovereign state state in the 10th century AD a span of roughly 800,000 years. The area of present day Poland went through the stages of socio technical development known as the Stone Age Stone , Bronze Age Bronze and Iron Age s, while experiencing the climate climatic shifts of the glacial period s. The best known archeology archeological discovery from the prehistoric period is the Lusatian culture Lusatian culture Biskupin grad Slavic settlement fortified settlement . As classical antiquity ancient civilizations unfolded in southern and western Europe , the archaeological culture cultures of the area of present day Poland came to be influenced in varying degrees by the civilizations. Scythians Scythian , Celts Celtic , Germanic people Germanic , Dacian people Dacian , and Balts Baltic tribe s inhabited various parts of Poland. Eventually, in the Middle Ages , the area came to be dominated by Slavic peoples Slavic tribes and finally became home to a number of West Slavs West Slavic Polish tribes that formed small states in the region, beginning in the 8th century. Historiography As with other early periods areas of human history , knowledge of these times is limited, since few written ancient and medieval sources are available research therefore relies primarily on archeology . Written language came to Poland only after 966 AD, when the Mieszko I of Poland ruler of the Polish lands converted to Christianity and educated foreign clerics arrived. ref Archeologia ywa Living Archeology , special English issue 2005 a publication commissioned by the Centre for the Protection of the Archaeological Heritage in Warsaw ref Stone Age main Stone Age Poland Poland s Stone Age is divided ... Prehistory And Protohistory Of Poland Category Prehistory of Poland until 966 de Vorgeschichte Polens ... more details
Use mdy dates date October 2011 Copy edit for coherence, relevance and connection to actual subject of article date February 2011 see Prehistory of West Virginia History of West Virginia File Carte de L AMERICQVE 1671 clip.png right thumb 300px Section of a 1671 French map The protohistory protohistoric period of the US state of West Virginia begins in the mid 16th century with the arrival of European trade goods originating with explorers and colonists on the eastern and southern coasts and being brought inland by native trade routes. This was a period of increased intertribal strife, with rapid population decline, the abandonment of traditional lifeways and the extinction and or migrations of many Native American groups. By the late 17th to early 18th century actual written accounts of the area begin, with the scattered documentation and journals of early explorers of the region. These accounts frequently portray a sparsely inhabited area, possibly due to the Iroquois wars to monopolize the European fur trade ref name WVAENCYCSPENCER cite encyclopedia encyclopedia The West Virginia Encyclopedia title Fort Ancient Culture url http www.wvencyclopedia.org articles 2037 first Darla S. last Spencer accessdate March 4, 2011 ref or the devastating effects of new diseases introduced by Europeans. Archaeological cultures During the climatic upswing of the Medieval Warm Period 900 1200 CE the introduction of the bow and arrow and maize led many Woodland period Late Woodland period 500 1000 CE Late Woodland period groups in Eastern and Southern North America to develop sedentary agriculture based societies and produce larger populations. With the advent of the Little Ice Age 16th to the 19th century , ref cite encyclopedia url http www.meteo.psu.edu mann shared articles littleiceage.pdf title Little Ice Age first Michael E. last Mann encyclopedia Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Change publisher John Wiley & Sons, Ltd location Chichester year 2002 pages 504 509 volume 1 ... more details
saved book title History subtitle cover image cover color History Main article History History and prehistory Protohistory Historiography Historiography Philosophy of history Philosophy of history Historical methods Historical method Areas of study Periodization History of the world Military history Social history Cultural history Political history People s history Gender history Pseudohistory Pseudohistory Category Wikipedia books on history History ... more details
Emanuele Papi born August 30, 1959 is an Italian classical archaeologist . He is professor at the University of Siena and his primary research interests are the topography of Ancient Rome, the archaeology of Roman Mediterranean provinces, the economy and trade of Rome and Roman Empire. Biography He received his laurea in Roman Archaeology at the University of Siena , and a doctorate at the University of Pisa , under the supervision of Andrea Carandini . At the University of Siena he was researcher 1992 , associated professor 2002 and Ordinary Professor in Classical Archaeology since 2005 . He is currently Director of the International PhD programme http www2.archeo.unisi.it Archeologia classica dottorato province index.html Prehistory and Protohistory, History and Archaeology of the Ancient World and of the Ancient Societies of North Africa, Sahara and Mediterranean Levant Studies Centre , with B. Barich and M. de Vos. His first work was devoted to the archaeology and topography of ancient Rome and Roman Etruria . He was member of the editorial board of the Lexicon Iconographicum Urbis Romae , edited by E. M. Steinby . He has excavated in North Africa, Egypt and Greece focussing on urban sites Thamusida and Lixus in Morocco, Hephaestia on Lemnos and Dionysias in the Fayyum . External links http www.unisi.it internet home.html Page of the University of Siena http www2.archeo.unisi.it Archeologia classica province romane home.html Page of the Department Archeologia delle province romane at University of Siena http www2.archeo.unisi.it Archeologia classica dottorato province index.html Page of International PhD programme Prehistory and Protohistory, History and Archaeology of the Ancient World and of the Ancient Societies of North Africa, Sahara and Mediterranean Levant Studies Centre Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Papi, Emanuele ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH August 30, 1959 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSOR ... more details
Image DOQ.gif thumb An image from a part of a digital orthophoto quadrangle of Washington, DC A digital orthophoto quadrangle ref name USGS cite web url http edc2.usgs.gov pubslists factsheets fs05701.pdf title USGS GeoData Digital Orthophoto Quadrangles format PDF work USGS Fact Sheet 057 01 publisher U.S. Geological Survey date May 2001 ref DOQ is aerial photography or satellite imagery that has been corrected so that its pixels are aligned with longitude and latitude lines, and have a narrowly defined region of coverage. This is a widely used format introduced by United States Geological Survey . ref name USGS The correction technique is called image rectification and is a large part of photogrammetry . ref cite web url http www.univie.ac.at Luftbildarchiv wgv intro.htm title Introduction to Photogrammetry work The Aerial Archive publisher Institute for Prehistory and Protohistory of the University of Vienna ref See also Orthophoto References references External links http www.usgs.gov features lewisandclark 1900timeline.html U.S. Geological Survey Mapping in the 20th Century 1980 s Digital Orthophoto Quadrangles http online.wr.usgs.gov ngpo doq Birthplace of the DOQ USGS Western Region Category Geography Category Geographic information systems Category Geodesy Category Surveying Category Cartography Category United States Geological Survey Cartography stub Photo stub ... more details
Unreferenced date July 2007 History is the study of the past using written records. Archaeology can also be used to study the past alongside history. Prehistoric archaeology is the study of the past before historical records began. In Western Europe the prehistoric period generally ends with Roman empire Roman colonisation although in many other places, notably Egypt and China , it finishes much earlier and in others, such as Australia , much later. A transitional phase of protohistory or protohistoric archaeology may exist where written records provide a limited picture of the society in question. The earliest record of the word prehistoric comes from the French archaeologist and scientist Paul Tournal who used it in 1831 to describe the finds he made in ancient caves he had investigated in the Bize Minervois in the south of France. It did not enter English as an archeological term until 1851 when it was used by the Scots Canadian archaeologist Sir Daniel Wilson academic Daniel Wilson . The three age system , which just predates the coining of the term, was created in an attempt to make sense of the chronology of prehistoric Europe. Without history to provide evidence for names, places and motivations, prehistoric archaeologists speak in terms of archaeological culture culture s which can only be given arbitrary modern names relating to the locations of known occupation sites or the Artifact archaeology artifact s used. It is naturally much easier to discuss societies rather than individuals as these past people are completely anonymous in the archaeological record. Such a lack of concrete information means that prehistoric archaeology is a contentious field and the arguments that rage over it have done much to inform archaeological theory . The variety of theories regarding the purpose of objects or sites for example obliges archaeologists to adopt a critical approach to all evidence and to examine their own constructs of the past. Structural functionalism functio ... more details
The Chad National Museum Mus e National N Djamena is the national museum of Chad . It is located in the capital city of N Djamena at near Avenue Felix Eboue, with a mailing address of BP 638, Fort Archambault. The museum was established on October 6, 1962 in temporary quarters under the name of Chad National Museum, Fort Lamy, reflecting the earlier, colonial name of Chad s capital. In 1964, it moved to the former town hall, near the Place de l Independence . At the time of its establishment, it had four rooms Prehistory Protohistory Archives Folk arts, crafts and traditions ref name UNESCO cite journal author Jean Paul Lebeuf date 1965 year 1965 title The Chad National Museum, Fort Lemy journal Museum UNESCO volume XVIII issue 3 The Role of Museums in Contemporary Africa pages 150 153 url http unesdoc.unesco.org images 0012 001273 127389eo.pdf 11593 language English format PDF accessdate 2007 03 10 ref The prehistory room, at least in 1965, included items related to pebble culture , including material from the Amgamma cliff, Stone Age implements, axes with helve holes, nether millstones, and quartz and obsidian arrowheads . The museum at one time included a full sized ochre reproduction of a hunting scene from the first millennium B.C. The collection also included baked bricks, some attributed to Boulala and Babalia people, items discovered at the Bouta Kabira sanctuary including human masks, bronze objects and bone tools. ref name UNESCO Many of its artifacts have been lost due to the instability in the country. It has a notable collection of musical instruments . ref http www.sibmas.org idpac africa tdn001.html 2 N Djamena, Chad SIBMAS International Directory of Performing Arts Collections and Institutions Bot generated title ref References references coord missing Chad Category Museums in Chad Category National museums Category Museums established in 1962 Category N Djamena chad stub Africa museum stub da Tchads nationale museum pt Museu Nacional do Chade ... more details
Image 100 1632.JPG thumb 300px Ch teau de Mauvezin right The Ch teau de Mauvezin is a castle in the Communes of France commune of Mauvezin in the Hautes Pyr n es Departments of France d partement of France . The site, occupied since protohistory , was transformed into a castrum in the Middle Ages and later into a castle. The castle was built by Gaston III of Foix B arn Gaston F bus also Phoebus around 1380. Following the merging of Bigorre into the Kingdom of France in 1607, it fell into disuse and was dismantled piece by piece, its stones being used for other buildings. Today, the castle is being restored. It is listed as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture . See also List of castles in France External links http www.culture.gouv.fr public mistral merimee fr?ACTION CHERCHER&FIELD 1 INSEE&VALUE 1 65306 Ministry of Culture database entry for Ch teau de Mauvezin fr http www.culture.gouv.fr public mistral memoire fr?ACTION CHERCHER&FIELD 5 LBASE&VALUE 5 PA00095398 Ministry of Culture photos http perso.orange.fr chateaudemauvezin index1.htm Ch teau site Translation Ref fr Ch teau de Mauvezin oldid 14781201 coord 43 07 07 N 0 16 35 E type landmark source frwiki display title DEFAULTSORT Mauvezin, Chateau de Category Ch teaux in France Category Official historical monuments of France Category Buildings and structures in Hautes Pyr n es cs Hrad Mauvezin fr Ch teau de Mauvezin oc Cast th de Mauvesin sk Hrad Mauvezin ... more details
The Deutsche Gesellschaft f r Ur und Fr hgeschichte e.V. DGUF the German Society for Pre and Protohistory has approximately 650 members and is thus the largest German association active in the field of prehistory and the early historical period. Its members are not only archaeology professionals but also private citizens interested in the subject. Known informally by its acronym, DGUF pronounced dey guf , it is the only nationwide archaeological association that also allows individual personal membership. DGUF the name and origin of the society The wide spread student unrest in 1968 and the attendant demands for change also affected prehistory studies. Students organised the Schleswiger Kreis Schleswig Circle in order to improve communication between the various institutes, strengthen interdisciplinary cooperation between archaeology and related fields of study and thus initiate new approaches to the subject. Their main objective was also evident in the title of the journal published by the Schleswig Circle between 1970 and 1976, Information papers on research in fields related to prehistory studies Informationsbl tter zu Nachbarwissenschaften der Ur und Fr hgeschichte . The event that led to the founding of DGUF lay elsewhere, however. In early 1969, Bolko von Richthofen Bolko Freiherr von Richthofen called upon all the universities in the Federal Republic to revive the Gesellschaft f r deutsche Vorgeschichte the Society for German Prehistory and create a successor to Gustaf Kossinna s Mannusgesellschaft , which had played a leading role in the nationalist and racist orientation of German prehistory research in the Nazi period. Startled by this announcement, the members of the Schleswig Circle immediately called a meeting to determine how they could pre empt the use of the name by third parties. As a result, 17 students and young academics from the prehistory institutes ... of ideas and cooperation in the field of pre and protohistory from the protection of cultural ... more details
Neolithic The Uruk period ca. 4000 to 3100 BC existed from the protohistory protohistoric Chalcolithic to Early Bronze Age period in the history of Mesopotamia , following the Ubaid period and succeeded by the Jemdet Nasr period . ref Harriet E. W. Crawford, Sumer and the Sumerians , p. 69 ref Named after the Sumerian city of Uruk , this period saw the emergence of urban life in Mesopotamia. It was followed by the Sumer Sumerian civilization . ref Harriet E. W. Crawford, Sumer and the Sumerians , p. 75 ref The late Uruk period 34th to 32nd centuries saw the gradual emergence of the cuneiform script and corresponds to the Early Bronze Age . File Cylinder seal king Louvre AO6620 n2.jpg thumb left Cylinder seal of the Uruk period, Louvre Museum These early city states had strong signs of government organization though social stratification was not strongly evident until very late in this period and the beginning of the Early Dynastic Period of Sumer Early Dynastic Period , beginning around 3100 BC , evident even in items such as cheap, mass produced beveled rim bowls which were made to be discarded. These bowls may have been handed out at community outings, such as large scale constructions. The cities grew to cover up to 250 acres 1 km and up to 10,000 20,000 people by the end of the period. Periodization is after archaeological layers at Uruk . Thus, Uruk XVIII XIV are not part of the Uruk period proper but are comprised by the Ubaid period . The Uruk period proper corresponds to the layers Uruk XIV IV, with the late phase Uruk IV lasting ca. 3300 3100 BC. Uruk III reaches up to 3000 BC and into the Early Dynastic period not to be confused with the Ur III period of the 21st century BC, where the numbering refers to royal dynasties, not archaeological layers . Footnotes reflist See also Portal Archaeology Ancient Near East Iraq History of Sumer Ancient Mesopotamia DEFAULTSORT Uruk Period Category Mesopotamia Category Archaeological cultures Category 4th millennium ... more details
The Strandlopers is a colonial term for a Khoisan derived people who live by Hunter gatherer hunting and gathering food along the beaches of south western Africa , originally from the Cape Colony to the Skeleton Coast . Most Strandloper communities did not persist in the face of demographic and economic changes occurring in southern and south western Africa during the 19th and 20th centuries, and disappeared through assimilation. ref name Sydow cite journal author Sydow, W. year 1973 title Contributions to the history and protohistory of the Topnaar Strandloper settlement at the Kuiseb River Mouth near Walvis Bay journal South African Archaeological Bulletin volume 28 issue 111 112 pages 73 77 jstor 3888563 ref The only tribe still distinguishable from their assimilating neighborhood are the Topnaar of the southern Namib who in 2005 consisted of around 500 members, distributed over 12 small settlements along Kuiseb River in central Namibia . ref cite web title Los Topnaar. El Pueblo Topnaar AONIN en el valle bajo del R o Kuiseb trans title The Topnaar. The tribe of the Topnaar Aonin and their villages in Kuiseb River language Spanish language Spanish publisher The Topnaar Community Foundation url http www.topnaar.com proxecto.asp?id 3 accessdate 18 January 2011 ref Although the other communities have disappeared, archaeological evidence of their existence remains in the form of midden s containing seashell s, pottery and the bones of whale s and Pinniped seal s, as well as ash and charcoal . ref name Sydow Etymology The name is Afrikaans language Afrikaans for beach walker . ref cite web url http www.thefreedictionary.com Strandloper title Strandloper accessdate 2010 07 10 work The Free Dictionary publisher Farlex date ref The term has been extended by archaeology archaeologists to refer to coastal communities with Subsistence economy subsistence economies based on beachcombing and a marine diet. ref cite web url http www.answers.com topic strandloper 1 title Stra ... more details
Nurettin Yard mc March 5, 1944 anl urfa is a Turkey Turkish archaeologist and high ranked bureaucrat who has served in the Ministry of Culture of Turkey and under the Prime Minister of Turkey . He has been leading the Harran excavation in anl urfa , Turkey since 1983. Education He graduated from the department of archaeology at the University of Ankara in 1968, specializing in protohistory and Near Eastern archaeology. He received his PhD from the same department in 1982. Career He served as the Director of Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology between 1973 and 1975, and as the Director of Antiquities and Museums in the Ministry of Culture of Turkey between 1979 and 1988, continuing for another period between 1989 and 1991. He was later appointed as a chief adviser to the Prime Minister of Turkey in 1997, and as the Director General of Foundations of Turkey in 1999. While in charge of the Directorate of Antiquities and Museums, he has supervised numerous exhibitions abroad including Land of Civilizations Turkey and Suleyman the Magnificent . He has held several international positions as a Board Member in the Turkish National Committee of UNESCO and Head of the Turkish National Committee of the International Council of Museums . He has been leading the Harran excavation since 1983. In 2001, he assumed a new project and started an archaeological survey in the plain of Suru near Harran . Honours 1988 Order of Leopold II 1988 President of Italy Award 2008 Order of the Star of Italian Solidarity Notable works Yardimci, Nurettin 2004 Harran Ovas Y zey Ara t rmas I II Archaeological Survey in the Harran Plain I II , Istanbul Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yay nlar in Turkish and English Yardimci, Nurettin 2006 Harran Mezopotamya ya A lan Kap , Istanbul Ege Yay nlar in Turkish Yardimci, Nurettin 1973 Bodrum Halikarnassos ve M ze Rehberi , Istanbul TTOK Yay nlar References Yardimci, Nurettin 2004 Harran Ovas Y zey Ara t rmas I II Archaeological Survey in the Harran Plain ... more details
Unreferenced date January 2008 In archaeology and anthropology , the term, excarnation also known as Defleshing , refers to the burial practice of removing the flesh and organs of Dead body the dead , leaving only the bones. Excarnation may be precipitated through natural means, involving leaving a body exposed for animals to scavenge, or it may be purposefully undertaken by butchering the corpse by hand. Platform burial Examples of the former include the Tibetan sky burial , Comanche platform burials, and traditional Zoroastrianism Zoroastrian funerals see Tower of Silence . Similarly, the lack of known burials in the European Iron Age Citation needed reason whoa see talk date October 2008 and the small fragments of bone found around their settlement sites has been explained by some archaeologists as an indicator of widespread excarnation involving leaving bodies on platforms for the birds to eat. Archaeologists believe that, when carried out naturally, the body would be left on a woven litter or altar. When the excarnation was complete, the litter would be carried away from the site. Metatarsals , finger bones and toe bones are very small, so would fall through gaps in the woven structure or roll off the side. Thus, a site in which only small bones are found is a candidate for ritual excarnation. Some Native Americans in the United States Native American groups in the southeastern portion of North America practised deliberate excarnation in Protohistory Protohistoric times. Other methods Marks on some human bones imply that some prehistoric societies removed the flesh from the bones. In the Middle Ages, excarnation was practiced by European cultures as a way to preserve the bones when the deceased was of high status or had died some distance from home. One notable example of a person who underwent excarnation following death was Christopher Columbus . American General Anthony Wayne also was subjected to a form of excarnation. In modern Japan , where cremation is p ... more details
Use dmy dates date October 2010 The International Union for Prehistoric and Protohistoric Sciences IUPPS is a learned society , linked through the International Council for Philosophy and Humanistic Studies to UNESCO , and concerned with the study of prehistory and protohistory . In the words of its Constitution corporate constitution The UISPP is committed to promote prehistoric and protohistoric studies by the organisation of international congress es and of large scale Excavation archaeology excavations of international significance by sponsoring Academic publishing scholarly publications of international scope as well as Academic conference conferences and other learned meetings and in general by advancing research by the co operation and mutual understanding among scholars from all countries . Origins The origins of the IUPPS lie in an 1865 meeting of the Societ Italiana di Scienze Naturali lang en Italian Society of Natural Science that lead to the creation of the Congr s pal oethnologique international CPI lang en International Paleoethnologic Congress . The first meeting of the CPI was held in 1866 and in 1867 the name was changed to Congr s international d anthropologie et d arch ologie pr historiques CIAAP International Congress of Prehistoric Anthropology and Archaeology . A permanent council of the CIAAP was founded in 1880, and in 1930 a merger with the Institut International d Anthropologie led to the creation of the Congr s international des Sciences pr historiques et protohistoriques CISPP . In 1954, the permanent council decided to affiliate the CISPP with a member organisation of UNESCO, the International Council for Philosophy and Human Sciences. This required a change of name, and the CISPP became the International Union for Prehistoric and Protohistoric Sciences IUPPS in order to gain access to UNESCO funds. Congresses of the CISPP and IUPPS First congress 1932, London Second congress 1936, Oslo Third congress 1950, Z rich Fourth congress 1954, ... more details
Deleted image removed Image Predrag Dragic.jpg thumb right Predrag R. Dragi Kijuk p Drawing , Cvetko Lainovi Portrait of liberal thinker Kijuk , 1996 Predrag R. Dragi Kijuk , Serbian Cyrillic . born in Kragujevac , 1945 is a humanist, writer, essayist, anthologist, playwright, literary and art critic, lexicographer, medievalist, historian, translator, liberal philosopher and researcher of Dostoevsky. He graduated at the Belgrade University philology , philosophy and law , and took specializations in Italy, Greece, Russia, France and Norway. Predrag R. Dragi Kijuk has been the editor of the prestigious publications of the Association of Writers of Serbia for years operational editor of the Serbian Literary Magazine and the editor in chief of the Literary Newspaper He has written many books, studies, and essays, five of which have been translated into foreign languages. He specifically studied old Serbian literature in 1987 he published the provocative and voluminous study Medieval and Renaissance Serbian Poetry 1200 1700 . His themes of interest are diverse and original, and his intellectual curiosity is a mixture of modern world poetry, philosophy of numbers, Christian esthetics, the works of Dostoevsky , Gogol and Andreyev , the history of European civilization , European esoteric writers, protohistory of Serbs and Slavs , the phenomenon of migrations and the Christian Orthodox mysticism. Also, he has devoted his attention in his two latest books to the aberration of modern politics and the influence of the Holy See Vatican on the destiny of the Serbian people Bestiarium Humanum , 2002 Atlantocracy As a Jesuit Ideal , 2005 . His book Tempter and the Redeemer 1990 was the first to introduce the theism theistic Scientific method method into the genre of essay writing in Serbia , equaling it to other methods in the interpretation of literature, while the book Going Out to Play 1990 has had cult influence on European personalism . The collecti ... more details
For the neighborhood in Duluth, Minnesota Oneota Duluth File Mississippian cultures HRoe 2010.jpg thumb right 290px A map showing approximate areas of various Mississippian and related cultures, including the Oneota. Oneota is a designation archaeologist s use to refer to a cultural complex that existed in the eastern plains and Great Lakes area of what is now the United States from around AD 900 to around 1650 or 1700. The culture is believed to have transitioned into various Sioux Macro Siouan cultures of the Protohistory protohistoric and historic times such as Iowa tribe Ioway . A long accepted ancestry to the Ho chunk has yet to be conclusively demonstrated. Oneota is considered a major component of Upper Mississippian culture . It is characterized by globular, shell tempered pottery that is often coarse in fibre. It often had a spherical body, short necks and or a flat lip. Sometimes the vessels had strap handles. Decoration includes wavy and zigzag lines, often in parallel. Most decoration was done on the top half of the vessel. ref Behm, Jeffrey 2007 April Oneota Tradition. University of Wisconsin Oshkosh. Oshkosh, WI ref Analytically, it has been broken down into various stages or horizons. Generally accepted are the following the Emergent Horizon ca. AD 900 1000 , the Developmental Horizon ca. AD 1000 1300 , the Classic Horizon ca. AD 1300 1650 previously called the Oneota Aspect , and the Historic Horizon post contact, generally after 1650 . In addition, the Oneota culture has been divided geographically based on stylistic and socio economic differences. Some of these traditions are Orr, Langford, and Fisher Huber. Oneota pottery was made in a distinctive globular form. The Oneota diet included Maize corn , beans, and squash, wild rice, nuts, fish, deer, and bison, varying according to the region and locale. Relationships with Mississippian culture Middle Mississippian were present but are not yet clearly understood. Whether Oneota developed in situ out o ... more details
Infobox museum name Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery image established 1843 location Hobart , Tasmania , Australia visitors director Bill Bleathman website http www.tmag.tas.gov.au TMAG website email mailto tmagmail tmag.tas.gov.au The Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery TMAG is a museum located in Hobart , Tasmania . The museum was established in 1843, by the Royal Society of Tasmania under the leadership of John Franklin Sir John Franklin , the oldest Royal Society outside of England . Governance In 1885, TMAG became a Tasmanian Government Government authority under the control of a Board of Trustees that also controlled the Royal Tasmanian Botanical Gardens . TMAG is now controlled by a Board of Trustees which is set up pursuant to Section 3 of the Tasmanian Museum Act 1950, and is currently part of the Department of Economic Development, Tourism and the Arts. Members of the Board of Trustees as of 2010 Sir Guy Green judge Guy Green , Chairman Dr Peter Sexton Dr Anthony Tony Brown Dr Alison Alexander Miss Julia Farrell Mr Clive Tilsley Mr Geoff Willis br Administration Director Bill Bleathman. Collections and Research Dr Andrew Rozefelds Public Programs and Promotions Peter West Acting Business and Operations Laurence Paine br Associated bodies TMAG has a number of associated bodies including the TMAG Foundation, Friends of the Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery and TMAGgots. br Other facilities In addition to the main campus, TMAG includes the following external sites Tasmanian Herbarium Collections & Research Facility Moonah Workshop Exhibitions ningennah tunapry the Tasmanian Aboriginal exhibition showcases the history and contemporary life of Tasmanian Aborigines. Island to Ice Antarctica and the Southern Ocean Huon Pine Numismatics Colonial Gallery Zoology Gallery State Collection The Museum s collections primarily focus upon the history of Tasmania through every era. There is a geology geological history of the island, protohistory display from the inter glacial ... more details
Infobox nrhp name Menard Hodges Site nrhp type nhl image caption nearest city Watson, Arkansas lat degrees 34 lat minutes 0 lat seconds 13.93 lat direction N long degrees 91 long minutes 15 long seconds 15.17 long direction W locmapin Arkansas area architect architecture designated nrhp type April 11, 1989 ref name nhlsum cite web url http tps.cr.nps.gov nhl detail.cfm?ResourceId 1940&ResourceType Site title Menard Hodges Site date 2007 09 26 work National Historic Landmark summary listing publisher National Park Service ref added October 31, 1985 ref name nris NRISref 2007a ref governing body Private refnum 85003542 File DeSoto Map Leg 3 HRoe 2008.jpg thumb right 300px The proposed Hernando de Soto route thru Arkansas The Menard Hodges Site also known as Menard Hodges Mounds 3AR4 , is an archaeological site in Arkansas . It includes two large mounds as well as several house mounds. It is the type site for the Menard phase , a Protohistory protohistoric Mississippian culture group. It is considered as a possible candidate for the Province of Anilco encountered by the Hernando de Soto Entrada in 1540. ref cite book author Hudson, Charles M. title Knights of Spain, Warriors of the Sun year 1997 publisher University of Georgia Press page Pp. 337 authorlink Charles M. Hudson author ref It was contemporaneous with the Parkin Archeological State Park Parkin site , believed by many archaeologists to be the location Casqui , ref name Charles M. Hudson author 1997 cite book author Hudson, Charles M. title Knights of Spain, Warriors of the Sun year 1997 publisher University of Georgia Press authorlink Charles M. Hudson author ref ref name Morse, Phyllis A. 1981 cite book author Phyllis Morse title Parkin year 1981 publisher Arkansas Archaeological Survey isbn 0882 4591 ref and the Nodena Site , believed by many archaeologists to be the location of Pacaha . ref name Charles M. Hudson author 1997 ref name Morse, Phyllis A. 1981 The site was excavated by James A. Ford in 1958. T ... more details
Infobox German location Art Ortsgemeinde Wappen Wappen Schwarzen.png lat deg 49 lat min 57 lat sec 43 lon deg 7 lon min 19 lon sec 52 Lageplan Schwarzen in SIM.svg Bundesland Rheinland Pfalz Landkreis Rhein Hunsr ck Kreis Verbandsgemeinde Kirchberg H he 397 Fl che 3.88 Einwohner 151 Bitte nicht per Hand aktualisieren Wikipedia WikiProjekt Kommunen und Landkreise in Deutschland Einwohnerzahlen Stand 2006 12 31 PLZ 55481 PLZ alt Vorwahl 06763 Kfz SIM Gemeindeschl ssel 07 1 40 141 Adresse M hlenweg 15 br 55481 Schwarzen Website B rgermeister Mario Caumo B rgermeistertitel Ortsb rgermeister Partei Schwarzen is an Ortsgemeinde a Municipalities of Germany municipality belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde , a kind of collective municipality in the Rhein Hunsr ck Kreis Districts of Germany district in Rhineland Palatinate , Germany . It belongs to the Kirchberg Verbandsgemeinde Verbandsgemeinde of Kirchberg , whose seat is in the Kirchberg, Rhein Hunsr ck like named town . Geography File Schwarzen01.jpg thumb left Schwarzen seen from the south File Schwarzen02.jpg thumb left Municipal centre in the village centre Location The municipality lies in a dale in the central Hunsr ck between the Hunsr ckh henstra e Hunsr ck Heights Road also called Bundesstra e 327 a scenic road across the Hunsr ck built originally as a military road on Hermann G ring s orders and Bundesstra e 50. Schwarzen lies roughly 5 km westnorthwest of Kirchberg and the same distance northeast of Frankfurt Hahn Airport . Neighbouring municipalities The following places are nearby with distances in kilometres W rrich 2 , Ober Kostenz 2 , Nieder Kostenz 4 , Kappel, Rhineland Palatinate Kappel 6 , Kludenbach 6 , Todenroth 8 , Metzenhausen 10 . History Prehistory prehistoric and Protohistory protohistoric Tumulus barrows can be found in the municipal forest section 12 and the state forest section 131 . In the field known as Hinter dem Str chen , old foundations have been unearthed and hewn pieces of sandstone h ... more details
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