Image PSI Logo.png thumb right PSI logo The ProteinStructureInitiative PSI is an ongoing effort begun ... function. ref name PSIReport 2007 cite web title Report of the ProteinStructureInitiative Assessment ... for a subsequent production phase. ref name PSI 1 cite web title ProteinStructureInitiative Pilot Phase Fact Sheet publisher ProteinStructureInitiative accessdate October 12, 2008 url http www.nigms.nih.gov ... cite web title ProteinStructureInitiative Production Phase Fact Sheet publisher ProteinStructure ... and biomedical problems. ref name PSI Biology cite web title ProteinStructureInitiative Biology publisher ProteinStructureInitiative accessdate October 12, 2008 url http www.nigms.nih.gov Research FeaturedPrograms PSI psi biology ref Phase 1 The first phase of the ProteinStructureInitiative ... journal author Adams M, Joachimiak A, Kim R et al. title 2003 NIH ProteinStructureInitiative Workshop ... The second phase of the ProteinStructureInitiative PSI 2 lasted from July 2005 to June 2010. Its goal ..., the ProteinStructureInitiative had solved over 4,800 protein structures over 4,100 of these were ... StructureInitiative into the Protein Data Bank The number of sponsored research centers grew ... StructureInitiative Structural Biology Knowledgebase SBKB publisher ProteinStructureInitiative ... of Dr. Joshua LaBaer, ref cite web title ProteinStructureInitiative Launches New Resources for the Scientific ... Biology Funding Opportunities cite web title ProteinStructureInitiative Biology Funding Opportunities publisher ProteinStructureInitiative accessdate October 12, 2008 url http www.nigms.nih.gov ... Thing Off Some Thoughts on the ProteinStructureInitiative author Moore, PG journal Structure year ... cite web title ProteinStructureInitiative Advisory Committee PSIAC Recommendations for the Future ... ProteinStructureInitiative http www.nigms.nih.gov Research FeaturedPrograms PSI psi biology psibiology ... and maintaining high throughput structural genomics pipelines, developing computational proteinstructure ... more details
, and dual polarisation interferometry to determine the structure of proteins. Protein structures ... conformational change s. Protein covalent structure and stereochemistry Image a amino acid.png .... These properties play a major role in molding proteinstructure. The peptide bond Image 2 amino ... Libraries ref Levels of proteinstructure File Main proteinstructure levels en.svg thumb left 250px Proteinstructure , from primary to quaternary structure. There are four distinct levels of proteinstructure. Primary structure Main Protein primary structure The primary structure refers to amino ... in a peptide bond. The primary structure of a protein is determined by the gene corresponding ... is unique to that protein, and defines the structure and function of the protein. The sequence ... thumb right 100px An alpha helix with hydrogen bonds yellow dots Main Protein secondary structure Secondary ... Main Protein tertiary structure Tertiary structure refers to three dimensional structure of a single ... water , but the structure is stable only when the parts of a protein domain are locked into place by specific ... is generally a reducing environment. Quaternary structure Main Protein quaternary structure Quaternary structure is a larger assembly of several protein molecules or polypeptide chains, usually called Protein subunit subunits in this context. The quaternary structure is stabilized by the same ..., motifs, and folds in proteinstructureProtein are frequently described as consisting from several structural units. A structural domain is an element of the protein s overall structure that is self ... motif sequence motifs refer to short segments of protein three dimensional structure or amino ... An unfolded polypeptide protein folding folds into its characteristic three dimensional structure from random coil . Proteinstructure determination Around 90 of the protein structures available in the Protein .... Structure classification Protein structures can be grouped based on their similarity or a common evolutionary ... more details
see also Sequence database In biology , a proteinstructure database is a database that is data modeling modeled around the various proteinstructureProteinstructure determination experimentally determined proteinstructure s. The aim of most proteinstructure databases is to organize and annotate the protein structures, providing the biological community access to the experimental data in a useful way. Data included in proteinstructure databases often includes three dimensional coordinates as well ... instances, in this case either proteins or a specific structure determinations of a protein, also contain ... of entries. Proteinstructure databases are critical for many efforts in computational biology such as Drug design Structure based structure based drug design , both in developing the computational ... about the function of a protein. The Protein Data Bank main Protein Data Bank The Protein Data Bank PDB was established in 1971 as the central archive of all experimentally determined proteinstructure ... proteinstructure databases Because the PDB releases data into the public domain , the data has been used in various other proteinstructure databases. Examples of proteinstructure databases include ... on biological macromolecular structures, and a member of the Worldwide Protein Data Bank . http ispc.weizmann.ac.il oca docs oca home.html OCA a browser database for proteinstructure function The OCA ... TOPSAN the Open ProteinStructure Annotation Network &mdash a wiki designed to collect, share ..., the primary attribute of a structure database is structural information, whereas Sequence database ... Protein Data Bank wwPDB . The mission of the wwPDB is to maintain a single archive of macromolecular .... ModBase a database of three dimensional protein models calculated by comparative modeling http .... Orientations of Proteins in Membranes database OPM provides spatial positions of protein three dimensional ... structures in the PDB, giving schematic diagrams of the molecules in each structure and of the interactions ... more details
Image Myoglobin.png thumb 200px A representation of the 3D structure of the myoglobin protein. alpha helix Alpha helices are shown in colour, and random coil in white, there are no beta sheet s shown. This protein was the first to have its structure resolved by X ray crystallography by Max Perutz and John ... Protein Data Bank file format PDB file. The rough secondary structure content of a biopolymer ... spectrum. Secondary structure was introduced by Kaj Ulrik Linderstr m Lang at Stanford in 1952. Protein ... methods for defining protein secondary structure e.g. DEFINE, ref cite journal title Identification of structural motifs from protein coordinate data secondary structure and first level supersecondary ... based protein secondary structure assignment journal Proteins year 1995 volume 23 number 4 pages ... biochem tutorials prottute helices.htm title Interactive ProteinStructure Tutorial author ... states The Dictionary of Protein Secondary Structure, in short DSSP, is commonly used to describe the protein secondary structure with single letter codes. The secondary structure is assigned based ... protein secondary structure assignment categories exist sharp turns, Omega loops etc. , but they are less ... as a tool for defining secondary structure. Protein secondary structure prediction See also proteinstructure prediction Predicting protein tertiary structure from only its amino acid sequence is a very challenging problem see proteinstructure prediction , but using the simpler secondary structure ... protein adopts helical structure, rather than random coil. Several types of methods are used to combine ... structure , in all but the simplest proteinstructure prediction homology modeling cases. For example .... See also Folding chemistry protein primary structureprotein tertiary structureprotein quaternary ... and J Tooze 1999 . Introduction to ProteinStructure 2nd ed. Garland Publishing New York, NY ... prediction Protein secondary structure Biomolecular structure Category ProteinstructureProtein ... more details
In biochemistry , quaternary structure is the arrangement of multiple protein folding folded protein or coiling protein molecules in a multi subunit complex. Description and examples Many proteins are actually ... are known as protein subunit s. In addition to the tertiary structure of the subunits, multiple subunit nowiki proteins nowiki possess a quaternary structure , which is the arrangement into which the subunits ... complexes also possess quaternary structure. Examples include nucleosome s and microtubule s. Changes in quaternary structure can occur through Protein conformation conformational changes within individual ... complexes before dissociating into monomers. Determination of quaternary structureProtein quaternary structure can be determined using a variety of experimental techniques that require a sample of protein ..., refs. ref Chou, Kuo Chen Chou & Yu Dong Cai 2003 Predicting protein quaternary structure by pseudo ... , 1924 ref See also Protein primary structureProtein secondary structureProtein tertiary structure ... Quaternary Structure PQS for every protein in the Protein Data Bank PDB . http pqs.ebi.ac.uk PQS ... quaternary structure Biomolecular structure Category ProteinstructureProteinstructure 4 Category ... subunit. Examples of proteins with quaternary structure include hemoglobin , DNA polymerase ... a classical approach to biochemistry, established at times when the distinction between a protein and a functional, proteinaceous unit was difficult to elucidate. More recently, people refer to proteinprotein interaction when discussing quaternary structure of proteins and consider all assemblies of proteins as protein complex es. Nomenclature of quaternary structures The number of subunits ... by meric. border 1 valign top 1 monomer 2 protein dimer dimer 3 protein trimer trimer 4 tetramer protein ... machine, and is composed of many RNA and protein molecules. In some cases, proteins form complexes ... of the native protein and, together with knowledge of the masses and or stoichiometry of the subunits ... more details
In biochemistry and molecular biology , the tertiary structure of a protein or any other macromolecule is its three dimensional structure, as defined by the atomic coordinates. ref GoldBookRef title tertiary structure file T06282 ref Relationship to primary structure Tertiary structure is considered to be largely determined by the protein s primary structure the sequence of amino acid s of which it is composed. Efforts to predict tertiary structure from the primary structure are known generally as proteinstructure prediction . However, the environment in which a protein is synthesized and allowed ... to be predicted and sequences of known structure in the Protein Data Bank and thus account for environment ... residues help to maintain the protein s tertiary structure. A variety of common and stable tertiary ... determination see Template Proteinstructure determination The majority of protein structures ... is an important problem in biochemistry, and since structure determination is relatively difficult, protein ... See also Folding chemistry Quaternary structure Structural biology Protein contact map Protein Contact ... of Proteins SCOP http www.cathdb.info CATH ProteinStructure Classification http ekhidna.biocenter.helsinki.fi ... tertiary structure Biomolecular structure DEFAULTSORT Tertiary Structure Category ProteinstructureProteinstructure 3 Category Stereochemistry ca Estructura terci ria de les prote nes de Terti rstruktur ... existing algorithm is yet able to consistently predict a proteins tertiary or quaternary structure given only its primary structure learning how to accurately predict the tertiary and quaternary structure of any protein given only its amino acid sequence and the pertinent cellular conditions would ... structure of some proteins under certain conditions. The calculations performed by the algorithms ... that can fold into more than one stable configuration protein aggregation diseases such as Alzheimer ... should a reliable way to accurately model the final tertiary or quaternary structure of human proteins ... more details
No footnotes date June 2010 Graphical model s have become powerful frameworks for proteinstructure prediction , proteinprotein interaction and Thermodynamic free energy free energy calculations for protein structures. Using a graphical model to represent the proteinstructure allows the solution of many problems including secondary structure prediction, proteinprotein interactions, protein drug interaction, and free energy calculations. There are two main approaches to use graphical models in proteinstructure modeling. The first approach uses discrete variables for representing coordinates or dihedral angle s of the proteinstructure. The variables are originally all continuous values and, to transform ... for proteinstructure Markov random field s, also known as undirected graphical models are common representations ... Let X X sub b sub , X sub s sub be the random variables representing the entire proteinstructure. X ... of bond length s and dihedral angle s. The probability of a particular Proteinstructure ... in the protein. To extract this structure, researchers use a distance threshold, and only pair ... a PDB file, this model can be built over the proteinstructure. From this model free energy can be calculated ... For ProteinStructure Category Graphical models Category Protein methods Category Computational chemistry ... is then transformed to a side chain placement problem. The structure of the graph is also encoded in math Theta math . This structure shows which two variables are conditionally independent ... models for protein structures Graphical models can still be used when the variables of choice are continuous ... graphical model makes it a popular choice among researchers. Gaussian graphical models of protein .... To learn the graph structure as a multivariate Gaussian graphical model, we can use either L 1 regularization , or neghborhood selection algorithms. These algorithms simultaneously learn a graph structure ... of All atom Protein Structures Using Generalized Belief Propagation, Hetunandan Kamisetty Eric P. Xing ... more details
File Protein primary structure.svg thumb 250px A protein primary structure is a chain of amino acid s. The primary structure of peptides and proteins refers to amino acid sequence the linear sequence of its amino acid Structural unit structural units . The term primary structure was first coined by Kaj Ulrik Linderstr m Lang Linderstr m Lang in 1951. By convention, the primary structure of a protein is reported starting from the amino terminal N end to the carboxyl terminal C end. Primary structure ... in the Hedgehog protein autoprocessing. History of protein primary structure The proposal that proteins ... , but nucleic acid and protein folding are so complex that knowing the primary structure often doesn ... , Adv. Protein Chem. , 7 , 1 67. Fruton JS. 1979 Early theories of proteinstructure , Ann .... ISBN 0 387 52830 X Protein primary structure Biomolecular structure Category ProteinstructureProteinstructure 1 Category Stereochemistry ca Estructura prim ria de les prote nes de Prim rstruktur ... polymers, so their primary structure can often be specified by the sequence of amino acid s along ... structure also requires specifying the cross linking atoms, e.g., specifying the cysteine s involved in the protein s disulfide bonds. Other crosslinks include desmosine... The chiral centers ..., which cannot be cleaved by most protease s. Finally, the protein can undergo a variety of posttranslational ... . methylation Several protein residues can be methylated, most notably the positive groups of lysine ... diphtheriae and Bordetella pertussis . Ubiquitin ubiquitination and SUMO protein SUMOylation ... that the ubiquitin tagged protein should be degraded. Most of the polypeptide modifications listed above occur post translationally , i.e., after the protein has been synthesized on the ribosome , typically ... in biological systems. Modifications of primary structure In addition to those listed above, the most important modification of primary structure is peptide cleavage See Protease . Proteins ... more details
Proteinstructure prediction is the prediction of the three dimensional structure of a protein from its amino acid sequence that is, the prediction of its Protein secondary structure secondary , Protein tertiary structure tertiary , and Protein quaternary structure quaternary structure from its Protein ... problem of protein design . Proteinstructure prediction is one of the most important goals pursued ... Structure Prediction . Proteinstructure and terminology Proteins are chain of amino acids ... and an NH group, which can act as hydrogen bond donor. These groups interact in proteinstructure ... cysteine and can form cross link and stabilize the structure. Much of the protein core comprises ... structure that can interact with a chemically specific substrate and that provides the protein with biological ... in the aligned structures. 16.Primary structure refers to the linear amino acid sequence of a protein ... fit well and which should fit poorly at sequential positions in a known proteinstructure. Profile columns ... adopt such a structure. 19.Quaternary structure is the three dimensional configuration of a protein ... structure. 21.Superfamily is a group of protein families of the same or different lengths ... that aim to predict the local secondary structure s of protein s and RNA sequences ... protein DSSP algorithm applied to the X ray crystallography crystal structure of the protein for nucleic ... and ab initio proteinstructure prediction, classification of structural motif s, and refinement of sequence alignment s. The accuracy of current protein secondary structure prediction methods is assessed ... journal last Guzzo first AV year 1965 title Influence of Amino Acid Sequence on ProteinStructure ... to the protein s function or environment can also alter local secondary structure. Chou Fasman ... It is reported that in addition to the protein sequence, secondary structure formation depends ... Environmental features are important in determining protein secondary structure journal Protein ... more details
Multiple issues context July 2009 refimprove July 2009 This list of software for proteinstructure visualization is a compilation of bioinformatics software used to view proteinstructure s. Such tools are commonly used in molecular biology , and bioinformatics . border 0 align center style border 1px solid 999 background color FFFFFF align left bgcolor CCCCCC NAME Link Author BioBlender http www.bioblender.eu BioBlender official web site SciVis team Visual Molecular Dynamics http www.ks.uiuc.edu Research vmd VMD official website Jmol http www.jmol.org Jmol official web site Jmol development team Geneious Geneious Pro implemented Jmol viewer as part of an all in one sequence analysis software package http www.geneious.com Geneious homepage Geneious development team PyMOL http www.pymolwiki.org index.php Main Page PyMOL Wiki Warren Lyford DeLano RasMol http www.rasmol.org Official website Roger Sayle UCSF Chimera http www.rbvi.ucsf.edu chimera Official website UCSF RBVI STING http www.cbi.cnptia.embrapa.br SMS STAR STING Friend http ilyinlab.org friend Valentin Ilyin http www.molsystems.com vp3ds.html VisProt3DS 3D Stereoscopic view anaglyth, side by side, hardware http www.molsystems.com vp3ds.html Official website Nick Vtyurin http polyview.cchmc.org polyview3d.html Polyview 3D Web based high resolution static views and animations using Pymol or Rasmol http polyview.cchmc.org polyview3d.html Official website Aleksey Porollo & Jarek Meller See also Biological data visualization List of molecular graphics systems List of Open Source Bioinformatics software List of software for molecular mechanics modeling List of nucleic acid simulation software Molecular graphics Category Bioinformatics Category Lists of software ProteinStructure Category Bioinformatics software science software stub ... more details
In computational biology , de novo proteinstructure prediction is the task of estimating a protein s tertiary structure from its primary structure sequence alone. The problem is very difficult and has occupied leading scientists for decades. Research has focused in three areas alternate lower resolution representations of proteins, accurate energy functions, and efficient sampling methods. At present, the most successful methods have a reasonable probability of predicting the fold of a small protein domain within 5 angstrom s. Citation needed date November 2008 ref name pande 2002 De novo proteinstructure prediction methods attempt to predict tertiary structures from sequences based on general principles that govern protein folding energetics and or statistical tendencies of conformational features that native structures acquire, without the use of explicit protein threading templates . A general paradigm for de novo prediction involves sampling Configuration space conformation space .... To predict proteinstructure de novo for larger proteins will require better algorithms and larger ..., the potential benefits of structural genomics by predicted or experimental methods make de novo structure prediction an active research field. See also Proteinstructure prediction Proteinstructure prediction software Protein design References Reflist refs ref name samudrala 1998a Samudrala R, Moult J. An all atom distance dependent conditional probability discriminatory function for proteinstructure ... & Baker, D. 2001 . Ab Initio ProteinStructure Prediction Progress and Prospects. Annu. Rev. Biophys ... Foldit http fold.it portal Category Bioinformatics Category Proteinstructure Category Protein methods protein stub bioinformatics stub ... of the properties of native protein conformations ref name samudrala 1998a . De novo methods tend ... Pande, Baker, et.al. Atomistic protein folding simulations on the hundreds of microsecond timescale ... more details
infobox biodatabase title TOPSAN logo File Database.png description collaborative annotation environment for structural genomics. scope organism center Sanford Burnham Medical Research Institute laboratory Joint Center for Structural Genomics author Dana Weekes pmid Weekes & al. 2010 ref name pmid20716366 released 2010 standard format url http www.topsan.org. download webservice sql sparql webapp standalone license versioning frequency curation bookmark version The Open Protein Structure Annotation Network TOPSAN is a wiki designed to collect, share and distribute information about Protein structure protein three dimensional structures ref name pmid20716366 cite journal quotes yes last Weekes first Dana authorlink coauthors Krishna S Sri, Bakolitsa Constantina, Wilson Ian A, Godzik Adam, Wooley John year 2010 month title TOPSAN a collaborative annotation environment for structural genomics journal BMC Bioinformatics volume 11 issue pages 426 publisher location England issn pmid 20716366 doi 10.1186 1471 2105 11 426 bibcode oclc id url pmc 2936398 language eng format accessdate laysummary laysource laydate quote ref References references See also protein structure External links http www.topsan.org. Biodatabase stub Category Biological databases Category Protein structure Category Wikis ... more details
Cleanup date August 2007 This list of proteinstructure prediction software summarizes commonly used software tools in proteinstructure prediction , including homology modeling , protein threading , ab initio methods, Proteinstructure prediction Secondary structure secondary structure prediction , and transmembrane ... http www.sbg.bio.ic.ac.uk phyre server Protinfo CM Comparative modelling of proteinstructure using ... methods Protein tertiary structure predictions http www.scfbio iitd.res.in bhageerath bhageerath h.jsp server Selvita Protein Modeling Platform Package of tools for protein modeling Free demo ... Pred secondary structure prediction http www.selvita.com selvita protein modeling platform.html Home ... Ab initio structure prediction main article De novo proteinstructure prediction class wikitable ... Server I TASSER Threading fragement structure reassembly On line server for protein modeling http zhanglab.ccmb.med.umich.edu ... prediction main article Proteinstructure prediction Secondary structure class wikitable style text ... DEFAULTSORT Proteinstructure prediction software Category Lists of software Category Protein methods Category Proteinstructure Category Bioinformatics software ... webserver http www.fundp.ac.be urbm bioinfo esypred server FoldX Energy calculations and protein ... main article Protein threading class wikitable style text align center Name Method Description Link RaptorX software for protein modeling and analysis RaptorX Remote template detection, single template ... and predicted secondary structure Webserver http bioinf.cs.ucl.ac.uk psipred main page MUSTER profile ... products raptor index.php download br http ttic.uchicago.edu jinbo articles Selvita Protein Modeling Platform Package of tools for protein modeling Free demo, interactive webserver and standalone program including 3D threading and flexible 3d threading http www.selvita.com selvita protein modeling ... main page SPARKSx SP series 3D structure modeling by Fold recognition according to Sequence ... more details
Summary Information Description Crystallographic structure of the p11 protein based on the 1BT6 PDB coordinates. Source I User Boghog2 Boghog User talk Boghog2 talk created this work entirely by myself. Date 17 23, 29 October 2009 UTC Author User Boghog2 Boghog User talk Boghog2 talk other versions Licensing PD self date October 2009 Copy to Wikimedia Commons bot Fbot priority true ... more details
PBB geneid 6749 Structure specific recognition protein 1 , also known as SSRP1 , is a human protein. ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene SSRP1 structure specific recognition protein 1 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 6749 accessdate ref The PBB Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template PBB Controls to Stop updates. PBB Summary section title summary text The protein encoded by this gene is a subunit of a heterodimer that, along with SUPT16H, forms chromatin transcriptional elongation factor FACT biology .... This encoded protein contains a high mobility group box which most likely constitutes the structure recognition element for cisplatin modified DNA. This protein also functions as a co activator of the transcriptional activator p63. ref name entrez Interactions Structure specific recognition protein 1 has been shown to Proteinprotein interaction interact with NEK9 . ref name pmid14660563 cite .... title Nek9, a novel FACT associated protein, modulates interphase progression journal J. Biol. Chem ... clones encoding a high mobility group box protein that recognizes structural distortions to DNA caused ... JH, Donahue BA, Kellett PJ, et al. title Isolation of cDNAs encoding a human protein that binds ... 00 80903 4 cite journal author Dyer MA, Hayes PJ, Baron MH title The HMG domain protein SSRP1 PREIIBF ... activation by serum response factor and the high mobility group protein SSRP1. journal J. Biol ... of autoantibodies against the nuclear high mobility group HMG protein SSRP1 in sera from patients ... associated protein, modulates interphase progression. journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 279 issue 10 pages ... protein, human gene 11 stub NLM content Transcription factors g4 Category Transcription factors The PBB Controls template provides controls for Protein Box Bot, please see Template PBB Controls for details. PBB Controls update page yes require manual inspection no update protein box yes update summary ... more details
Summary Nucleotide binding to the G12V mutant of Cdc42 investigated by X ray diffraction and fluorescence spectroscopy two different nucleotide states in one crystal. Rudolph, M.G., Wittinghofer, A., Vetter, I.R. 1999 Protein Sci. 8 778 787 PubMed 10211824 Data files contained in the PDB archive ftp ftp.wwpdb.org are free of all copyright restrictions and made fully and freely available for both non commercial and commercial use. Licensing PD USGov Copy to Wikimedia Commons bot Svenbot Orphan image ... more details
dablink This piece is about the popular or citizens initiative. For alternative meanings of initiative , see Initiative disambiguation . In political science , an initiative also known as a popular or citizens initiative is a means by which a petition signed by a certain minimum number of registered ... of the day. It is a form of direct democracy . The initiative may take the form of either the direct initiative or indirect initiative . Under the direct initiative, a measure is put directly to a vote after being submitted by a petition. Under the indirect initiative, a measure is first referred ... with the legislature . Such a vote is known, when originating in the initiative process, as an initiative ... article, or even to introduce a new article into the constitution. The right of initiative ... system does not. If the necessary number of supporters is reached, the initiative will be put ... an amendment, and one for which one they want, the original one from the initiative or the one ... to receive voter support. Ireland Provision for the initiative was included in the 1922 constitution ... later abolished by the government. The current 1937 constitution has no initiative. United States Main article Initiatives and referendums in the United States The United States has no initiative process at the national level, but the initiative is in use at the level of state government in 24 states ... States . Establishing a national initiative procedure would likely require an List of amendments ... were bills, not a constitutional amendments, probably no initiative could have lawfully ... was never put to a vote. In 1977, both the Abourezk Hatfield National Voter Initiative and the Jagt ... U.S. system of Initiatives and referendums in the United States initiative and referendum originated in the state of South Dakota . South Dakota adopted initiative and referendum in 1898 by a vote ... Initiative The rejected Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe Parliamentary power and transparency ... more details
otheruses Infobox television episode Title The Initiative Image File The Initiative.jpg 230px Series Buffy the Vampire Slayer TV series Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season 4 Episode 7 Airdate November 16, 1999 Production 4ABB07 Writer Doug Petrie Director James A. Contner Guests Marc Blucas as Riley Finn Mercedes McNab as Harmony Kendall Adam Kaufman actor Adam Kaufman as List of minor Buffy the Vampire Slayer characters Parker Abrams Parker Abrams Bailey Chase as List of minor Buffy the Vampire Slayer characters Graham Miller Graham Miller Leonard Roberts as List of minor Buffy the Vampire Slayer characters Forrest Gates Forrest Gates Lindsay Crouse as List of minor Buffy the Vampire Slayer characters Maggie Walsh Maggie Walsh Mace Lombard as Tom Scott Becker as Lost Freshman Episode list List of Buffy the Vampire Slayer episodes Prev Wild at Heart Buffy the Vampire Slayer Wild at Heart Next Pangs The Initiative is the seventh episode of season 4 of the television show Buffy the Vampire Slayer TV series Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Written by Doug Petrie and directed by James A. Contner , it originally aired on November 16, 1999 on the The WB Television Network WB network . In The Initiative ... to have drunk the drugged blood, and when the doctors come to get him he attacks. He escapes the Initiative ... The vast set for the Initiative, revealed for the first time in this episode, was filmed at a Skunk ... of the Initiative is established. This episode marks the first of many references to Spike as a neutered animal, or an impotent man, now that he has the Initiative installed inhibitor chip in his ... and Graham, Riley s teammates in the Initiative, and the final appearance of Parker Abrams. Trivia Although Spike s chip is implanted at the time, he fights three of the Initiative soldiers while escaping ... 63 Buffynav BuffyEpisodes DEFAULTSORT Initiative, The Category Buffy the Vampire Slayer season 4 episodes Category 1999 television episodes es The Initiative fr Intrigues en sous sol tr The Initiative ... more details
Pfam box Symbol SpA Name Protein A image Protein A 1DEE 1L6X.png width caption Structure of a domain of protein A as a three helix bundle binding to the heavy variable chain of a VH3 human Fab ref name ... JB, Silverman GJ. title Crystal structure of a Staphylococcus aureus protein A domain complexed with the Fab ... month May pmid 10805799 doi pmc 25840 ref left. Minimized protein A bound to Fc fragment of Rituximab ... April pmid 10754313 doi ref Pfam InterPro SMART PROSITE SCOP 1DEE TCDB OPM family OPM protein PDB PDB2 1dee , PDB2 1l6x Protein A is a 40 60 Atomic mass unit kDa MSCRAMM surface protein originally found ... opsonization and phagocytosis . Protein A antibody binding Protein A binds with high affinity to human IgG1 and IgG2 as well as mouse IgG2a and IgG2b. Protein A binds with moderate affinity to human ... or IgD , nor will it react to mouse IgM, IgA or IgE. The capacity of protein A to bind antibodies .... The protein A used for production of antibodies in bio pharmaceuticals is most commonly bound to a stationary phase chromatography resin. Other antibody binding proteins In addition to Protein A, other immunoglobulin binding bacterial proteins such as Protein G , Protein A G and Protein L ... Staphylococcus aureus utilizes Protein A, along with a host of other proteins and surface factors to aid its survival and, thus, virulence. Protein A helps inhibit phagocytic engulfment and acts as an immunological disguise. Mutants of S. aureus lacking protein A are more efficiently phagocytosed ... toxin. J. Exp. Med. 2003 197 1125 1139. ref Research Recombinant Staphylococcal Protein ... form of Protein A is called MabSelect ref http www.gelifesciences.com aptrix upp00919.nsf Content 17D93C2E6A580E57C1257628001CE677 file 18114994AE.pdf ref . Protein A is often coupled to other molecules ... beads. Protein A is often immobilized onto a solid support and used as reliable method for purifying total IgG from crude protein mixtures such as blood serum serum or ascites fluid, or coupled with one ... more details
PBB geneid 5627 Protein S is a vitamin K dependent plasma glycoprotein synthesized in the endothelium. In the circulation, Protein S exists in two forms a free form and a complex form bound to complement system complement protein C4b. In humans, protein S is encoded by the PROS1 gene . ref name pmid2944113 ... J, Wydro R title Isolation and sequence of the cDNA for human protein S, a regulator of blood coagulation ... in Seattle , Washington first discovered protein S and arbitrarily named it after the city ... , and protein S journal Biochemistry volume 16 issue 4 pages 698 706 year 1977 month February pmid ... Characterization of protein S, a gamma carboxyglutamic acid containing protein from bovine and human ... 10.1021 bi00572a026 ref Function The best characterized function of Protein S is its role in the anti coagulation pathway, where it functions as a cofactor to Protein C in the inactivation of factor ... cite journal author Castoldi E, Hackeng TM title Regulation of coagulation by protein S journal Curr ... MOH.0b013e328309ec97 url ref Protein S can bind to negatively charged phospholipids via the carboxylated Gla domain GLA domain . This property allows Protein S to function in the removal of cells which ... . Protein S can bind to the negatively charged phospholipids and function as a bridging molecule between the apoptotic cell and the phagocyte. The bridging property of Protein S enhances the phagocytosis ... such as inflammation occurring. Pathology Mutations in the PROS1 gene can lead to Protein S deficiency ... of, and molecular defects underlying, inherited protein S deficiency in the general population ... P, Fuentes Prior P, Hurtado B, Sala N title Molecular basis of protein S deficiency journal Thromb ... Protein S has been shown to Proteinprotein interaction interact with Factor V . ref name pmid10593904 ... Y, Rosing J, Tans G, Griffin J H year 1999 month Dec. title C terminal residues 621 635 of protein ... of protein S to factor Va associated with inhibition of prothrombinase that is independent of activated ... more details
thumb right A representation of the 3D structure of the protein myoglobin showing colored alpha helix alpha helices . This protein was the first to have its structure solved by X ray crystallography ... to be single structure. Other proteins undergo large rearrangements from one protein conformation ... signaling event . Thus, the structure of a protein serves as a medium through which to regulate .... The first proteinstructure s to be solved were hemoglobin and myoglobin , by Max Perutz and John .... Methods commonly used to study proteinstructure and function include immunohistochemistry , site ... chains in a protein that ultimately determines its three dimensional structure and its chemical reactivity .... Protein is generally used to refer to the complete biological molecule in a stable tertiary structure ... structure conformation . Synthesis Main Protein biosynthesis Image Ribosome mRNA translation ... Proteinstructure Further Proteinstructure prediction File Chaperonin 1AON.png thumb 300px right The crystal structure of the chaperonin. Chaperonins assist protein folding. File Proteinviews 1tim.png thumb 300px Three possible representations of the three dimensional structure of the protein triose ... distinct aspects of a protein s structure ref Murray et al ., pp. 30 34. ref Primary structure the peptide ... can be present in the same protein molecule. Tertiary structure the overall shape of a single protein ... fold . The tertiary structure is what controls the basic function of the protein. Quaternary structure the structure formed by several protein molecules polypeptide chains , usually called protein ... Discovering the tertiary structure of a protein, or the quaternary structure of its complexes, can provide important clues about how the protein performs its function. Common experimental methods of structure ... by systematically solving representative structures of major fold classes. Proteinstructure prediction ... structure of the protein, which defines the binding site pocket, and by the chemical properties ... more details
Initiative in a chess position belongs to the player who can make threats that cannot be ignored. He thus puts his opponent in the position of having to use his turns responding to threats rather than making his own. ref http chess.about.com od reference g bldefini.htm ref A player with the initiative will often seek to maneuver his pieces into more and more advantageous position as he launches successive attacks. The player who lacks the initiative may seek to regain it through glossary of chess Counterattack counterattack . The importance of initiative is summed up in the syllogism that initiative is necessary to attack and attacking is necessary to win i.e. by capturing pieces and checkmating the opposing king chess king therefore initiative is needed to force a win. Citation needed date November 2009 Discussion Due to moving first, White and Black in chess White starts the game with the initiative, but it can be squandered in the opening chess opening by accepting a gambit . Players can also lose initiative by making unnecessary moves that allow the opponent to gain Tempo chess tempo , such as superfluous preventive moves intended to guard against certain actions by the opponent, that nonetheless require no specific response by them. The concept of tempo is closely tied to initiative, as players can acquire the initiative or buttress it by gaining a tempo. The initiative is important in all phases of the game, but more important in the chess endgame endgame than in the chess middlegame middlegame and more important in the middlegame than in the chess opening opening harvcol Euwe Meiden 1966 pp xvii,xxii . Having the initiative puts the opponent on the defensive. Grandmaster chess Grandmaster Larry Evans considers four elements of chess pawn structure , force Glossary ... in tempos. Having a time advantage is having the initiative harvcol Evans 1958 p 123 . The initiative ... Hays isbn 1 880673 96 7 pages 13 48 chess Category Chess terminology Chess stub fr Initiative checs ... more details
Measles Initiative MI , launched in 2001, is a long term commitment and partnership among leaders in public health and supports the goal of reducing measles deaths globally by 90 by 2010 compared to 2000 estimates. Impact Largely due to the technical and financial support of the Measles Initiative and the commitment from African governments, 217 million children have been vaccinated against measles and 1.2 million lives have been saved since 1999. Building on this achievement, in 2005, the Initiative has expanded its technical and financial support to countries in Asia , where total measles deaths are highest outside of sub Saharan Africa . ref http www.measlesinitiative.org facts2.asp Measles Facts ref Since 2001, the Measles Initiative has mobilized more than 200 million and supported more than 40 African countries and three Asian countries in implementing high quality measles vaccination campaigns. As a result, global measles deaths have dropped by 48 from 871,000 in 1999 to an estimated 454,000 in 2004 thanks to improvements in routing and supplementary immunization activities. The largest reduction occurred in Africa, the region with the highest burden of the disease, where estimated measles cases and deaths dropped by 60 . ref name about http www.measlesinitiative.org mip2.asp About Measles Initiative ref Structure The mechanism for the Initiative is an American Red Cross led partnership with operational support to measles burdened countries. The Initiative has adopted the highly successful Rotary International Rotary led global polio eradication initiative as a model. ref name about Rotary s strategy was two fold repeated vaccination campaigns reinforced by routine vaccination. The Initiative employs a similar approach initial mass catch up campaigns to vaccinate ... a chance to be vaccinated. Partners The partners of Measles Initiative are American Red Cross International ... in Africa. References reflist External links http www.measlesinitiative.org Measles Initiative Official ... more details
A supersecondary structure is a compact three dimensional proteinstructure of several adjacent elements of secondary structure that is smaller than a protein domain or a protein subunit subunit . Supersecondary structures can act as nucleation s in the process of protein folding . Examples include Beta hairpin hairpins , helix hairpins, and motifs. See also Structural motif Further reading cite journal author Chiang YS, Gelfand TI, Kister AE, Gelfand IM title New classification of supersecondary structures of sandwich like proteins uncovers strict patterns of strand assemblage. journal Proteins. volume 68 issue 4 pages 915 921 year 2007 pmid 17557333 doi 10.1002 prot.21473 DEFAULTSORT Supersecondary Structure Category Protein structural motifs ... more details
advert date April 2011 Infobox Non profit Non profit name National Initiative for Democracy Non profit ... NationalInitiative.us dissolved footnotes National initiative refers to proposals within the United States to allow for ballot initiative s at the Federal government of the United States federal ... Initiative For Democracy include Ralph Nader , author, activist and Perennial candidate perennial independent ... States . National Initiative for Democracy USA The National Initiative for Democracy NI4D is a proposed ... Initiative does not change or eliminate Congress, the President, or the Judicial Branch of government. Laws created by initiative must still stand up in the courts just like laws created by Congress. The National Initiative adds an additional check the people to America s system of checks and balances ... of the National Initiative for Democracy believe the law making branch of government Congress ... America, when the Constitution was written. The National Initiative for Democracy believes direct .... The National Initiative believes most of the existing state initiative processes have the right ... mob rule mentality. By 2009, 24 US states had an initiative process in place at the state level. The proposed National Initiative would be somewhat similar to those already in place at the State ... to every registered voter via various media outlets, to administer initiative elections and to administer ... are registered to vote may sponsor an initiative. The sponsor shall be identified on the initiative ... which conveyed, that promotes or opposes an initiative shall conspicuously identify the person s responsible ... contribute funds, services or property in support of or in opposition to an initiative. Financial ... an initiative. Violations of the prohibitions shall constitute a felony. The initiative itself ... parts. The initiative shall contain no more than five thousand words. Before being put to a national vote, an initiative would need to qualify in one of 3 ways a public opinion poll, a petition ... more details
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