Unreferenced date December 2009 Proteincatabolism is the breakdown of protein s into amino acid s and simple derivative compounds, for transport into the cell through the plasma membrane and ultimately for the polymerisation into new proteins via the use of ribonucleic acids RNA and ribosome s. Proteincatabolism, which is the breakdown of macromolecules , is essentially a digestion process. Proteincatabolism is most commonly carried out by non specific endo and exo proteases . However specific proteases are used for cleaving of proteins for regulatory and protein trafficking purposes. One example is the subclass of proteolytic enzymes called oligopeptidase . The amino acids produced by catabolism may be directly recycled, used to make new amino acids, or undergo amino acid catabolism to be converted to other compounds via the Krebs cycle . See also amino acid synthesis . See also Anabolism Metabolism Protein metabolism DEFAULTSORT ProteinCatabolism Category Metabolism Metabolism stub ca Catabolisme de les prote nes es Catabolismo de prote nas sr Proteinski katabolizam ... more details
Image Catabolism schematic.svg thumb 250px right Schematical diagram For the related metabolic process, see anabolism . Catabolism Greek kata downward ballein to throw is the set of metabolic pathways that break down molecules into smaller units and release energy . ref cite web url http www.chem.qmul.ac.uk iupac bioinorg CD.html 8 title Glossary of Terms Used in Bioinorganic Chemistry Catabolism accessdate 2007 10 30 last de Bolster first M.W.G. year 1997 publisher International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ref In catabolism, large molecules such as polysaccharide s, lipid s, nucleic acid s and protein s are broken down into smaller units such as monosaccharide s, fatty acid s, nucleotide s, and amino acid s, respectively. As molecules such as polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids are made from long chains of these small monomer units mono one mer part , the large molecules are called polymer s poly many . Cells use the monomers released from breaking down polymers to either construct new polymer molecules, or degrade the monomers further to simple waste products, releasing ... triphosphate ATP . This molecule acts as a way for the cell to transfer the energy released by catabolism to the energy requiring reactions that make up anabolism . Catabolism therefore provides ... include glycolysis , the citric acid cycle , the breakdown of muscle protein in order to use amino ... tissue to fatty acid s. There are many signals that control catabolism. Most of the known signals are hormone ... had an anti proteolytic effect, and in fact suppressed catabolism rather than promoted it. ref cite web title Effects of epinephrine on human muscle glucose and protein metabolism url http ajpendo.physiology.org ... epinephrine greatly decreased the rate of muscle catabolism. ref cite pmid 11500299 noedit ref ... catabolism References reflist metabolism Category Metabolism ar bg ca Catabolisme ... oc Catabolisme pl Katabolizm pt Catabolismo ru sq Katabolizmi simple Catabolism sl Katabolizem ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Carbohydrate catabolism is the breakdown of carbohydrates into smaller units. Carbohydrates literally undergo combustion to retrieve the large amounts of energy in their bonds. Energy is secured by mitochondrion mitochondria in the form of Adenosine triphosphate ATP . There are several different types of carbohydrate s polysaccharide s e.g., starch , amylopectin , glycogen , cellulose , monosaccharide s e.g., glucose , galactose , fructose , ribose and the disaccharide s e.g., maltose , lactose . Glucose reacts with oxygen in the following redox reaction, C sub 6 sub H sub 12 sub O sub 6 sub 6O sub 2 sub 6CO sub 2 sub 6H sub 2 sub O, the carbon dioxide and water is a waste product and the chemical reaction is exothermic. The breakdown of glucose into energy in the form of molecules of adenosine triphosphate ATP is therefore one of the most important Metabolic pathway biochemical pathways found in living organisms. Anaerobic respiration is the metabolic pathway where glucose is broken down in the absence of oxygen . Cellular respiration Aerobic respiration is the pathway where glucose is broken down in the presence of oxygen . Glycolysis Main Glycolysis The six carbon glucose molecule is broken down into two three carbon pyruvate molecules yielding two adenosine triphosphate ATP molecules and two high energy NADH molecules. Anaerobic respiration Main Anaerobic respiration Without oxidative phosphorylation , the NADH molecules cannot be converted to ATP. When all the NAD molecules have been converted to NADH, glycolysis will stop unless the NAD is regenerated by fermentation biochemistry fermentation . Aerobic respiration Main Cellular respiration Pyruvate oxidation The three carbon pyruvate molecule loses a carbon atom and is shepherded into the citric acid cycle by coenzyme A . The Citric acid cycle also known as the Krebs cycle The acetyl ... chain . See also cellular respiration Carbohydrate metabolism DEFAULTSORT Carbohydrate Catabolism ... more details
Pfam box Symbol SpA Name Protein A image Protein A 1DEE 1L6X.png width caption Structure of a domain of protein A as a three helix bundle binding to the heavy variable chain of a VH3 human Fab ref name ... JB, Silverman GJ. title Crystal structure of a Staphylococcus aureus protein A domain complexed with the Fab ... month May pmid 10805799 doi pmc 25840 ref left. Minimized protein A bound to Fc fragment of Rituximab ... April pmid 10754313 doi ref Pfam InterPro SMART PROSITE SCOP 1DEE TCDB OPM family OPM protein PDB PDB2 1dee , PDB2 1l6x Protein A is a 40 60 Atomic mass unit kDa MSCRAMM surface protein originally found ... opsonization and phagocytosis . Protein A antibody binding Protein A binds with high affinity to human IgG1 and IgG2 as well as mouse IgG2a and IgG2b. Protein A binds with moderate affinity to human ... or IgD , nor will it react to mouse IgM, IgA or IgE. The capacity of protein A to bind antibodies .... The protein A used for production of antibodies in bio pharmaceuticals is most commonly bound to a stationary phase chromatography resin. Other antibody binding proteins In addition to Protein A, other immunoglobulin binding bacterial proteins such as Protein G , Protein A G and Protein L ... Staphylococcus aureus utilizes Protein A, along with a host of other proteins and surface factors to aid its survival and, thus, virulence. Protein A helps inhibit phagocytic engulfment and acts as an immunological disguise. Mutants of S. aureus lacking protein A are more efficiently phagocytosed ... toxin. J. Exp. Med. 2003 197 1125 1139. ref Research Recombinant Staphylococcal Protein ... form of Protein A is called MabSelect ref http www.gelifesciences.com aptrix upp00919.nsf Content 17D93C2E6A580E57C1257628001CE677 file 18114994AE.pdf ref . Protein A is often coupled to other molecules ... beads. Protein A is often immobilized onto a solid support and used as reliable method for purifying total IgG from crude protein mixtures such as blood serum serum or ascites fluid, or coupled with one ... more details
PBB geneid 5627 Protein S is a vitamin K dependent plasma glycoprotein synthesized in the endothelium. In the circulation, Protein S exists in two forms a free form and a complex form bound to complement system complement protein C4b. In humans, protein S is encoded by the PROS1 gene . ref name pmid2944113 ... J, Wydro R title Isolation and sequence of the cDNA for human protein S, a regulator of blood coagulation ... in Seattle , Washington first discovered protein S and arbitrarily named it after the city ... , and protein S journal Biochemistry volume 16 issue 4 pages 698 706 year 1977 month February pmid ... Characterization of protein S, a gamma carboxyglutamic acid containing protein from bovine and human ... 10.1021 bi00572a026 ref Function The best characterized function of Protein S is its role in the anti coagulation pathway, where it functions as a cofactor to Protein C in the inactivation of factor ... cite journal author Castoldi E, Hackeng TM title Regulation of coagulation by protein S journal Curr ... MOH.0b013e328309ec97 url ref Protein S can bind to negatively charged phospholipids via the carboxylated Gla domain GLA domain . This property allows Protein S to function in the removal of cells which ... . Protein S can bind to the negatively charged phospholipids and function as a bridging molecule between the apoptotic cell and the phagocyte. The bridging property of Protein S enhances the phagocytosis ... such as inflammation occurring. Pathology Mutations in the PROS1 gene can lead to Protein S deficiency ... of, and molecular defects underlying, inherited protein S deficiency in the general population ... P, Fuentes Prior P, Hurtado B, Sala N title Molecular basis of protein S deficiency journal Thromb ... Protein S has been shown to Proteinprotein interaction interact with Factor V . ref name pmid10593904 ... Y, Rosing J, Tans G, Griffin J H year 1999 month Dec. title C terminal residues 621 635 of protein ... of protein S to factor Va associated with inhibition of prothrombinase that is independent of activated ... more details
About a class of molecules protein as a nutrient Protein nutrient other uses pp semi indef File Myoglobin.png thumb right A representation of the 3D structure of the protein myoglobin showing colored alpha helix alpha helices . This protein was the first to have its structure solved by X ray crystallography ... into a globular protein globular or fibrous protein fibrous form, facilitating a biological function ... sequence sequence of amino acids in a protein is defined by the DNA sequence sequence of a gene , which ... . Shortly after or even during synthesis, the residues in a protein are often chemically ... stable protein complex es. One of the most distinguishing features of polypeptides is their ability ... to be single structure. Other proteins undergo large rearrangements from one protein conformation ... signaling event . Thus, the structure of a protein serves as a medium through which to regulate either the function of a protein or activity of an enzyme. Not all proteins require a folding process ... protein into free amino acids that are then used in metabolism. Proteins were first described ... Berzelius in 1838. Early nutritional scientists such as the German Carl von Voit believed that protein ... urease was in fact a protein. ref name Sumner1926 The first protein to be protein sequencing .... The first protein structure s to be solved were hemoglobin and myoglobin , by Max Perutz and John ... be protein purification purified from other cellular components using a variety of techniques such as ultracentrifugation .... Methods commonly used to study protein structure and function include immunohistochemistry , site ... protein folding the statistical analysis techniques employed to calculate a protein s probable tertiary ... chains in a protein that ultimately determines its three dimensional structure and its chemical reactivity ... linked in the protein chain, an individual amino acid is called a residue, and the linked series of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen atoms are known as the main chain or protein backbone. ref Murray ... more details
Protein metabolism denotes the various biochemistry biochemical processes responsible for the synthesis of protein synthesis proteins and amino acid synthesis amino acids , and the breakdown of proteins and other large molecules, too by proteincatabolismcatabolism . Protein synthesis Main article Protein biosynthesis . Protein biosynthesis relies on four processes amino acid synthesis RNA synthesis Transcription genetics transcription Translation genetics translation Protein anabolism is the process by which protein are formed from amino acids aka anabolic amino acid synthesis . Protein breakdown See Proteolysis Proteincatabolism is the process by which proteins are broken down to their amino acids. This is also called proteolysis . This can be followed by further amino acid degradation . Metabolism DEFAULTSORT Protein Metabolism Category Metabolism Metabolism stub cs B lkovina Metabolismus b lkovin sr Proteinski metabolizam th ... more details
Protein database may refer to Any protein structure database Any protein sequence database Exact names Protein NIH Protein database of the National Institute of Health Protein Database of Bio Synthesis, Inc. disambig ... more details
Protein supplement may refer to Dietary supplement s Bodybuilding supplement Protein Bodybuilding supplement Protein bar See also Protein Disambig ... more details
forms a proteinprotein interaction with the ribonuclease protein. The contacts between the two proteins are shown as coloured patches. 250px Proteinprotein interactions occur when two or more protein s bind together, often to carry out their function biology biological function . Many ... molecular machines that are built from a large number of protein components organised by their proteinprotein interactions. Protein interactions have been studied from the perspectives of biochemistry ... or genetic epigenetic graph theory networks . Indeed, proteinprotein interactions are at the core ... cell are mediated to the inside of that cell by proteinprotein interactions of the signaling molecules ... and in many diseases e.g. cancer s . Proteins might interact for a long time to form part of a protein complex , a protein may be carrying another protein for example, from cytoplasm to cell nucleus nucleus or vice versa in the case of the nuclear pore importins , or a protein may interact briefly with another protein just to modify it for example, a protein kinase will add a phosphate to a target protein . This modification of proteins can itself change proteinprotein interactions. For example ..., proteinprotein interactions are of central importance for virtually every process in a living cell ... for new therapeutic approaches. Methods to investigate proteinprotein interactions Main Methods to investigate proteinprotein interactions As proteinprotein interactions are so important there are a multitude ... such as yeast two hybrid screening can be used to detect novel proteinprotein interactions. There are also ... methods. ref Mashaghi A et al. Investigation of a protein complex network EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL ... of the human interactome where each point represents a protein and each blue line between them is an interaction. 200px Visualization of proteinprotein interaction networks is a popular application of scientific visualization techniques. Although protein interaction diagrams are common ... more details
A binding protein is any protein that acts as an agent to Molecular binding bind two or more molecules together. Examples include DNA binding protein Single strand binding protein Telomere binding protein RNA binding protein Poly A binding protein Nuclear cap binding protein complex CREB binding protein Calcium binding protein Calcium binding protein 1 S100 calcium binding protein A1 TATA binding protein Actin binding protein Penicillin binding proteins Retinol binding protein Retinol binding protein 4 EP300 Binding immunoglobulin protein Odorant binding protein Lipopolysaccharide binding protein C4b binding protein Rap GTP binding protein Calmodulin binding proteins Iron binding proteins Thyroxine binding proteins Folate binding protein Sterol regulatory element binding protein GTP binding protein Retinaldehyde binding protein 1 Ccaat enhancer binding proteins Androgen binding protein Maltose binding protein Phosphatidylethanolamine binding protein 1 Syntaxin binding protein 3 Insulin like growth factor binding protein Methyl CpG binding domain protein 2 Growth hormone binding protein Vitamin D binding protein Syntaxin binding protein 2 Oxysterol binding protein E3 binding protein Iron responsive element binding protein Polypyrimidine tract binding protein Fatty acid binding protein Myosin binding protein C, cardiac CPE binding protein Category Proteins biochem stub ... more details
Orphan date September 2010 Protein detoxification is the process by which proteins containing Methyl group methylated arginine are broken down and removed from the body. Arginine Arg is a non essential amino acid and one of the most commonly occurring natural amino acids. Methylated arginine is a modified version of arginine that is commonly formed from protein arginine arginine incorporated in protein ... protein turnover. The protein detoxification pathway eliminates free methylated arginine derivatives ... 46 186 202 ref . Therapeutic strategies that target the protein detoxification pathway aim to reduce ... delay the development of disorders associated with ageing. File Protein detoxification pathway.jpg thumb none left 750px alt Protein detoxification pathway Protein detoxification pathway. History In 1970, it was demonstrated that protein turnover releases the free methylated arginine derivatives ... dimethylaminohydrolase Br J Pharmacol 1996 119 8 1533 40 ref . To describe the process of protein turnover, the elimination of free methylated arginine derivatives and the catabolism of the two asymmetrically ... Trevor Tingate coined the term protein detoxification in 2010. Synthesis and clearance Protein arginine methylation occurs posttranslationally and is catalysed by protein arginine methyltransferase ... acid. The methylation of protein arginine plays an important role in the regulation of many cell processes ... Review An Emerging Regulator of Protein Function Molecular Cell 2005 18 263 272 ref . During protein turnover three arginine methylated derivatives are released L NMMA, SDMA and ADMA. SDMA is not directly ... 1orh EBI.jpg Protein arginine N methyltransferase 1 PRMT1 File PDB 1h70 EBI.jpg Dimethylarginine ... Methylarginine.png N methyl L arginine L NMMA gallery PRMTs Protein arginine methyltransferase s PRMTs ... the three leading causes of death in later years. Protein detoxification removes free methylarginines ... the protein detoxification pathway. This can be achieved by a combination of dietary, behavioural ... more details
Proteinprotein interaction prediction is a field combining bioinformatics and structural biology in an attempt ... proteinprotein interaction s is important for the investigation of intracellular signaling pathways, modelling of protein complex structures and for gaining insights into various biochemical ... of experimental techniques, including yeast two hybrid screening two hybrid systems, protein fragment complementation assays PCA , affinity purification mass spectrometry , protein microarray s, fluorescence ... in other organisms. In addition, a number of bound protein complexes have been structurally solved ... pairs of protein families with similar patterns of presence or absence across large numbers of species ... imply physical interaction. Prediction of co evolved protein pairs based on similar phylogenetic ... protein in the hypothesized interacting pair. If the matrices are sufficiently similar as measured ... ref Ogmen builds a library of known proteinprotein interfaces from the Protein Data Bank PDB , where ... a known structure i.e. present in the Protein Data Bank PDB . Bayesian network modelling Bayesian ... potential protein interaction is a true positive result. These methods are useful because ... circumstantial evidence that a particular pair of proteins might interact. 3D template based protein complex modelling This method ref Aloy ref Chen ref Fukuhara ref Kittichotirat makes use of known protein complex structures to predict as well as structurally model interactions between query protein ... to search for protein complex structures that are homologous to the query sequences. These known ... sequences. This method has the advantage of not only inferring protein interactions but also suggests ... is limited to a relatively small number of known protein complex structures. Supervised learning problem ... the known protein interactions supervise the estimation of a function that can predict whether an interaction .... . Relationship to docking methods The field of proteinprotein interaction prediction is closely related ... more details
The screening of proteinprotein interactions refers to the identification of protein interactions with high ... for new therapeutic approaches. Methods to screen proteinprotein interactions Though there are many methods to detect proteinprotein interactions, the majority of these methods such as Co immunoprecipitation ... approaches. Ex vivo or in vivo methods Methods that screen proteinprotein interactions ... of proteinprotein interactions and their modulators. ref cite journal author Lu JP, Beatty LK, Pinthus ... screening and verification of protein interactions in living cells journal Nature Precedings ... of a protein without bias. However, the method has a notoriously high false positive rate, which makes ... requires two successive steps of protein purification, and thus can not readily detect transient proteinprotein interactions. Recent genome wide TAP experiments were performed by Krogan et al., 2006 and Gavin et al., 2006, providing updated protein interaction data for yeast organisms check my plural the singular looked very wrong . cross link Chemical crosslinking is often used to fix protein .... ref cite journal author Chen CS, Zhu H year 2006 volume 40 issue 4 pages 423, 425, 427 title Protein microarrays journal Biotechniques pmid 16629388 doi 10.2144 06404TE01 ref See also Proteinprotein interaction BiFC References Reflist External links External links date August 2010 Proteinprotein interaction databases http hprd.org HPRD Human Protein Reference Database , a manually curated database of human protein information with visualization tools http www.ebi.ac.uk intact IntAct Interaction ... INTeraction Database , a tool that focuses on experimentally verified protein interactions mined from the literature by curators http mips.gsf.de proj ppi MIPS Mammalian ProteinProtein Interaction Database , the MIPS mammalian proteinprotein interaction database http www.thebiogrid.org BioGRID genomics footer Biology footer DEFAULTSORT ProteinProtein Interaction Screening Category Signal transduction ... more details
wiktionarypar proteinProtein is an organic compound made of amino acids. Protein may also refer to Protein nutrient Protein band See also List of topics related to protein disambig es Prote na desambiguaci n lv Prote ni noz mju atdal ana ... more details
Protein K may refer to Protein K porin , a porin expressed in pathogenic strains of E. coli Protein K gene expression , a DNA and RNA binding protein expressed in the nucleus of eukaryotes disambig ... more details
Citrullinated protein may refer to Any protein having undergone citrullination The proteins often cyclic ones being the targets of anti citrullinated protein antibody anti citrullinated protein antibodies disambig ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Unreferenced date February 2009 MASP is a protein name abbreviation of Mannan binding lectin MBL associated serine protease. See also MASP2 protein Category Human proteins protein stub ... more details
M protein may refer to M protein Streptococcus M protein Streptococcus , a virulence factor of the bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes Another name for paraprotein , an abnormal protein in the urine or blood, often seen in multiple myeloma or Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance MGUS disambiguation ... more details
Rice protein is a vegetarian protein that, for some, is more easily digestible than whey protein . Brown rice can be treated with enzyme s that will cause carbohydrate s to separate from proteins. The resulting protein powder is then sometimes flavored or added to smoothies or health shake s. Rice protein has a more distinct taste than most other forms of protein powder. Like whey hydrosylate, this flavor is not effectively masked by most flavorings however, the taste of rice protein is usually considered to be less unpleasant than the bitter taste of whey hydrosylate. This unique rice protein flavor may even be preferred to artificial flavorings by consumers of rice protein. Rice protein is commonly mixed with pea protein powder. Rice protein is high in the sulfur containing amino acids, cysteine and methionine, but low in lysine. Pea protein, on the other hand, is low in cysteine and methionine but high in lysine. Thus, the combination of rice and pea protein offer a superior amino acid profile that is comparable to dairy or egg proteins, but without the potential for allergies or intestinal issues that some users have with those proteins. Moreover, the light, fluffy texture of pea protein tends to smooth out the strong, chalky flavor of rice protein. Category Rice ... more details
Protein Wisdom may refer to Protein Wisdom blog a conservative libertarian weblog created by Jeff Goldstein Stanley Owen Green London eccentric disambig ... more details
Protein translocase may refer to Translocon or SecY protein Translocase of the inner membrane Translocase of the outer membrane See also Sorting and assembly machinery disambig ... more details
horizontal gene transfer Protein moonlighting or gene sharing is a phenomenon by which a protein ... protein chaperones . The most common primary function of moonlighting proteins is enzyme catalysis ... regulation , apoptosis , motility , and structural. ref name Sriram 2005 Protein moonlighting may occur widely in nature. Protein moonlighting through gene sharing differs from the use of a single gene to generate different protein by alternative splicing alternative RNA splicing , DNA rearrangement ... multifunctionality of the protein, in which the protein has multiple domains, each serving a different function. Protein moonlighting by gene sharing means that a gene may acquire and maintain a second ... been used to reveal moonlighting functions in proteins. The detection of a protein in unexpected locations within cells, cell types, or tissues may suggest that a protein has a moonlighting function. Furthermore, sequence or structure homology of a protein may be used to infer both primary function as well as secondary moonlighting functions of a protein. The most well studied examples of gene ... The first observation of a moonlighting protein was made in the late 1980s by Joram Piatigorsky ... to describe horizontal gene transfer , hence the phrase protein moonlighting has become the preferred ... gained the ability to perform multiple functions. With alterations, much of the protein s unused ... gene can acquire a second function since the active site of the encoded protein typically is small compared to the overall size of the protein leaving considerable room to accommodate a second functional ... since a single protein can do the job of multiple proteins conserving amino acids and energy ... name Jeffery 1999 While using one protein to perform multiple roles seems advantageous because it keeps ... of the peroxisomal protein alcohol oxidase AO . AO, the first enzyme of methanol metabolism ... in import and assembly of AO, but have no effect on the enzymatic activity of the protein. ref name ... more details
Dodecameric is a term pertaining to protein quaternary structure , and describes a protein complex with 12 protein subunits protein chain s . Dodecameric complexes can have a number of Protein subunit subunit topology topologies , but typically only a few of the theory theoretically possible subunit arrangement s are observed in protein structure s. A dodecamer is a protein complex with 12 protein subunits. A common Protein subunit subunit arrangement involves a tetrahedral distribution of subunit protein trimer trimer s or 3 4 Point groups in three dimensions point symmetry . Another observed arrangement of Protein subunit subunits puts two rings of six subunits side by side along the six fold axis or 2 6 point symmetry . Dodecameric proteins include Complete gap junction channel, composed of two hexamers. glutamine synthetase PDB code http www.pdbe.org 2gls 2gls Dodecameric ferritin PDB code http www.pdbe.org 1qgh 1qgh A 42 Amyloid beta 42 References Protein Data Bank The Protein Data Bank PDB http www.ebi.ac.uk msd srv prot int cgi bin piserver The Protein Quaternary Structure Server PQS part of the http www.ebi.ac.uk pdbe PDBe . Category Protein structure biochem stub ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
