ProtoAlgonquian commonly abbreviated PA is the name given to the protolanguage from which the various ... Language Category Algonquian languages Category Algic languages Category Proto languages Algonquian ... Algic languages Algic language family , is usually divided into three subgroups Eastern Algonquian ... are Sprachbund areal groupings. ProtoAlgonquian is one of the best studied proto languages, particularly ... thumb right 300px Approximate homeland of the ProtoAlgonquian people, c. 1200 BC, according to Frank ... protolanguage was undertaken by the linguists Truman Michelson and Leonard Bloomfield . In 1925 ... the four best attested Algonquian languages Fox language Fox , Ojibwe language Ojibwe , Menominee language ... Central Algonquian was essentially equivalent to ProtoAlgonquian. ref Bloomfield 1946 85 86 ref ... the starting point for all research and reconstructions of ProtoAlgonquian. ref name th06pp190 ... cognate s existed, holds that ProtoAlgonquian was spoken between Georgian Bay, Ontario Georgian ... Vowels ProtoAlgonquian had four basic vowels, i , e , a , o , each of which had a Vowel length ... concludes that an independent phoneme o is of no great antiquity in ProtoAlgonquian , ref name g79p75 ... that PA i is probably also of recent origin , derived from earlier pre ProtoAlgonquian ye sequences ... merged with the reflex of r in all Algonquian languages except for Cree language Cree and the Arapahoan ... of ProtoAlgonquian. David Pentland, for example, argues that Ojibwe oshtigwaan , the only form requiring ... Proto Algic compare Wiyot language Wiyot du h kw dut kw my louse . ref Campbell & Poser 2008 178 ... 1946 93 ref Grammar ref improve section date November 2011 ProtoAlgonquian nouns had an Animacy animate ... on the Shape of ProtoAlgonquian Nouns journal International Journal of American Linguistics IJAL ... Leonard Bloomfield year 1925 title On the Sound System of Central Algonquian journal Language journal ... aut Pentland, David H. year 1977 title ProtoAlgonquian t journal International Journal of American ... more details
Algonquianlanguage may refer to Algonquian languages Algonqu ian languages , language sub family indigenous to North America Algonquin language Algonqu in language , the particular Algonqu ian language spoken by certain First Nations people of Canada disambig ... more details
of language File ABB.svg thumb 300px Tree model of historical linguistics. The proto languages stand at the branch points, or nodes. A protolanguage sometimes known as parent language in the tree model of historical linguistics is the common ancestor of the language s that form a language family . Occasionally, the German language German term Ursprache from Ur primordial and Sprache language , IPA de u . p a .x pron is used instead. Often the protolanguage is not known directly. In such cases, it may be linguistic reconstruction reconstructed by comparing different members of the language ... protolanguage was August Schleicher he did so for Proto Indo European languageProto Indo European in 1861. ref harvnb Lehmann 1993 p 26 . ref Proto X vs. Pre X Normally, the term Proto X refers ... of Proto Indo European languageProto Indo European and Pre Indo European likewise for Proto Germanic languageProto Germanic and Pre Germanic . As Pre X is sometimes also used for a postulated substratum ... Proto English and others using Pre X e.g. Pre English . The case of Irish language Irish is somewhat ... linguistics Proto Human language References reflist Bibliography More footnotes date June 2011 ... nn Urspr k pl Praj zyk pt Protol ngua rmy Angluni chhib ru simple Protolanguage sk Prajazyk ... of the linguists working on it. Some of the many unattested proto languages for which reconstructions have been devised are Proto Indo European languageProto Indo European , Proto Uralic languageProto Uralic , and Proto Dravidian languageProto Dravidian . In other cases, the protolanguage is attested language attested in surviving texts. For example, Latin is the protolanguage of the Romance languages Romance language family, which includes such modern languages as French, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian and Spanish. Likewise, Proto Norse , the ancestor of the modern North Germanic ... the comparative method . An earlier stage of the same language, reconstructed through the method ... more details
Infobox language name Carolina Algonquian nativename Pamlico states United States region North Carolina speakers extinct familycolor Algic fam1 Algic languages Algic fam2 Algonquian languages Algonquian fam3 Eastern Algonquian languages Eastern Algonquian lc1 crr ld1 Carolina Algonquian ll1 none lc2 pmk ld2 Pamlico ll2 none Carolina Algonquian also known as Pamlico is an extinct Algonquian languages Algonquianlanguage of the Eastern Algonquian languages Eastern Algonquian subgroup formerly spoken ... . 15th edition. Dallas Summer Institute of Linguistics. ref The Carolina Algonquianlanguage is now extinct. However, a number of Algonquian loan words have survived by being absorbed into the English language . Among them are moccasin , moose , opossum , papoose , pecan , raccoon , skunk , wikt ... the Carolina Algonquianlanguage., ref Milton, p.70 ref using a phonetic alphabet of his own ... Distribution of Carolina Algonquian speaking peoples The Carolina Algonquianlanguage is now extinct, and the communities in which it flourished are gone. However, a number of Algonquian loan words have survived by being absorbed into the English language . Among them are moccasin , moose , opossum ... 150px Thomas Harriot translated and learned the Algonkin language from Wanchese and Manteo. In 1584 ... Roanoke Indians Carolina Algonkian forms a part of the same language group as Powhatan language Powhatan or Virginia Algonquian , a similarly extinct language of the Eastern Algonquian languages Eastern Algonquian subgroup of the Algonquian languages Algonquianlanguage family, itself a member of the Algic languages Algic language family. Powhatan was spoken by the Powhatan people of tidewater Virginia ... Dasamongueponke Powhatan language Pamlico Secotan Notes Reflist 2 References cite book author Campbell ... Language Family Surveys. Cambridge Cambridge University Press. Frank Siebert. 1975. Resurrecting Virginia Algonquian from the dead The reconstituted and historical phonology of Powhatan, Studies ... more details
Proto Eskimo was the ancestor of all the Eskimo Aleut languages Eskimo languages . A linguistic reconstruction reconstruction of the Proto Eskimo sound system can be found in Fortescue et al. 1994 xi. References Fortescue, Michael, Steven Jacobson, and Lawrence Kaplan. 1994. Comparative Eskimo Dictionary with Aleut Cognates. Alaska Native Language Center. See also Proto Eskimo Aleut language Eskimo Aleut languages DEFAULTSORT Proto Eskimo Language Category Agglutinative languages Category Proto languages Eskimo Category Eskimo Aleut languages lang stub ... more details
Proto Nahuan is the hypothetical daughter language of the Proto Uto Aztecan language which is the common ancestor from which the modern Nahuatl Nahuan languages have developed. Some phonological changes shared by all Nahuan languages are cellpadding 4 cellspacing 0 style margin 1em auto 1em auto style background efefef Proto Uto Aztecan t becomes Proto Nahuan lateral affricate IPA t before Proto Uto Aztecan a ref Dakin 1982 , pp. 25, 67 8 ref PUA ta ka man becomes PN tla ka tla man Proto Uto Aztecan initial p is lost in Proto Nahuan. ref Voegelin, Voegelin & Hale 1962 ref PUA pahi water becomes PN a tla water Proto Uto Aztecan u merges with i into Proto Nahuan i ref Langacker 1977 , p. 23 ref PUA muki to die becomes PN miki to die Proto Uto Aztecan sibilants ts and s split into ts, ch and s, IPA respectively. ref Dakin 1982 , p. 51 62 ref Proto Uto Aztecan fifth vowel reconstructed as IPA or IPA merged with e into Proto Nahuan e ref Langacker 1977 , p. 23 ref PUA IPA n mi to walk becomes PN nemi to live, to walk a large number of Metathesis linguistics metatheses in which Proto Uto Aztecan roots of the shape CVCV have become VCCV. ref Dakin 1982 , p. 62 3 ref PUA pu li to tie becomes PN ilpi to tie Morphology The hypothetical Proto Nahuan is hypothetically an agglutinative language, where words use suffix complexes for a variety of purposes with several morpheme s strung together. notes reflist 2 DEFAULTSORT Nahuan, Proto Nahuan, Language Category Agglutinative languages Category Uto Aztecan languages Category Proto languages Uto Aztecan na lang stub ... more details
The Proto Malayo Polynesian language is the linguistic reconstruction reconstructed ancestor of the Malayo Polynesian languages , which is by far the largest branch of the Austronesian languages Austronesian language family . Proto Malayo Polynesian is ancestral to all Austronesian languages spoken outside Taiwan , with the possible exception of the Tai Kadai languages if the hypothesis that Tai Kadai is descended from proto Austronesian but not from Malayo Polynesian is true see Austro Tai languages . See also Proto Austronesian language External links http language.psy.auckland.ac.nz austronesian language.php?id 269 http www.webcitation.org query?url http www.geocities.com Tokyo 8908 firemount austroframes.html&date 2009 10 25 11 31 10 Category Austronesian languages Category Proto languages Malayo Polynesian Au lang stub ... more details
Proto Eskimo Aleut was the common ancestor of the Eskimo Aleut languages Eskimo languages and Aleut language Aleut . Its existence is known through similarities in Eskimo and Aleut. The existence of Proto Eskimo Aleut is generally accepted among linguistics linguists . It was for a long time true that no linguistic reconstruction of Proto Eskimo Aleut had yet been produced, as stated by Allan R. Bomhard Bomhard 2008 209 . Such a reconstruction was offered by Knut Bergsland in 1986. Michael Fortescue 1998 124 125 has offered another version of this system, largely based on the reconstruction of Proto Eskimo languageProto Eskimo in the Comparative Eskimo Dictionary he co authored with Steven Jacobson and Lawrence Kaplan 1994 xi . Possible relation to other language families There are no generally accepted relations between Proto Eskimo Aleut and other language families. A substantial case for a genetic relationship between Proto Eskimo Aleut and several languages of northern Eurasia was published by Michael Fortescue in 1998 in Language Relations across Bering Strait see Uralo Siberian languages . References Knut Bergsland Bergsland, Knut . 1986. Comparative Eskimo Aleut phonology and lexicon. Journal de la Soci t finno ougrienne 80 63 137. Bomhard, Allan R. 2008. Reconstructing Proto Nostratic Comparative Phonology, Morphology, and Vocabulary , 2 volumes. Leiden Brill. Fortescue, Michael, Steven Jacobson, and Lawrence Kaplan. 1994. Comparative Eskimo Dictionary with Aleut Cognates. Alaska Native Language Center. Fortescue, Michael. 1998. Language Relations across Bering Strait Reappraising the Archaeological and Linguistic Evidence. London and New York Cassell. Eskimo Aleut languages Category Proto languages Eskimo Aleut Category Eskimo Aleut languages lang stub ... more details
No footnotes date June 2011 The Proto Turkic language is the Protolanguage historical linguistics protolanguage of the family of Turkic languages that predates the separation of the Turkic peoples and separation into Oguz and Ogur branches. The Oghur languages Ogur languages are characterized by sound correspondences such as Oguric r versus Common Turkic z Proto Turkic and Oguric l versus Common Turkic Proto Turkic . Oguric is sometimes referred to as Lir Turkic and Common Turkic as Shaz Turkic . Proto Turkic itself descended from Proto Altaic. The glottochronological reconstruction based on analysis of isoglosses and Sinicisms points to the timing of the r split at around 56 BCE 48 ... xronol tu.pdf In Russian ref The oldest records of a Turkic language, the Old Turkic language Old ... Turkic languages Eastern branch of Turkic, and reconstruction of Proto Turkic must rely on comparisons ... languages Kypchak , as well as the Oghur languages Oghur branch Bulgar language Bulgar , Chuvash language Chuvash , Hunnic language Hunnic , Khazar language Khazar , Turkic Avar . Since attestation of these non Eastern languages is much more sparse, reconstruction of Proto Turkic still rests fundamentally on East Old Turkic of the G kt rks. Proto Turkic exhibited vowel harmony , a feature sometimes also ascribed to Proto Altaic , distinguishing vowel qualities e, i, o, u vs. , , , besides ... s fortis vs. lenis , k, p, t vs. g, b, d , with verb initial b becoming h still in Proto Turkic ... and have been claimed to be direct inheritances from Proto Altaic . Notes reflist References Gyula ... 1998 , Language journal Language 2000 , 473 474. Gerard Clauson , Etymological dictionary of pre ... Tas, The Reconstruction of Proto Turkic and the Genetic Question , in L. Johanson, The Turkic Languages , Routledge Language Family Descriptions, Routledge 1998 , ISBN 0415082005, pp. 67 80. Turkic ... Category Proto languages bg ru ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2006 Proto Iranian , is the Linguistic reconstruction reconstructed protolanguage of the Iranian languages branch of Indo European language family, and as such, the ancestor of the Iranian languages such as Persian language Persian , Sogdian language Sogdian , Zazaki , Mazandarani language Mazandarani , Kurdish language Kurdish and others. Its speakers, the hypothetical Proto Iranians , are assumed to have lived in the early 2nd millennium BC , and are usually connected with the Proto Indo Iranians and early Andronovo archaeological horizon. Proto Iranian was a Satem language descended from the Proto Indo Iranian language, which in turn came from the Proto Indo European language . It was likely removed less than a millennium from the Avestan language, and less than two millennia from PIE. Proto Indo European and Indo Iranian Phonological Correspondences class wikitable IPA border 1 colspan 2 Proto Indo European language PIE Avestan language Av PIE Av p p p h? sub a sub ter father pi tar father b b b r h sub a sub ter brother b ratar brother t t t uh sub x sub m thou t v?m thou d d d oru wood d ar wood d d d oh sub x sub neh sub a sub grain d ana grain k s d k m? ten da s a ten g z g nu knee z anu knee g z g im s cold z ?maka winterstorm k x c kr uh sub a sub r s bloody x rura bloody g g z h sub a sub u g es strength ao j ah strength g g z dl?h sub x sub g s long dar? g a long k k c k s who k o who g g j g ou cow g au cow class wikitable Proto Indo Iranian Avestan language Avestan ref name Skjaervo cite book title An Introduction to Young Avestan year 2003 last Skj rv first Prods Oktor pages Glossary url http www.fas.harvard.edu iranian Avesta index.html ref Old Persian Vedic Sanskrit a va horse aspa asa native word ref name Fortson cite book title Indo European language and Culture An Introduction year 2004 last Fortson ... Category Proto languages Iranian fa ... more details
Infobox language name Proto Norse nativename pronunciation region Scandinavia era evolved into Old Norse ... languages North Germanic script Elder Futhark notice IPA Proto Norse also Proto Scandinavian , Primitive Norse , Proto Nordic , Ancient Nordic , Old Scandinavian , Proto North Germanic and North Proto Germanic was an Indo European languages Indo European language spoken in Scandinavia that is thought to have evolved as a northern dialect of Proto Germanic languageProto Germanic over the first ... Germanic languageProto Germanic are rather small, though substantial, as several hundred years separate these language stages. Separating Proto Norse from Northwest Germanic can be said to be a matter ... von Krause, for one, sees the language of the runic inscriptions of the Proto Norse period ... Proto Norse Language Category Proto languages Norse Category North Germanic languages Category Proto ... language, and the language Attested language attested in the oldest Scandinavian Elder Futhark inscriptions ... Germanic Iron Age . It evolved into the dialects of the Old Norse Old Norse language at the beginning ... syllable. Several scholars have proposed that Proto Norse also had a separate pitch accent , which was inherited from Proto Indo European languageProto Indo European and has evolved into the tonal accent s of modern Swedish language Swedish and Norwegian language Norwegian , which in turn have involved into the st d of modern Danish language Danish . ref Kock, Axel, 1901 Die alt und neuschwedische ... advanced theory is that each Proto Norse long syllable and every other short syllable received .... I Nordlyd Troms University Working Papers on Language and Linguistics 3. 61 77. ref ref hman ... Consonants Stops Proto Norse had the same six stops as had Old Norse. When one of the voiced stops ... has been used for z by texts transcribing Proto Norse inscriptions . multicol Nasals n IPA n m IPA ... z above. multicol end Sources attesting Proto Norse Runic inscriptions Image Einangsteinen inscription2.jpg ... more details
Proto Dravidian is the protolanguage of the Dravidian languages . It is thought to have differentiated into Proto North Dravidian, Proto Central Dravidian and Proto South Dravidian around 500 BC, Citation needed date July 2011 although some linguists Who date July 2011 have argued that the degree of differentiation between the sub families points to an earlier split. As a protolanguage, Proto Dravidian has been reconstructed and is not itself found in the historical record. Due to a dearth of comparative linguistics comparative linguistic research in Dravidian studies , Dubious date July 2011 not many details as to the grammar, epoch, or location of Proto Dravidian are known. ref cite news url http www.hindu.com fline fl2022 stories 20031107000807300.htm location Chennai, India work The Hindu ... July 2011 Reconstructed language Historical phonology Vowels Proto Dravidian contrasted between five ... year 1984 isbn 978 0198643265 Tamil language Category Dravidian languages Category Proto languages Dravidian Category Pre Indo Europeans fr Proto dravidien hi ... Methodology publisher Walter de Gruyter year 1990 isbn 3110119080 page 342 ref Consonants Proto Dravidian ... r . The stop sound is retained in Kota language Kota and Toda language Toda Subrahmanyam 1983 . Malayalam language Malayalam still retains the original alveolar stop sound in gemination. ibid . In Old ... before Unicode k in Proto Dravidian as in many of its daughter languages . Therefore it is not considered a separate phoneme in Proto Dravidian. However, it attained phonemic status in languages like Malayalam, Gondi language Gondi , Konda language Konda and Pengo language Pengo due to the simplification ... discredited in academic circles the geographically isolated language Brahui language Brahui ... language Tamil and Sanskrit , spent many decades studying the IVC script said in an interview in 1998 ..., this means that the language of the pre Rigvedic Indus civilization, at least in the Punjab region ... more details
Infobox language name Proto Kra nativename region Southern China , br Northern Vietnam era familycolor Tai Kadai notice IPA The Proto Kra language is the linguistic reconstruction reconstructed ancestor of the Kra languages . It was reconstructed in 2000 by Weera Ostapirat in his Ph.D. dissertation. Lower level reconstructions Ostapirat 2000 provided preliminary phonological reconstructions for several lower level groupings before attempting a reconstruction of Proto Kra. Proto Kra Proto South Western Kra Proto Western Kra Gelao, Lachi Proto Southern Kra Laha Proto Central East Kra Proto Central Kra Paha Proto Eastern Kra Buyang, Qabiao Phonology Consonants Proto Kra has a total of 32 consonants ... colspan 2 IPA o align center colspan 2 Open vowel Open colspan 2 colspan 2 IPA a colspan 2 Proto Kra has 4 diphthong s, which are not found in closed syllable s. ai a ui au Tones Proto Kra had an A B C D tonal system typical of other Tai Kadai languages see Proto Tai language Tones . The tonal ... medium short medium See also Proto Tai languageProto Hlai languageProto Austronesian language Austro ... Proto Kra Consonants colspan 2 Labial consonant Labial colspan 2 Alveolar consonant Alveolar ... consonant Rhotic colspan 2 colspan 2 r colspan 2 colspan 2 colspan 2 colspan 2 colspan 2 Vowels Proto ... style text align center width 30 Proto Kra Vowels colspan 2 Height colspan 2 Front vowel Front colspan ... in all Kra languages except for Qabiao language Qabiao . C C is usually accompanied by glottal constriction ... s. The following table of phonetic characteristics of Proto Kra tones was adapted from Ostapirat 2000 237 . class wikitable Proto Kra Tonal Characteristics align center A B C D align center Type of final ... Proto Kra . Linguistics of the Tibeto Burman Area 23 1 1 251. External links http language.psy.auckland.ac.nz austronesian language.php?id 690 ABVD Proto Kra word list Tai Kadai languages Category Kra languages Category Proto languages Kra ... more details
Infobox language name Proto Hlai nativename region Hainan , China era familycolor Tai Kadai fam2 Hlai languages Hlai notice IPA The Proto Hlai language is the linguistic reconstruction reconstructed ancestor of the Hlai languages . Proto Hlai reconstructions include those of Matisoff 1988 , Thurgood 1991 , Ostapirat 2004 , and Norquest 2007 . Phonology Peter K. Norquest reconstructs a total of 32 Proto Hlai consonants Norquest 2007 135 , although Weera Ostapirat reconstructs only 19 proto consonants Ostapirat 2007 145 . class wikitable IPA Proto Hlai Consonants br Norquest 2007 colspan 2 Labial ... about the Pre Hlai language as reconstructed by Norquest 2007 , Proto Tai languageProto Southern Kradai . The transition from Proto Tai languageProto Southern Kradai Pre Hlai the predecessor of the Proto Hlai language ancestral to both Hlai language Hlai and Jiamao language Jiamao to Proto ... in Kadai and SE Asian Linguistics III 1 49. See also Proto Tai languageProto Kra languageProto ... reconstruction, Proto Hlai forms can be both monosyllabic and disyllabic. Some disyllabic forms have ... below, proto Hlai consonants marked as green can occur at the end of syllables. class wikitable IPA Proto Hlai Consonants br Ostapirat 2004 colspan 2 Labial consonant Labial colspan 2 Labiodental ... 2 There is a total of 4 5 Proto Hlai vowels in Norquest s reconstruction Norquest 2007 238 . Ostapirat ... center style text align center width 30 Proto Hlai Vowels colspan 2 Height colspan 2 Front vowel Front ... 2 There are 7 possible closed Syllable rime rime s in Norquest s reconstruction of Proto Hlai, not counting ... Pre Hlai, which was sesquisyllabic, was reduced to monosyllabic forms in Proto Hlai. Stop and Fricative ... affrication After evolving from Pre Hlai, Proto Hlai initials went through 4 main types of sound ..., etc. After the breakup of Proto Hlai, the following sound changes occurred in various Hlai branches ... 32 84 3284367.html A Phonological Reconstruction of Proto Hlai . Ph.D. dissertation ... more details
The Proto Austronesian language is the linguistic reconstruction reconstructed ancestor of the Austronesian languages , one of the world s major language family language families . However, Ross 2009 ref name Ross2009 Ross, Malcolm. 2009. Proto Austronesian verbal morphology A reappraisal. In Alexander ... have also been made, and include Proto Malayo Polynesian languageProto Malayo Polynesian , Proto Oceanic languageProto Oceanic , and Proto Polynesian languageProto Polynesian . Recently, linguists ... sub d sub 3 sub is only reconstructable for the Formosan language groups Amis, Proto Puyuma and Proto ... transitioned to Proto Malayo Polynesian languageProto Malayo Polynesian , Proto Oceanic languageProto Oceanic , and Proto Polynesian languageProto Polynesian , the phonemic inventories were continually ... languageProto Oceanic to Proto Polynesian languageProto Polynesian transition. Thus, Proto Austronesian ... only consonants. This is a sharp reduction from the 25 consonants of the Proto Austronesian language ... as well. ref c 03 ah Proto Oceanic languageProto Oceanic merged even more phonemes. This is why modern ... Proto Oceanic languageProto Oceanic t k in Hawaiian, Samoan, and Luanguia ref Blust, R.A. 2004 ... Polynesian languageProto Polynesian l and r g in Rennellese Proto Oceanic languageProto Oceanic w ... present in the Proto Austronesian language. Unlike Proto Austronesian, however, Proto Oceanic syntax ... language of Taiwan. ref name Blust09 class wikitable style margin auto width 50 Proto Austronesian ... verbs in Proto Austronesian. In the Ilokano language , CV reduplication is used to pluralize ... 04 lima c 05 lima The Proto Austronesian language had different sets of numerals for non humans set ... out pu cluster, bunch ta data flat area refend See also Proto Malayo Polynesian languageProto Oceanic languageProto Polynesian language Austronesian personal pronouns Austronesian alignment Proto Mon Khmer languageProto Tibeto Burman languageProto Hmong Mien language Wiktionary Appendix ... more details
Refimprove date November 2008 Proto Polynesian , abbreviated PPN , is the hypothetical protolanguage ... have reconstructed the language using the comparative method , in much the same manner as with Proto Indo European languageProto Indo European and Proto Uralic languageProto Uralic . This same method ... l rowspan 2 Niuean language Niuean ? h l Proto Nuclear Polynesian w rowspan 5 s rowspan 14 rowspan 3 colspan 2 l Samoan language S moan rowspan 5 v Futunan East Futunan rowspan 8 k Tikopia language Tikopian colspan 2 Nukuoro language Nukuoroan h colspan 2 l Rapa Nui language Rapa Nui v h h colspan 2 Proto Eastern Polynesian rowspan 8 f w h colspan 2 l MVA, Cook Islands Maori Rarotongan ? v v colspan 2 Tuamotuan language Tuamotuan f h v v rowspan 6 h colspan 2 M ori language M ori wh h w colspan 2 Tahitian language Tahitian f v h v colspan 2 North Marquesan language N. Marquesan k h v k colspan 2 South Marquesan language S. Marquesan f h v n colspan 2 Hawaiian language Hawaiian k h w w n colspan 2 l Vocabulary The following is a table ... vocabulary Proto Polynesian Tongan language Tongan Niuean language Niuean Samoan language S moan Rapa Nui language Rapa Nui Tahitian language Tahitian M ori language M ori Cook Islands Maori Rarotongan South Marquesan language S. Marquesan Hawaiian language Hawaiian English language English ta ata ... homeland of the people who spoke Proto Polynesian was in the vicinity of Tonga, Samoa, and nearby ... pages 99 119 coauthors Roger Green ref Phonology The phonology of Proto Polynesian is very simple ... h Trill consonant Trill IPA r Lateral consonant Lateral IPA l Semivowel Glide IPA w Vowels Proto Polynesian ... pages 31 ref Sound correspondences class wikitable style text align center Proto Polynesian width ... 30 n width 30 width 30 l width 30 r Tongan language Tongan rowspan 17 p rowspan 16 t rowspan 4 .... ref cite last Hockett first C.K. title The Reconstruction of Proto Central Pacific journal Anthropological ... more details
Infobox language name Proto Hmong Mien region Ancient China familycolor Hmong Mien family Ancestor of the Hmong Mien languages iso3 none map Hmong mien languages.jpg mapcaption Hmongic languages in red, Mienic languages in purple The Proto Hmong Mien language is the protolanguage reconstructed ancestor of the Hmong Mien languages . Lower level reconstructions include Proto Hmongic and Proto Mienic. Phonology Martha Ratliff s 2010 reconstruction contains the following phonemic inventory. 51 54 consonants including pre glottalized and pre nasalized consonants 9 vowels 7 diphthongs 11 nasal rimes Medial consonants are j , l , and r . Proto Hmong Mien had the following syllable structure Ratliff 2010 10 quote C &thinsp C&thinsp IPA j w l &thinsp i u &thinsp V &thinsp V&thinsp C&thinsp C sup T sup Vocabulary Below are some reconstructed words roughly belonging to the semantic domains of agriculture and subsistence Ratliff 2004 Greenhill et. al. 2008 Starling 1998 . Terms for domesticated animals and non rice crops are usually shared with Chinese, while vocabulary relating hunting, rice crops, and local plants and animals are usually not shared with Chinese. class wikitable Proto br Hmong Mien Proto Hmongic Old Chinese English ntshu C1 lha elephant len A1 w h an monkey geu B2 krun river deer t o B1 hl tiger Gl n B2 sh Chinese onion Nqa n A1 mr Imperata cylindrica ... accessdate 2011 04 09 multiple entries DEFAULTSORT Proto Hmong Mien Language Category Hmong Mien languages Category Proto languages Hmong Mien ... Silkworm Books Manuscript. cite book last Ratliff first Martha year 2010 title Hmong Mien language ... austronesian language.php?id 739 work Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database title Proto Hmong ... austronesian language.php?id 746 work Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database title Proto Hmongic ... language.php?id 747 work Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database title Proto Mienic word ... more details
The Proto Kartvelian language , or Common Kartvelian , is the hypothesis hypothetical common ancestor ... we one that includes the listener and one that does not . This has survived in Svan language Svan but not in the other languages. Svan also includes a number of archaisms from the Proto Kartvelian era, and therefore it is thought that Svan broke off from Proto Kartvelian at a relatively early stage the later Proto Kartvelian stage called Karto Zan languages Karto Zan split into Georgian language ... Berlin Notes reflist DEFAULTSORT Kartvelian, Proto, Language Category Agglutinative languages Category Proto languages Kartvelian language Category Kartvelian languages Proto Kartvelian language es ... peoples . The existence of such a language is widely accepted by specialists in linguistics, who have reconstructed a broad outline of the language by comparing the existing Kartvelian languages against each other. ref name Britannica Britannica ref Influences See also Proto Indo European language The ablaut patterns of Proto Kartvelian are highly similar to those of the Indo European languages , and so it is widely thought that Proto Kartvelian interacted with Indo European at a relatively early date. This is reinforced by a fairly large number of words borrowed from Indo European, such as the Proto ... kerd heart . ref name Britannica Relation to descendants The modern descendants of Proto Kartvelian are Georgian language Georgian , Mingrelian language Mingrelian , Laz language Laz , and Svan language Svan . Of these, Mingrelian and Laz are often considered dialects of a single language, called ... of Proto Kartvelian were better preserved in Georgian and particularly Svan than in either Mingrelian ... element. ref name Britannica The system of pronoun s of Proto Kartvelian is distinct on account ... style text align center Proto Kartvelian vowels ref Gamkrelidze & Machavariani 1965 ref ref Klimov ... IPA o IPA IPA Open vowel Open a IPA IPA Consonants class wikitable IPA Proto Kartvelian ... more details
Infobox language name Proto Tai nativename region Southern China , Laos , Burma , Thailand , India era familycolor Tai Kadai fam2 Tai languages Tai notice IPA Proto Tai is the linguistic reconstruction reconstructed common ancestor protolanguage of all the Tai languages , including modern Lao language Lao , Shan language Shan , Lu language Lu , Tai Dam language Tai Dam , Northern Thai language Northern Thai , Thai language Thai , Buyei language Bouyei , and Standard Zhuang Zhuang . The Proto Tai language is not directly attested by any surviving texts but has been linguistic reconstruction reconstructed ... of Proto Southern Kradai, which is ancestral to the Hlai languages , Ong Be language , and Tai ... structure Unlike its modern day monosyllabic descendants, Proto Tai was a sesquisyllabic language Pittayaporn ... subject verb object word order like Chinese language Chinese and all modern day Tai languages . Proto ... Tai languages Pittayaporn 2009 . See also Proto Kra languageProto Hlai languageProto Austronesian ... reconstruction of Proto Tai Pittayaporn 2009 70 . Unlike Li s system, Pittayaporn s Proto Tai ... Tai languages i.e., after Proto Tai split up into different languages . Pittayaporn s system ... wikitable Proto Tai Consonants br Pittayaporn 2009 colspan 2 colspan 2 Labial consonant Labial colspan ... 2 colspan 2 colspan 2 Pittayaporn s Proto Tai reconstructed consonantal syllable coda s also include l, c, and possibly , which are not included in most prior reconstructions of Proto Tai Pittayaporn ... . class wikitable Proto Tai Consonantal Syllabic Codas br Pittayaporn 2009 colspan 2 Labial consonant ... clusters Pittayaporn 2009 reconstructs two types of complex syllable onset onsets for Proto Tai Tautosyllabic ... modern Tai language. br clear all Tautosyllabic consonant clusters from Pittayaporn 2009 139 are given below, some of which have the medials r , l , and w . class wikitable Proto Tai Consonant Clusters ... 2 colspan 2 rw , rw colspan 2 colspan 2 colspan 2 Pittayaporn s Proto Tai reconstruction also ... more details
Refimprove date February 2009 The Proto Greek language is the assumed last common ancestor of all known varieties of Greek language Greek , including Mycenaean Greek language Mycenaean , the ancient Greek ... and Vedic Sanskrit suggest that both Proto Greek and Proto Indo Iranian languageProto Indo Iranian were still quite similar to either late Proto Indo European languageProto Indo European , which would place the latter somewhere in the late 4th millennium BC , or a post PIE Graeco Aryan protolanguage ... of the Greek language 310 Phonology File Proto Greek Area reconstruction.png 300px thumb A reconstruction ... it had already become a Centum language . Proto Greek changes The primary sound changes separating Proto Greek from the Proto Indo European language included Debuccalization of s to h in the inter and pre ... little more than a free sentence particle meaning previously in the protolanguage, that may ... Greek into Proto Greek. His reconstruction was ignorant of Mycenaean language Mycenaean and assumes ... as a variant in some dialects Mycenaean, Arcadian, Aeolic . See also Protolanguage Greeks Hellenes Ancient Macedonian language Paleo Balkan languages Pre Greek substrate Proto Indo European language ... Greek language periods DEFAULTSORT Proto Greek Language Category Varieties of Greek Category Proto languages ... Byzantine and modern Greek . Some scholars would include the fragmentary ancient Macedonian language , either as descended from an earlier Proto Hellenic language, or by definition including it among the descendants of Proto Greek as a Hellenic languages Hellenic language and or a Greek dialect. ref http multitree.org trees Indo European 20Composite 730997 ref Proto Greek would have been spoken in the late 3rd millennium BC , most probably in the Balkans . The unity of Proto Greek would have ended as Greeks Hellenic migrants, speaking the predecessor of the Mycenaean language , entered the Geography .... The evolution of Proto Greek should be considered with the background of an early Paleo Balkan ... more details
Infobox language name Proto Mon Khmer era familycolor Austro Asiatic region Southeast Asia notice IPA The Proto Mon Khmer language is the linguistic reconstruction reconstructed ancestor of the Mon Khmer languages , which is a primary branch of the Austro Asiatic languages Austro Asiatic language family . Much work has been done on the reconstruction of Proto Mon Khmer in Harry L. Shorto s Mon Khmer Comparative Dictionary . However, very little work has been done on Proto Austro Asiatic itself, since the Munda languages are not well documented. If Mon Khmer is not a valid taxon, as some recent classifications would have it, then Proto Mon Khmer becomes synonymous with Proto Austro Asiatic. Sidwell 2007, 2009 suggests that the likely homeland of Austro Asiatic Mon Khmer is near central Vietnam, and that the family is not as old as frequently assumed. Phonology Proto Mon Khmer has a total of 21 ... Proto Mon Khmer Language Category Austro Asiatic languages Category Mon Khmer languages Category Proto ... 2006 . class wikitable style margin auto align center caption Proto Mon Khmer Consonants colspan ... colspan 2 colspan 2 colspan 2 s colspan 2 colspan 2 h h Proto Mon Khmer is rich in vowel s. The vowels ... auto align center style text align center width 50 caption Proto Mon Khmer Vowels colspan 2 Height ... languages Khmuic and Aslian languages Aslian . On the other hand, Vietnamese language Vietnamese morphology is far more similar to that of Chinese language Chinese and the Tai languages and has lost many morphological features found in Proto Mon Khmer. The following Proto Mon Khmer affixes, which ... section date November 2010 Like the Tai languages , Proto Mon Khmer has an SVO , or verb medial, order. Proto Mon Khmer also makes use of classifier linguistics noun classifiers and serial verb construction ... Linguistics. ISBN 0 85883 570 3. Sidwell, Paul. 2008. Issues in the morphological reconstruction of Proto Mon Khmer. In Bowern, Claire, et. al eds . Morphology and language history in honour of Harold ... more details
Proto Berber is the reconstructed protolanguage from which the modern Berber languages stem. Proto Berber was an Afroasiatic language, and its descendants the Berber languages are sisters to the Egyptian language , Cushitic languages , Semitic languages , Chadic languages , and the Omotic languages . ref Harvcoltxt Allati 2002 p 3 ref History Proto Berber is a very different language from all other ... the Central Atlas Tamazight dialect of the Zayanes Izayan , Nafusi, and Siwi language Siwi . Proto ... BerberKin.pdf Proto BerberKin.pdf 23.8 KB Berber languages DEFAULTSORT Proto Berber Language Category Berber languages Category Proto languages Berber language stub ..., Dubious date February 2011 the split from the common language from which modern Berber languages ... peoples genetic and linguistic diversity ref In the third millennium BC, proto Berber speakers ... for all major species of domestic ruminant except for the camel in Proto Berber implies ... Some earlier attempts to derive the phonemic inventory of proto Berber were very Tuareg influenced ... http www.koeppe.de titel details.php?id 239 Essai sur la phonologie du proto berb re , R diger K ppe Verlag, ISBN 978 3 89645 035 7 ref Vowels Christopher Ehret reconstructs Proto Berber as having a 5 ... language Zenaga Tuareg language Tuareg br Ghadamsi Others a a i, u i,u aa a a a ii i i i uu ... PB Tam. Ghadam s language Ghad. Rif languages Rif Chen. j g g g y g Eastern Berber languages ... linguistic.pdf The Berbers Linguistic and genetic diversity 4.24 MB , p. 14. ref Proto Berber ... f. sg. becomes m . This change also occurs in Nafusi and Siwi. Ghadam s language Ghadam s and Awjila language Awjila are the only Berber languages to preserve proto Berber as ref Kossmann 1999 61. ref elsewhere in Berber it becomes h or disappears. Grammar Proto Berber had no case. Its descendants ... From Proto Semitic to Hebrew year 1999 publisher Centro Studi Camito Semitici di Milano location ... more details
Proto Basque known in Basque language Basque as Aitzineuskara and in Spanish language Spanish as protoeuskera or protovasco is a reconstructed predecessor of the Basque language , prior to the Roman conquests in the Western Pyrenees . Background The first linguist to scientifically approach the question of the historical changes that the Basque language had undergone over the centuries was Koldo Mitxelena . The period covered by his work on Proto Basque focussed mainly on the period between the 5th century BC to the 1st century AD, the period just before and after initial contact with the Ancient Rome Romans . The main method he employed was that of internal reconstruction as Basque had and still ... proposes that in pre proto Basque there was extensive reduplication , and that later certain initial consonants were deleted, leaving the VCV pattern in proto Basque align center border 0 cellpadding 2 cellspacing 2 Pre Proto Basque Proto Basque Basque language Modern Basque English language English ... Filologia Mintegia References reflist Category Basque languageProto Basque Category Proto languages ... Fon tica hist rica vasca was mostly carried out before the Aquitanian language Aquitanian inscriptions were found, which fully backed up Mitxelena s proposed Proto Basque forms. ref name Trask Larry .... Some of these, for example Lakarra, have focussed their attention on even older layers of the language Pre Proto Basque preceding the Celts Celtic invasion of Iberian Peninsula Iberia . Vocabulary Studying the behaviour of Latin and early Romance loanwords in Basque, Koldo Mitxelena discovered that proto Basque n became lost between vowels, and similarly that proto Basque had no m. Both are relatively unusual changes cross linguistically. align center border 0 cellpadding 2 cellspacing 2 Proto Basque Basque language Modern Basque English language English bgcolor whitesmoke ardano bgcolor aliceblue ... fr Proto basque it Lingua proto basca oc Protobasco vec Protobasco ... more details
Proto Anatolian is the protolanguage from which Anatolian languages emerged. As with all other proto languages, no attested writings have been found the language has been reconstructed by applying the comparative method to all the attested Anatolian languages as well as other Indo European languages . Phonology For the most part, Proto Anatolian has been reconstructed on the basis of Hittite language Hittite , the best attested Anatolian language. However, the usage of Hittite cuneiform writing system limits the enterprise of understanding and reconstructing Anatolian phonology, partly due to the deficiency of the adopted Akkadian cuneiform syllabary to represent Hittite sounds, and partly due to the Hittite scribal practices. This especially pertains to what appears to be confusion of voiceless and voiced dental stops, where signs dV and tV are employed interchangeably different attestations of the same word. ref name Luraghi 1998 174 Luraghi 1998 174 ref Furthermore, in the syllables of the structure VC only the signs with voiceless stops as usually used. Distribution of spellings with single and geminated consonants in the oldest extant monuments indicates that the reflexes of Proto Indo European phonology PIE voiceless stops were spelled as double consonants and the reflexes of PIE voiced stops as single consonants. This regularity is the most consistent in in the case of dental stops in older texts ref name Luraghi 1998 174 later monuments often show irregular variation of this rule. Vowels Common Anatolian preserves PIE vowel system basically intact. Some ref Lauraghi ... DEFAULTSORT Proto Anatolian Language Category Anatolian languages Category Proto languages Anatolian ... is to indicate vowel quantity according to him the Hittite a contrasts inherits diphonemic Proto Anatolian contrast, reflecting PIE o , a and , and Proto Anatolian a reflecting PIE a . According to Melchert, the lengthening of accented short vowels in open syllables cannot be Proto Anatolian ... more details
Citations missing date March 2009 Proto Uralic is the hypothetical language ancestral to the Uralic languages Uralic language family . The language was originally spoken in a small area in about 7000 2000 ... Similarly to the situation for Proto Indo European languageProto Indo European , reconstructions of Proto ..., 1995. http helimski.com 2.140.PDF ref Grammar Grammatically Proto Uralic was an agglutinative language ... three numbers, singular, dual and plural. Proto Uralic was a nominative accusative language. Verbs ... that every word reconstructed for the protolanguage should be present in Samoyed languages ... kantakielen sanastosta On the vocabulary of the Uralic protolanguage . Journal de la Soci t Finno ... reconstruction may not be a representation of the language itself instead, it may summarize features ..., Proto Uralic diverged into Proto Samoyedic and Proto Finno Ugric . However, reconstructed Proto Finno Ugric differs little from Proto Uralic, and many apparent differences follow from the methods used. Thus Proto Finno Ugric may not be separate from Proto Uralic. Another reconstruction of the split of Proto Uralic has three branches Finno Permic, Ugric and Samoyedic from the start. Recently these tree ... phonemic reconstruction . Proto Uralic had vowel harmony and a rather large inventory of vowels ... from s only in the Finno Permic languages , but certain loans from as far back as the Proto Indo European language have reflexes traceable to a postalveolar fricative including pi i or pe i to cook ... feature. Proto Uralic did not have tones, which contrasts with Yeniseian and some Siberian languages. Neither was there contrastive stress as in Indo European in Proto Uralic the first syllable was invariably stressed. Consonant gradation may have occurred already in Proto Uralic if it did ... , k g . ref Helimski, Eugene. Proto Uralic gradation Continuation and traces In Congressus Octavus ... with a definiteness definite object. Grammatical gender was not recognized and no Uralic language ... more details
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