ProtoDravidian is the proto language of the Dravidian languages . ref http www.reference.com browse wiki ProtoDravidian ref Hypothetical language Proto languages are, by definition, hypothetical languages reconstructed by linguists, and hence no proto language has any historical record. So is the case with ProtoDravidian. Due to a dearth of comparative linguistics comparative linguistic research into the Dravidian languages, not many details as to the grammar, epoch, or location of ProtoDravidian ... Chennai, India work The Hindu title Facts about Dravidian languages ref Differentiation It is thought to have differentiated into Proto North Dravidian, Proto Central Dravidian and Proto South Dravidian ... which covers all the Dravidian languages which can point to ProtoDravidian forms is Dravidian Etymological ... for a talented linguist ProtoDravidian offers large possibilities. Reconstructed language Here we discuss the salient features of the reconstructed ProtoDravidian language. Historical phonology Vowels ProtoDravidian contrasted between five short and long vowels a , , i , , u , , e , ... 3110119080 page 342 ref Consonants ProtoDravidian is reconstructible with the following consonantal ... ibid . Velar nasal Unicode occurred only before Unicode k in ProtoDravidian as in many of its daughter languages . Therefore it is not considered a separate phoneme in ProtoDravidian. However ... languages Category Proto languages Dravidian Category Pre Indo Europeans fr Proto dravidien ... for the Old Tamil Aytam ytam and other Dravidian comparative phonological phenomena Krishnamurthi 2003 . Homeland main Dravidian homeland see Kumari Kandam The Dravidian languages have been found ..., Pakistan what was once part of Indus Valley to Dravidian languages has yet to be explained . Iravatham ... to Michael Witzel , the well known Indologist, there are not many Dravidian loan words in the earliest stratum of Vedas , even though the Dravidian influence quickly increases in the post Rigveda ... more details
Wiktionary Dravidian or Dravida may refer to TOCright Language Dravidian languages , a family of languages spoken mainly in South India and North Eastern Sri Lanka ProtoDravidian , a model of the common ancestor of the above languages Elamo Dravidian languages, a proposed language family Geography Dravida Nadu , a proposed country for the southern Dravidian languages South India , the region which is called Dravida in the Indian anthem Culture and ethnicity Dravidian people , a member of any of the peoples that speak one of the Dravidian languages Dravidian architecture , a style of Temple construction Dravidian martial arts , a style of martial arts Dravidian Cuisine , the cuisine of South India Dravidian University , a university situated in Andhra Pradesh Dravidian Linguistics Association , based in Kerala Homo Dravida , a historically defined race, propagated also by Devaneya Pavanar Adi Dravida , the first Dravidians , a Dalit caste Dravidology , a field of study Pancha Dravida Brahmins, a division of Indian Brahmin s Politics Dravidian parties , a collective term used for political parties, that trace their ideologies and origin from Dravidar Kazhagam Dravidar Kazhagam , a former political party in Tamil Nadu Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam , a political party in Tamil Nadu All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam , a political party in Karnataka, Kerala, Puducherry, Tamil Nadu Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam , a political party in Tamil Nadu Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam , a political party in Tamil Nadu All India Latchiya Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam , a political party in Tamil Nadu Self respect movement , sometimes called the Dravidian movement or the Periyar movement Others Dravidians Organization , a non governmental organization See also Dravid surname Davidian disambiguation reflist disambig fa pt Dravidiano ... more details
Wiktionary protoProto is a prefix meaning first . Proto may also refer to TOC right Organizations Proto tools , a tool company formerly Plomb Tools , now a division of Stanley Black & Decker Proto Records, a British record company, active in the 1980s, see Barry Evangeli Proto Malay , ethnic group in Malaysia Proto Motors , South Korean sports car manufacturer and refitter People Non fictional Silvio Proto , Belgian goalkeeper Proto see Hyacinth and Protus , Christian martyr during the persecution of Valerian I Fictional Proto, one of the Nereids in Greek mythology Proto Ghost in the Shell , fictional character in Masamune Shirow s Ghost in the Shell anime and manga Publications Proto magazine , a national science magazine Science and technology Siebe Gorman Proto , type of rebreather breathing set SEAT Proto , concept cars disambig fr Proto it Proto ja ... more details
The term Dravidian civilization refers to the civilization of the ancient speakers of the protoDravidian languages. Due to the obscure history of the protoDravidian speakers, and prevalence of several theories about their origin, the term Dravidian civilization is used to describe many concepts Many scholars believe that before the arrival of the Indo Aryans in the Indian subcontinent, the speakers of the protoDravidian languages Proto North Dravidian, Proto Central Dravidian, Proto South Dravidian were widespread throughout the subcontinent, including Ganges Gangetic valley. This pre Vedic civilization is often referred to as Dravidian civilization . ref cite book last Wells first Herbert ... that the people of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization were protoDravidian speakers, and hence refer to it as Dravidian civilization . The hypothesized family of Elamo Dravidian languages is also ... country and beyond. They found a civilization already scattered over India, the Dravidian civilization ..., whose characteristics we have already described. They revived and changed this Dravidian civilization ... with Lemuria continent Lemuria used the term Dravidian civilization to describe the civilization of the hypothetical ... cite book last Iyengar first T. R. Sesha title Dravidian India publisher Orient Longman year 1995 ..., believe that there is no tangible archaeological or literary evidence of any early purely Dravidian or Indo Aryans Aryan civilization, and Aryan or Dravidian elements cannot be sought out in the Culture ... in India, conclusive and beyond doubt, of any early purely Dravidian civilization. It is indeed possible that to try to seek out this or that Aryan or Dravidian trait or element in the enormously ... Dravidian civilization in the far South, the Iron Age culture was widespread throughout the peninsula. jstor 2943246 publisher Association for Asian Studies ref References reflist See also Dravidian people Elamo Dravidian languages Ancient Tamil country Tamilakam Category History of South Asia Category ... more details
Dravidian studies also Dravidology is the academic field devoted to the Dravidian languages , Dravidian literature literature and Dravidian culture culture . It is a superset of Tamil studies and a subset of South Asian studies . History 16th to 18th century missionaries who wrote Tamil grammars or lexica include Henriques Henrique , Roberto de Nobili , Bartholomaeus Ziegenbalg and Constantino Giuseppe Beschi . The recognition that the Dravidian languages were a phylogenetic unit separate from Indo European dates to 1816, and was presented by Francis Whyte Ellis F. W. Ellis , Collector of Madras, at the College of Fort St. George. Pioneers of the field were Robert Caldwell , Johan van Manen , U. V. Swaminatha Iyer , T. R. Sesha Iyengar , V. Kanakasabhai , P. T. Srinivasa Iyengar , S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar , K. A. Nilakanta Sastri , V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar , C. P. Brown , Ferdinand Kittel ... and Bhadriraju Krishnamurti . Contemporary programs The Dravidian University at Kuppam , Andhra Pradesh has created Chairs in the names of Western and Dravidian scholars to encourage research in individual Dravidian languages as well as comparative Dravidian studies Robert Caldwell Bishop Caldwell s Chair for Dravidian Studies, C. P. Brown s Chair for Telugu language Telugu Studies, Ferdinand Kittel ... Dravidian University fellowships , The Hindu , Saturday, Aug 26, 2006 ref See also Indology ProtoDravidian Elamo Dravidian References reflist Literature Robert Caldwell , Comparative Grammar of Dravidian Languages 1856 revised edition 1875 . citebook title The Dravidian Languages ... studies 22 tamil Thomas R. Trautmann, Languages and nations the Dravidian proof in colonial ... Dravidian Studies Selected Papers author Murray Barnson Emeneau year 1994 publisher Motilal Banarsidass id ISBN 8120808584 External links Dravidian studies in the Netherlands, IIAS newsletter 2005 ... southasia dravidian india.htm Extracts from T.R.Sesha Iyengar s Dravidian India by Dr. Samar Abbas ... more details
, and Unicode Mah r ras . History Dravidian languages genealogy main ProtoDravidian language ... before the arrival of Indo European speakers. ProtoDravidian is thought to have differentiated into Proto North Dravidian, Proto Central Dravidian, Proto South Central Dravidian and Proto South Dravidian ... words, echo words . ProtoDravidian used only suffixes, never prefixes or infixes, in the construction ... ProtoDravidian Vowels ProtoDravidian had ten vowels a , , e , , u , , i , , o , . There was contrast ... or aw Subrahmanyam 1983, Zvelebil 1990, Krishnamurti 2003 . Consonants ProtoDravidian is reconstructible ... ProtoDravidian 1 o u nr u u ondhu onnu onji Unicode oka i okkod Unicode o a Unicode asi oru ... in retroflex phonemes reconstructible back to the ProtoDravidian stage See Subrahmanyam 1983 ...other uses2 Dravidian Infobox Language family name Dravidian map Image Dravidische Sprachen.png 250px region South Asia familycolor Dravidian family Dravidian child1 Northern Dravidian Northern child2 Central Dravidian Central child3 South Central Dravidian South Central child4 Southern Dravidian Southern iso2 dra iso5 dra The Dravidian Language families and languages family of languages includes approximately ... are the members with the most speakers. There are also small groups of Dravidian speaking List ... speculated that Dravidian languages are native to India . Early Indian epigraphy Epigraphically the Dravidian languages have been attested since the 6th century BCE . Only one Dravidian language, the Brahui language , is exclusively spoken outside India . Origins of the word Dravidian The English word Dravidian was first employed by Robert Caldwell in his book of comparative Dravidian grammar ... v alternation is a common enough phenomenon in Dravidian phonology Zvelebil 1990 xxi Zvelebil ... case of DED 1033 Ta. kamuku , Tu. kangu areca nut Skt. kramu ka . . Further, another Dravidian linguist Bhadriraju Krishnamurti in his book Dravidian Languages Krishnamurti 2003 p. 2, footnote ... more details
Main ProtoDravidianDravidian homeland Substratum in Vedic Sanskrit Elamo Dravidian languages Kamil Zvelebil Kamil V. Zvelebil has suggested that protoDravidian was part of a larger Elamo Dravidian ... immigrants speaking a proto Munda language. Some linguists believe that Dravidian speaking people ... as being strong evidence for a protoDravidian origin of the ancient Indus Valley civilization ...Other uses Dravidian disambiguation Infobox Ethnic group image File Dravidische Sprachen.png 200px caption Areas in South Asia native to people speaking a language of Dravidian group group Dravidian pop ... region12 flagcountry Sri Lanka pop12 ref12 languages Dravidian languages religions Hinduism , Jainism ... Malayali s Telugu people Telugus Tamil people Tamils Tuluva s Indo Aryan peoples Dravidian peoples ... belonging to the Dravidian languages Dravidian language family . Populations of speakers are found mostly in South India southern India . Other Dravidian people are found in parts of central India , Sri Lanka Tamils native Sri Lanka , Bangladesh and Pakistan . The most populous Dravidian peoples ... people Malayalis . Smaller Dravidian communities with 1 5 million speakers are the Tuluvas , Gonds and Brahui people Brahui . Etymology The English word Dravidian was first employed by Robert Caldwell in his book of comparative Dravidian grammar based on the usage of the Sanskrit word dr vida in the work Tantrav rttika by IAST Kum rila Bha a Zvelebil 1990 xx . Caldwell coined the term Dravidian ... . The publication of the http dsal.uchicago.edu dictionaries burrow Dravidian etymological dictionary by T. Burrow and M. B. Emeneau was a landmark event in Dravidian linguistics. As for the origin ... European hydronymy river name in Europe. The word Dravidian may have been used to identify people ... enough phenomenon in Dravidian phonology Zvelebil 1990 xxi Zvelebil in his earlier treatise ... Ta. kamuku , Tu. kangu areca nut Skt. kramu ka . . Further, another eminent Dravidian linguist Bhadriraju ... more details
otheruses2 Dravidian Infobox Language family name Northern Dravidian map region South Asia familycolor Dravidian fam2 iso2 iso5 These languages are a subgroup of the Dravidian language family, and are spoken in India , Pakistan , Bangladesh , Nepal , Afghanistan and Iran . ref http www.ling.fju.edu.tw typology Dravidian.htm Ling.fju.edu.tw ref The Ethnologue lists 5 members. ref http www.ethnologue.com 14 show lang family.asp?code BRH Ethnologue.com ref Members of this group include in order of number of speakers Brahui language Brahui 2,210,000 Pakistan, Afghanistan & Iran ref http www.ethnologue.com 14 show lang family.asp?code BRH Ethnologue.com ref Kurux language Kurux or Kurukh 2,053,000 India & Bangladesh ref http www.ethnologue.com 14 show language.asp?code KVN Ethnologue.com ref Sauria Paharia or Malto 80,000 India ref http www.ethnologue.com 14 show language.asp?code MJT Ethnologue.com ref Kumarbhag Paharia 12,000 India ref http www.ethnologue.com 14 show language.asp?code KMJ Ethnologue.com ref Kurux, Nepali ? Nepal ref http www.ethnologue.com 14 show language.asp?code KXL Ethnologue.com ref References References Category Dravidian languages Category Agglutinative languages ... more details
Other uses2 Dravidian Infobox Language family name Central Dravidian map region South Asia familycolor Dravidian fam2 child1 Kolami Naiki child2 Parji Gadaba iso2 iso5 These languages are a subgroup of the Dravidian language family, and are all spoken in India . ref name first http www.ling.fju.edu.tw typology Dravidian.htm Ling.fju.edu.tw ref The Ethnologue lists five members with a total of over 320,000 speakers. ref http www.ethnologue.com show family.asp?subid 1312 16 Ethnologue.com ref Members of this group include in order of number of speakers Kolami, Northwestern 200,000 speakers 2002 ref http www.ethnologue.com show language.asp?code kfb Ethnologue.com 16th Ed. ref Duruwa 80,000 speakers 2002 ref http www.ethnologue.com show language.asp?code pci Ethnologue.com ref Gadaba, Pottangi Ollar 15,000 speakers 2002 ref http www.ethnologue.com show language.asp?code gdb Ethnologue.com ref Kolami, Southeastern 10,000 1989 F. Blair . Gadaba, Mudhili 8,000 speakers 2000 ref http www.ethnologue.com show language.asp?code gau Ethnologue.com ref References References Category Dravidian languages Category Agglutinative languages ... more details
Other uses2 Dravidian Infobox Language family name Southern Dravidian map region South Asia familycolor Dravidian fam2 child1 Tamil Kannada child2 Tulu language Tulu child3 Kalanadi child4 Kumbaran child5 Kunduvadi child6 Kurichiya language Kurichiya child7 Kurumba, Attapady child8 Muduga child8 Pathiya child10 et. al iso2 iso5 The Southern Dravidian languages are a subgroup of the Dravidian language family, and account for over half of the 85 Dravidian languages. The Ethnologue lists 47 languages in this subgroup. ref http www.ethnologue.com show family.asp?subid 1286 16 Ethnologue.com ref They are all spoken in primarily in India but many there are 3,770,000 Tamil speakers in Sri Lanka 2007 . ref http www.ethnologue.com show language.asp?code tam Ethnologue.org ref ref name first http www.ling.fju.edu.tw typology Dravidian.htm Ling.fju.edu.tw ref Some speakers are found in other countries as later immigrants. These include Singapore Tamil, Malayalam , the United Arab Emirates Malayalam , Canada and the USA . Members of this group with over 15,000 speakers include in order of number of speakers Tamil language Tamil 65,675,200 1997 ref http www.ethnologue.com show language.asp?code tam ref Malayalam 35,893,990 1997 ref http www.ethnologue.com show language.asp?code mal ref Kannada 35,327,600 1997 ref http www.ethnologue.com show language.asp?code kan ref Tulu language Tulu 1,950,000 1997 ref http www.ethnologue.com show language.asp?code tcy ref Yerukula 300,000 1997 ref http www.ethnologue.com show language.asp?code yeu ref Badaga language Badaga 245,000 2001 ref http www.ethnologue.com show language.asp?code bfq ref Kodava language Kodava 241,000 2001 ref http www.ethnologue.com show language.asp?code kfa ref Irula language Irula 200,000 2003 ref http www.ethnologue.com ...?code ull ref Many of the Southern Dravidian languages have under 1000 speakers each. References References Category Dravidian languages Category Agglutinative languages ... more details
Unreferenced date July 2007 Infobox university name Dravidian University native name latin name image motto established 1997 type Public university Public endowment staff faculty president principal rector chancellor ESL Narasimhan, Governor of Andhra Pradesh vice chancellor Prof. Cuddapah Ramanaiah dean head label head students undergrad postgrad doctoral city Kuppam state Andhra Pradesh country IND campus Urban areas Urban free label free colors colours mascot nickname affiliations University Grants Commission India UGC website http www.dravidianuniversity.ac.in The Dravidian University , Kuppam , Chittoor district , Andhra Pradesh , India was founded on October 20, 1997 by the Government of Andhra Pradesh , with the initial support extended by the governments of Tamil Nadu , Karnataka and Kerala for an integrated development of Dravidian languages . Vice chancellors Dravidologist V.I. Subramoniam was Pro Chancellor 1997 2000. P.V. Arunachalam was the first Vice Chancellor 1997 2001. Prof. Cuddapah Ramanaiah Present Vice Chancellor .About the University The Dravidian University was established by the Government of Andhra Pradesh through a Legislature Act No.17 of 1997 at Kuppam, a tri lingual junction in the south western part of Andhra Pradesh with the initial support extended by the governments of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Kerala for an integrated development of Dravidian languages ... PhD degrees. Academics It offers courses in Comparative Dravidian Literature And Translation Studies Human And Social Sciences Education And Human Resources Development Comparative Dravidian Arts ... and Translation Studies 1. Department of Comparative Dravidian Literature and Philosophy 2 ... & Culture 2. Department of Folklore and Tribal Studies 3. Department of Dravidian and Computational ... Centres 1. Centre for Dravidian Lexicography 2. Nadusiri South Indian Folk Museum and Archives 3. Giripadam Centre for Preservation of Endangered Dravidian Languages. 4. Prasaranga Centre for Publications ... more details
Dravidian politics col Dravidian parties lang ta include an array of List of recognised ... to the Self Respect Movement Dravidian movement of Periyar E. V. Ramasamy . ref name Cho cite news ... stories 20040423007201600.htm accessdate 2008 04 19 ref The Dravidian movement was based on the linguistic divide in India, ref cite news last Omvedt first Gail title The Dravidian movement pages publisher ... the South Indian languages are classified as Dravidian languages Dravidian . ref cite web title Dravidian Language Family publisher University of Pennsylvania date url http www.nvtc.gov lotw months ... 2008 04 09 ref Dravidian politics has developed by associating itself to the Dravidian people Dravidian community . The original goal of Dravidian politics was to achieve social equality, ref .... Thus Dravidian politics incorporates elements of Tamil Nationalism and has found support only in Tamil ... accessdate 2008 04 19 ref Most Dravidian parties are offshoots of Dravidar Kazhagam .... Nevertheless, both the former and the latter are considered as Dravidian parties because of the similarities ... players among the Dravidian parties since the mid 1960s. ref name Wyatt cite journal last Wyatt ... ref name murmaran ref name vajpayee ref name BBC Other major Dravidian party is Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam . Political media is pervasive in Dravidian politics, with five of the seven ... accessdate 2008 02 19 ref Rise of Dravidian politics Background Most of the Indian population ... most southern Indian languages are Dravidian languages . Sanskrit , a classical language of the Aryan ... of Madras Presidency , it was a commonly held opinion in that the Dravidian tongues were inferior. ref name epw cite journal last Pinto first Ambrose title End of Dravidian Era in Tamil Nadu journal ... the way for the rise of Dravidian politics in Madras Presidency. ref name hardriots Early Dravidian ... of Justice Party in 1916. An early pineer in Dravidian politics was Iyothee Thass in the late 19th century ... more details
Image KilakkuRajaGopuram Utpurathotram .jpg 250px thumb A typical Dravidian peoples Dravidian gate pyramid called Gopuram Thiruvannamalai temple Tamilnadu Dravidian peoples Dravidian architecture was a style of architecture that emerged thousands of years ago in the Indian subcontinent. They consist primarily of pyramid shaped temples which are dependent on intricate carved stone in order to create a step design consisting of many statues of deities, warriors, kings, and dancers. The majority of the existing buildings are located in the South India Southern Indian states of Tamil Nadu , Andhra ... others have made a substantial contribution to the evolution of Dravidian architecture through the ages. Dravidian styled architecture can also be found in parts of Northeastern Sri Lanka Tamils native ... Temple.jpg thumb 350px The Madurai meenakshi Temple Tamilnadu Dravidian style temples consist ... examples of temples in the Dravidian style belong to the Pallava period. The earliest examples of Pallava ... that in the Telugu country the style was more or less uniformly conforming to the South Indian or Dravidian ... specimen of Dravidian temples under the Cholas. His son Aditya I built several temples around ... dravidian monuments at Ellora the Kailasanatha temple , in the rock cut architecture idiom. Some ... is a splendid achievement of Dravidian art. The walls of the temple have marvellous sculptures ... the Deccan . The architectural style used was dravidian. It does not contain any of the Shikharas ... . ref name Dravidian cite web title Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent, 20 September ... 2006 11 17 ref shows distinct Dravidian influences. The Hoysala architecture style is described as Karnata ... calls Vijayanagar architecture a blossoming of Dravidian style, Kamath, p182 ref ref name blossom1 ... Chola temple explained http www.tamilnation.org culture architecture temple.htm Dravidian Temple ... DEFAULTSORT Dravidian Architecture Category South India Category Indian architectural styles Category ... more details
working on it. Some of the many unattested proto languages for which reconstructions have been devised are Proto Indo European language Proto Indo European , Proto Uralic language Proto Uralic , and ProtoDravidian language ProtoDravidian . In other cases, the proto language is attested language attested in surviving texts. For example, Latin is the proto language of the Romance languages ..., Romanian and Spanish. Likewise, Proto Norse , the ancestor of the modern North Germanic languages Scandinavian ... for many centuries. The first person to offer systematic reconstructions of an unattested proto language was August Schleicher he did so for Proto Indo European language Proto Indo European in 1861. ref harvnb Lehmann 1993 p 26 . ref Proto X vs. Pre X Normally, the term Proto X refers to the ancestor ... , is termed Pre X . This terminology is used, for example, in the case of Proto Indo European language Proto Indo European and Pre Indo European likewise for Proto Germanic language Proto ... authors using Proto X e.g. Proto English and others using Pre X e.g. Pre English . See also List of proto languages Comparative method Internal reconstruction Historical linguistics Proto Human language ... Category Proposed language families Category Historical linguistics Category Proto languages br Kentyezh cs Prajazyk da Ursprog de Ursprache el es Protolengua fa fr Proto langue ... no Urspr k nn Urspr k pl Praj zyk pt Protol ngua rmy Angluni chhib ru simple Proto language ... more details
millennium BC. Proponents of an Elamo Dravidian relationship have looked for similarities between the Proto Elamite and the Indus script . ref David McAlpin Linguistic prehistory the Dravidian situation ...History of Iran The Proto Elamite period is the time of ca. 3200 BC to 2700 BC when Susa , the later ... in the world, which began around 3400 BC . The Proto Elamite script is an Early Bronze Age writing ... Proto Elamite site is Teppe Sialk , where the only remaining Proto Elamite ziggurat is still seen. Texts in the undeciphered Proto Elamite script found in Susa are dated to this period. It is thought that the Proto Elamites were in fact Elamites Elamite language Elamite speakers , because of the many ... to this area seems to have occurred between the Proto Elamite period and the later Elamites. But because ..., such as John Alden, maintain that Proto Elamite influence grew rapidly at the end of the 4th millennium ... centuries later. Proto Elamite pottery dating back to the last half of the 5th millennium BC has been found in Sialk , where Proto Elamite writing, the first form of writing in Iran , has been found on tablets of this date. The first cylinder seal s come from the Proto Elamite period, as well. http www.anaviangallery.com ancient iranian preface.html Proto Elamite script File Economic tablet Susa Louvre Sb3047.jpg thumb right Economic tablet with numeric signs. Proto Elamite script in clay ... whether the Proto Elamite script may be considered the direct predecessor of Linear Elamite . Both ... the two. A few Proto Elamite signs seem either to be loans from the slightly older proto cuneiform ... proto cuneiform is written in visual hierarchies, Proto Elamite is written in an in line style ..., although the majority are entirely abstract. Proto Elamite was used for a brief period ... corpus The Proto Elamite writing system was used over a very large geographical area, stretching ... consists of some 1600 tablets, the vast majority unearthed at Susa . Proto Elamite tablets ... more details
Proto religion may refer to notions of an Urreligion early stages in the origin of religion in the course of human evolution Paleolithic religion within the context of a reconstructed proto language Proto Indo European religion Proto Semitic religion disambig ... more details
Proto human may refer to Archaic Homo sapiens , a loosely defined term used to describe a number of varieties of Homo Proto Human language , a designation of the hypothetical most recent common ancestor of all the world s languages disambig ... more details
Infobox Automobile name SEAT Proto C image Image Seat Proto C. 6 .jpg 250px SEAT Proto C manufacturer SEAT SEAT, SA parent company Volkswagen Group aka production 1990 assembly predecessor successor class Concept car body style layout platform engine transmission wheelbase length width height weight fuel capacity related designer Giorgetto Giugiaro The SEAT Proto T 1989 , the SEAT Proto C ref cite web url http www.italdesign.com dinamic gallery gallery scheda.php?id 178&num rows 6&family a&data a year 1990 title SEAT Proto C work Italdesign ref 1990 and the SEAT Proto TL ref cite web url http www.italdesign.com dinamic gallery gallery scheda.php?id 172&num rows 6&family a&data a year 1990 title SEAT Proto TL work Italdesign ref 1990 are all concept cars designed for SEAT by Giorgetto Giugiaro s Italdesign . SEAT Proto T 1989 The SEAT Proto T was presented at the Frankfurt Motor Show in 1989. SEAT Proto C 1990 The SEAT Proto C was presented at the Paris Motor Show in 1990. Brakes and tires Driveline Front wheel drive Exterior dimensions and weight Length Width Height mm 3910 x 1670 x 1120 SEAT Proto TL 1990 The SEAT Proto TL was presented at the Geneva Motor Show in 1990. Brakes and tires Driveline Front wheel drive Exterior dimensions and weight Length Width Height mm 4375 x 1715 x 1435 References references SEAT Category Concept automobiles Category SEAT vehicles Proto es SEAT Proto ... more details
Unreferenced date March 2009 Image Proto Motors logo.png right 140px Proto Motors lang ko is a South Korea n sports car manufacturer and coachbuilder. It was established in 1997, and has forged partnerships with Hyundai Motor Company , Kia Motors , and GM Daewoo . It introduced the Spirra a production model of PS ll at the 4th Seoul Motor Show. Presently, the company specializes in redesigning existing models by developing electric car s or convertible s based on them. In 2001, the company custom made a convertible limousine for Cheongwadae , the South Korean presidential residence. Models RT X 1998 PS II 2000 Proto Spirra Spirra 2007 present Kia Carnival Kia Grand Carnival Limousine 2006 present See also Portal Companies List of Korean car makers Spirra 2007 Present External links http www.protomotors.com Proto Motors Homepage KAMA Korean automobile industry Category Motor vehicle manufacturers of South Korea Category Coachbuilders Category Automotive companies of South Korea Category Motor vehicle companies Category Companies established in 1997 auto company stub ast Proto Motors de Protomotors fa fr Proto Motors ko io Proto Motors ms Proto Motors ja fi Proto Motors tr Proto Motors vi C ng ty t Proto ... more details
Proto 87 is a model railroad special interest group founded in 1978 , dedicated to providing a finescale alternative to traditional H0 scale . Due to manufacturing restrictions and considerations such as durability, ease of operation and price, most model railroad products feature significant compromises that inhibit their viability as accurate scale models of their prototypes. The most visible of these are wheels and Rail tracks track , which can be significantly thicker than the prototype. Proto 87 has its own online store that offers various components and kits to help correct these scale inaccuracies, such as kits for assembling accurate, to scale trackwork and Railroad switch switches , finescale wheels for locomotive s and rolling stock , etc. See also Rail transport modelling scales Model railway scales External links http www.proto87.org Proto 87 SIG Official website http www.clubproto87.com Club Proto 87 fr icon http perso.orange.fr proto87.team Proto87 proto87.html Proto 87 International Team fr icon http www.proto87stores.com Proto 87 Stores http www.fremo.org fremo87 Fremo 87 German and English Category Model railroad scales fr Proto mod lisme ferroviaire ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Muschampia proto status image Muschampiaproto.jpg image width 240px image caption Figure of Muschampia proto in Adalbert Seitz Seitz .The underside is shown on the left. regnum Animal ia phylum Arthropod a classis Insect a ordo Lepidoptera familia Hesperiidae subfamilia Pyrginae genus Muschampia species M. proto binomial Muschampia proto binomial authority Ferdinand Ochsenheimer Ochsenheimer , 1816 synonyms The Sage Skipper Muschampia proto is a butterfly of the Hesperiidae family. It is found in Morocco , Algeria , the Iberian Peninsula , southern France , Italy , Sicily , Greece and in Republic of Macedonia Macedonia . The length of the forewings is 14 15 mm, although there are specimens with a forewing length of 15 17 mm in Morocco. Adults are on wing in April, May or even later in one generation. The larvae feed on Phlomis species. External links http www.leps.it indexjs.htm?SpeciesPages MuschProto.htm Leps It http www.lepiforum.de cgi bin lepiwiki.pl?Muschampia Proto Lepiforum http mitglied.lycos.de aneuwald mproto.htm All butterflies of Europe Category Pyrginae Pyrginae stub de Muschampia proto fr Hesp rie de l herbe au vent ... more details
Refimprove date July 2007 Proto industrialisation also spelled proto industrialization is a phase in the development of modern industrial economies that preceded, and created conditions for, the establishment of fully industrial societies. Proto industrialization was marked by the increasing involvement of agrarian families in market oriented craft production, mainly through the putting out system organized by merchant capitalists. Initially using surplus labor available during slow periods of the agricultural seasons, proto industrialization led to specialization in both industrial production as well as commercial agricultural production. This allowed reciprocal trade favored by regional economies of scale . It resulted in accumulation of capital and the acquisition of entrepreneurial skills by merchant capitalists, which facilitated the development of large scale, capital intensive production methods in the full industrialization phase that followed. Proto industrialization sparked social changes in traditional agrarian societies that would become more marked during full industrialization, such as greater independence of women and children who gained a means of income separate from the family subsistence farm . Also see Black Country References Mendels, F.F. 1972. Proto industrialization The first phase of the industrialization process. Journal of Economic History 32 241 261. Hudson, P. 1990. Proto industrialisation. Recent Findings of Research in Economics and Social History 10 1 4. Category Economic development Category Social sciences economics stub de Proto Industrialisierung fr Proto industrie it Protoindustrializzazione nl Proto industrie ... more details
Frank Proto United States American composer and bassist . Proto was born on July 18, 1941, Brooklyn, New York . Double Bass student of Fred Zimmermann and David Walter. Graduate of the Manhattan School of Music 1966 Master of Music . Self taught composer. Proto has played and composed for a wide range of ensembles and soloists including Dave Brubeck , Eddie Daniels , Duke Ellington , Cleo Laine , Sherrill Milnes , Gerry Mulligan , Roberta Peters , Francois Rabbath , Ruggiero Ricci , Doc Severinsen and Richard Stoltzman . Proto worked as a double bassist and composer in residence with the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra from 1966 to 1997. The orchestra premiered over 25 new works including concertos and solo works for Violin, Cello, Double Bass, Clarinet, Trumpet, Tuba and Percussion. He also composed and arranged music for Young People s and Pops concerts including Casey at the Bat an American Folk Tale for Narrator and Orchestra and A Carmen Fantasy for Trumpet and Orchestra. Proto is among the most prolific composers of music for the double bass . His output includes 7 works with orchestra and over 30 solo and chamber music works. He has also composed extensively for the violin , viola and clarinet . His 2007 CD DVD Bridges Eddie Daniels plays the music of Frank Proto consisting of a series of works written for clarinet virtuoso Eddie Daniels was nominated for a Grammy Award . Proto s 30 year collaboration with the French Syrian virtuoso Francois Rabbath has resulted in 5 works for double bass and orchestra. As a solo double bassist Proto has been widely recorded in an ongoing series of his chamber works by Red Mark Records. External links http www.liben.com protocont.html Frank Proto s Web Page http www.liben.com FPList.html Frank Proto s Compositions http www.liben.com Redmark.html 9212 Frank Proto Recordings Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Proto ... DEFAULTSORT Proto, Frank Category 1941 births Category Living people Category 20th century classical ... more details
Infobox football biography 2 playername Silvio Proto image height Height m 1.83 dateofbirth birth date and age df yes 1983 5 23 cityofbirth Charleroi countryofbirth Belgium currentclub R.S.C. Anderlecht Anderlecht clubnumber 1 position Goalkeeper association football Goalkeeper youthyears1 1989 1996 youthclubs1 Couillet youthyears2 1996 1999 youthclubs2 R.O.C. de Charleroi Marchienne Olympic Charleroi years1 1999 2005 clubs1 R.A.A. Louvi roise La Louvi re caps1 115 goals1 0 years2 2005 clubs2 R.S.C. Anderlecht Anderlecht caps2 58 goals2 0 years3 2008 clubs3 K.F.C. Germinal Beerschot Germinal Beerschot loan caps3 29 goals3 1 nationalyears1 2004 nationalteam1 Belgium national football team Belgium nationalcaps1 12 nationalgoals1 0 pcupdate date 2010 04 25 ntupdate date 2009 12 01 Silvio Proto born 23 May 1983 in Charleroi is a Belgium Belgian Association football football Goalkeeper association football goalkeeper who plays for R.S.C. Anderlecht Anderlecht . His other clubs include R.A.C.S. Couillet, R.O.C. de Charleroi Marchienne Olympic Charleroi and R.A.A. Louvi roise La Louvi re . He has also represented the Belgium national football team . On 28 September 2008 he scored his first goal in his career. Opposing supporters had insulted him the whole game, but Proto took revenge in the last minute with a brilliant header. References http www.national football teams.com v2 player.php?id 10042 National Football Teams start box succession box title Belgian professional football awards Belgian Goalkeeper of the Year before Fr d ric Herpoel after Vedran Runje years 2005 end box Anderlecht Squad Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Proto, Silvio ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT ... PLACE OF DEATH dmy date December 2010 DEFAULTSORT Proto, Silvio Category 1983 births Category Living ... goalkeepers who have scored Belgium footy goalkeeper stub de Silvio Proto es Silvio Proto fr Silvio Proto it Silvio Proto nl Silvio Proto pl Silvio Proto pt Silvio Proto ... more details
File Proto celadon Zun wine vessel Shang period 16 to 11th century BCE.jpg thumb Proto celadon Zun wine vessel, Shang Dynasty Shang period, 16 11th century BCE. Proto celadon Chinese , also was a type of Chinese ceramic which developed during the Shang period and Western Han periods. It is often qualified as proto porcelain , and was usually adorned with a light yellowish green glaze. ref name Kelun http books.google.com books?id zOEfZtcSaFEC&pg PA3 Chinese porcelain art, elegance, and appreciation By Chen Kelun p.3 ff ref Proto celadon File Proto celadon jar with ears and vertical stripes Warring States period 475BCE 211BCE.jpg thumb left Proto celadon jar with ears and vertical stripes, Warring States period, 475 211 BCE. The body of proto celadon was made of porcelain clay, with an iron content below 3 . ref name SM Shanghai Museum permanent exhibit ref Firing temperature was around 1200 degreed Celsius. Surface treatment consisted in a lime glaze. ref name SM The type of objects manufactured in proto celadon were similar to the objects manufactured in bronze . ref name Kelun During the Shang and Zhou periods, proto celadon was mainly produced in the areas south of the Yangtze river . ref name SM Following this period, production greatly improved in quantity and quality. ref name SM Inception of true celadon File Celadon lion shaped Bixie Western Jin period 265 317CE.jpg thumb Celadon lion shaped Bixie Chinese , Western Jin period, 265 317 CE. From the Eastern Han period, true celadon ware Chinese started to appear, with production focused on the Zhejiang Province . ref name Kelun Although still following the shapes and patterns of proto celadon wares, these advances now represented the characteristics of true porcelain, with refined and pure clays and correct firing temperatures. ref name Kelun These advances would be followed by those of the Yue ware , and the blooming of celadon production from the period of the Song dynasty . ref name Kelun gallery ... more details
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