Protein A is a 40 60 Atomic mass unit kDa MSCRAMM surface protein originally found in the cell wall of the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus . It is encoded by the spa gene and its regulation is controlled by DNA topology, cellular osmolarity, and a two component regulatory system two component system called ArlS ArlR. It has found use in biochemical research because of its ability to bind immunoglobulins . It binds proteins from many of mammalian species, most notably IgG s. It binds with the Fc region ... antibody function on their surface which disrupts opsonization and phagocytosis . Protein A antibody .... Protein A binds with moderate affinity to human IgM , IgA and IgE as well as to mouse IgG3 and IgG1 .... Other antibody binding proteins In addition to Protein A, other immunoglobulin binding bacterial proteins such as Protein G , Protein A G and Protein L are all commonly used to purify, immobilize or detect immunoglobulins. Role in pathogenesis As a pathogen Staphylococcus aureus utilizes Protein .... Protein A helps inhibit phagocytic engulfment and acts as an immunological disguise. Mutants of S. aureus lacking protein A are more efficiently phagocytosed in vitro, and mutants in infection models ... 197 1125 1139. ref Research Recombinant Staphylococcal Protein A is often produced in E. coli for use in immunology and other biological research. One recombinant form of Protein A is called MabSelect ... 18114994AE.pdf ref . Protein A is often coupled to other molecules such as a fluorescent dye , enzyme ... widely utilized coupled to magnetic, latex and agarose beads. Protein A is often immobilized onto a solid support and used as reliable method for purifying total IgG from crude protein mixtures ... of antibodies. Immunoprecipitation studies with protein A conjugated to beads are also commonly used to purify proteins or protein complexes indirectly through antibodies against the protein or protein complex of interest. References reflist Category Proteins Category Staphylococcaceae de Protein ... more details
PBB geneid 5627 Protein S is a vitamin K dependent plasma glycoprotein synthesized in the endothelium. In the circulation, Protein S exists in two forms a free form and a complex form bound to complement system complement protein C4b. In humans, protein S is encoded by the PROS1 gene . ref name pmid2944113 ... J, Wydro R title Isolation and sequence of the cDNA for human protein S, a regulator of blood coagulation ... in Seattle, Wash, first discovered protein S and arbitrarily named it after the city of its ... title A comparison of human prothrombin, factor IX Christmas factor , factor X Stuart factor , and protein ... of protein S, a gamma carboxyglutamic acid containing protein from bovine and human plasma ... bi00572a026 ref Function The best characterized function of Protein S is its role in the anti coagulation pathway, where it functions as a cofactor to Protein C in the inactivation of factor V Factors ... journal author Castoldi E, Hackeng TM title Regulation of coagulation by protein S journal Curr. Opin ... url ref Protein S can bind to negatively charged phospholipids via the carboxylated Gla domain GLA domain . This property allows Protein S to function in the removal of cells which are undergoing ... membrane. These negatively charged phospholipids are recognized by phagocytes such as macrophages . Protein ... the apoptotic cell and the phagocyte. The bridging property of Protein S enhances the phagocytosis ... occurring. Pathology Mutations in the PROS1 gene can lead to Protein S deficiency ... of, and molecular defects underlying, inherited protein S deficiency in the general population ... Prior P, Hurtado B, Sala N title Molecular basis of protein S deficiency journal Thromb. Haemost ... Protein S has been shown to Proteinprotein interaction interact with Factor V . ref name pmid10593904 ... J, Tans G, Griffin J H year 1999 month Dec. title C terminal residues 621 635 of protein S are essential ... coauthors Mesters R M, Tans G, Rosing J, Griffin J H year 1993 month Feb. title Binding of protein ... more details
About a class of molecules protein as a nutrient Protein nutrient other uses pp semi indef pp move indef File Myoglobin.png thumb right 250px A representation of the 3D structure of the protein myoglobin showing colored alpha helix alpha helices . This protein was the first to have its structure solved ... compound compounds consisting of one or more polypeptide s typically folded into a globular protein globular or fibrous protein fibrous form in a biologically functional way. A polypeptide is a single ... acids in a protein is defined by the DNA sequence sequence of a gene , which is encoded in the genetic ... or even during synthesis, the residues in a protein are often chemically modified by post translational ... together to achieve a particular function, and they often associate to form stable protein complex complex ... to be single structure. Other proteins undergo large rearrangements from one protein conformation ... signaling event . Thus, the structure of a protein serves as a medium through which to regulate either the function of a protein or activity of an enzyme. Not all proteins requiring a folding process ... ingested protein into free amino acids that are then used in metabolism. Proteins were first described ... Jakob Berzelius in 1838. Early nutritional scientists such as the German Carl von Voit believed that protein ... urease was in fact a protein. ref name Sumner1926 The first protein to be protein sequencing .... The first protein structure s to be solved were hemoglobin and myoglobin , by Max Perutz and John ... may be protein purification purified from other cellular components using a variety of techniques such as ultracentrifugation .... Methods commonly used to study protein structure and function include immunohistochemistry , site ... protein folding the statistical analysis techniques employed to calculate a protein s probable ... bond that links individual amino acids to form a protein polymer Most proteins consist of linear polymer ... it is the combined effect of all of the amino acid side chains in a protein that ultimately ... more details
Protein database may refer to Any protein structure database Any protein sequence database Exact names Protein NIH Protein database of the National Institute of Health Protein Database of Bio Synthesis, Inc. disambig ... more details
forms a proteinprotein interaction with the ribonuclease protein. The contacts between the two proteins are shown as coloured patches. 250px Proteinprotein interactions occur when two or more protein s bind together, often to carry out their function biology biological function . Many ... molecular machines that are built from a large number of protein components organised by their proteinprotein interactions. Protein interactions have been studied from the perspectives of biochemistry ... graph theory networks . Indeed, proteinprotein interactions are at the core of the entire ... to the inside of that cell by proteinprotein interactions of the signaling molecules. This process ... e.g. cancer s . Proteins might interact for a long time to form part of a protein complex , a protein may be carrying another protein for example, from cytoplasm to cell nucleus nucleus or vice versa in the case of the nuclear pore importins , or a protein may interact briefly with another protein just to modify it for example, a protein kinase will add a phosphate to a target protein . This modification of proteins can itself change proteinprotein interactions. For example, some proteins ... while bromodomain s specifically recognise acetylated lysines. In conclusion, proteinprotein interactions ... approaches. Methods to investigate proteinprotein interactions Main Methods to investigate proteinprotein interactions As proteinprotein interactions are so important there are a multitude of methods ... hybrid screening can be used to detect novel proteinprotein interactions. There are also many biophysical ... represents a protein and each blue line between them is an interaction. 200px Visualization of proteinprotein interaction networks is a popular application of scientific visualization techniques. Although protein interaction diagrams are common in textbooks, diagrams of whole cell protein interaction ..., and Fields published a paper on proteinprotein interactions in yeast, linking together 1,548 interacting ... more details
The screening of proteinprotein interactions refers to the identification of protein interactions with high throughput screening methods such as computer and or robot assisted plate reading, flow cytometry analyzing. The interactions between proteins are central to virtually every process in a living ... for new therapeutic approaches. Methods to screen proteinprotein interactions Though there are many methods to detect proteinprotein interactions, the majority of these methods such as Co immunoprecipitation ... approaches. Ex vivo or in vivo methods Methods that screen proteinprotein interactions ... of proteinprotein interactions and their modulators. ref cite journal author Lu JP, Beatty LK, Pinthus ... screening and verification of protein interactions in living cells journal Nature Precedings ... of a protein without bias. However, the method has a notoriously high false positive rate, which makes ... as by co immunoprecipitation . However, the TAP tag method requires two successive steps of protein purification, and thus can not readily detect transient proteinprotein interactions. Recent genome ... protein interaction data for yeast organisms check my plural the singular looked very wrong . cross link Chemical crosslinking is often used to fix protein interactions in place before trying to isolate ... H year 2006 volume 40 issue 4 pages 423, 425, 427 title Protein microarrays journal Biotechniques pmid 16629388 ref See also Proteinprotein interaction BiFC References Reflist External links External links date August 2010 Proteinprotein interaction databases http hprd.org HPRD Human Protein Reference Database , a manually curated database of human protein information with visualization tools http ... verified protein interactions mined from the literature by curators http mips.gsf.de proj ppi MIPS Mammalian ProteinProtein Interaction Database , the MIPS mammalian proteinprotein interaction database http www.thebiogrid.org BioGRID genomics footer Biology footer DEFAULTSORT ProteinProtein ... more details
wiktionarypar proteinProtein is an organic compound made of amino acids. Protein may also refer to Protein nutrient Protein band See also List of topics related to protein disambig es Prote na desambiguaci n lv Prote ni noz mju atdal ana ... more details
Expert subject Biology date November 2008 Proteinprotein interaction prediction is a field combining ... pairs or groups of proteins. Understanding proteinprotein interaction s is important for the investigation of intracellular signaling pathways, modelling of protein complex structures and for gaining ... screening two hybrid systems, protein fragment complementation assays PCA , affinity purification mass spectrometry , protein microarray s, fluorescence resonance energy transfer FRET and Microscale ... proteins have fused orthologues in other organisms. In addition, a number of bound protein ... profiling ref Pellegrini finds pairs of protein families with similar patterns of presence ... process, but does not necessarily imply physical interaction. Prediction of co evolved protein ... distance matrices are calculated for each protein in the hypothesized interacting pair. If the matrices ... patterns This method ref Aytuna ref Ogmen builds a library of known proteinprotein interfaces from the Protein Data Bank PDB , where the interfaces are defined as pairs of polypeptide fragments ... between pairs of targets, providing that they have a known structure i.e. present in the Protein Data ... to assess the likelihood that a particular potential protein interaction is a true positive ... might interact. 3D template based protein complex modelling This method ref Aloy ref Chen ref Fukuhara ref Kittichotirat makes use of known protein complex structures to predict as well as structurally model interactions between query protein sequences. The prediction process generally starts by employing a sequence based method e.g Interolog to search for protein complex structures that are homologous ... protein interactions but also suggests models of how proteins interact structurally, which can provide ... for this method to makes a prediction is limited to a relatively small number of known protein complex ... learning problem. In this paradigm the known protein interactions supervise the estimation of a function ... more details
Protein K may refer to Protein K porin , a porin expressed in pathogenic strains of E. coli Protein K gene expression , a DNA and RNA binding protein expressed in the nucleus of eukaryotes disambig ... more details
Citrullinated protein may refer to Any protein having undergone citrullination The proteins often cyclic ones being the targets of anti citrullinated protein antibody anti citrullinated protein antibodies disambig ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Unreferenced date February 2009 MASP is a protein name abbreviation of MBL associated serine protease. See also MASP2 protein Category Human proteins protein stub ... more details
Rice protein is a vegetarian protein that, for some, is more easily digestible than whey protein . Brown rice can be treated with enzyme s that will cause carbohydrate s to separate from proteins. The resulting protein powder is then sometimes flavored or added to smoothies or health shake s to mask the chalky, bitter flavor. Category Rice ... more details
Protein supplement can refer to Dietary supplement s Bodybuilding supplement Protein Bodybuilding supplement Disambig Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages ... more details
Protein Wisdom may refer to Protein Wisdom blog a conservative libertarian weblog created by Jeff Goldstein Stanley Owen Green London eccentric disambig ... more details
Protein translocase may refer to Translocon or SecY protein Translocase of the inner membrane Translocase of the outer membrane See also Sorting and assembly machinery disambig ... more details
Dodecameric is a term pertaining to protein quaternary structure , and describes a protein complex with 12 protein subunits protein chain s . Dodecameric complexes can have a number of Protein subunit subunit topology topologies , but typically only a few of the theory theoretically possible subunit arrangement s are observed in protein structure s. A dodecamer is a protein complex with 12 protein subunits. A common Protein subunit subunit arrangement involves a tetrahedral distribution of subunit protein trimer trimer s or 3 4 Point groups in three dimensions point symmetry . Another observed arrangement of Protein subunit subunits puts two rings of six subunits side by side along the six fold axis or 2 6 point symmetry . Dodecameric proteins include Complete gap junction channel, composed of two hexamers. glutamine synthetase PDB code http www.pdbe.org 2gls 2gls Dodecameric ferritin PDB code http www.pdbe.org 1qgh 1qgh A 42 Amyloid beta 42 References Protein Data Bank The Protein Data Bank PDB http www.ebi.ac.uk msd srv prot int cgi bin piserver The Protein Quaternary Structure Server PQS part of the http www.ebi.ac.uk pdbe PDBe . Category Protein structure biochem stub ... more details
Protein A G is a fusion protein Recombinant fusion proteins recombinant fusion protein that combines Immunoglobulin G IgG binding domains of both Protein A and Protein G . Protein A G contains four Fc binding domains from Protein A and two from Protein G, yielding a final mass of 50,460 daltons. The binding of Protein A G is less dependent upon pH than Protein A, but otherwise has the additive properties of Protein A and G. Protein A G binds to all subclasses of human IgG, making it useful for purifying polyclonal antibodies polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies monoclonal IgG antibody antibodies whose subclasses have not been determined. In addition, it binds to Immunoglobulin A IgA , Immunoglobulin E IgE , Immunoglobulin M IgM and to a lesser extent Immunoglobulin D IgD . Protein A G also binds to all subclasses of mouse IgG but does not bind mouse IgA, IgM or serum albumin. ref Sikkema, J.W.D. 1989 Amer. Biotech. Lab, 7, 42. ref This allows Protein A G to be used for purification and detection of mouse monoclonal IgG antibodies, without interference from IgA, IgM and serum albumin . Mouse monoclonal antibodies commonly have a stronger affinity to the Chimera protein chimeric Protein A G than to either Protein A or Protein G. ref Eliasson, M., et al. 1988 J. Biol. Chem. 263, 4323 4327. ref Protein A G also has been used for purification of macaque IgG ref Chackerian, B., et al. 2004 J. Virol. 78, 4037 4047. ref Other antibody binding proteins In addition to Protein A G, other immunoglobulin binding Bacteria bacterial proteins such as Protein A , Protein G and Protein L are all commonly used to purify, immobilize or detect antibody immunoglobulins . Each of these immunoglobulin binding proteins has a different antibody binding profile in terms of the portion of the antibody that is recognized and the species and type of antibodies it will bind. References references Category Proteins ... more details
Protein metabolism denotes the various biochemistry biochemical processes responsible for the synthesis of protein synthesis proteins and amino acid synthesis amino acids , and the breakdown of proteins and other large molecules, too by protein catabolism catabolism . Protein synthesis Main article Protein biosynthesis . Protein biosynthesis relies on four processes amino acid synthesis RNA synthesis Transcription genetics transcription Translation genetics translation Protein anabolism is the process by which protein are formed from amino acids aka anabolic amino acid synthesis . Protein catabolism is the process by which proteins are broken down to their amino acids. This is also called proteolysis . Metabolism DEFAULTSORT Protein Metabolism Category Metabolism Metabolism stub cs Metabolismus b lkovin ... more details
Protein methods are the techniques used to study protein s. There are genetic methods for studying proteins, methods for detecting proteins, methods for isolating and purifying proteins and other methods for characterizing the structure and function of proteins, often requiring that the protein first be purified. Genetic methods conceptual translation many proteins are never directly sequenced, but their sequence of amino acids is known by conceptual translation of a known mRNA sequence. See genetic code . site directed mutagenesis allows new variants of proteins to be produced and tested for how structural changes alter protein function. insertion of protein tags such as the His tag . See also green fluorescent protein . evolutionary analysis of sequence changes in different species using software such as BLAST . Proteins that are involved in human diseases can be identified by matching allele s to disease and other phenotypes using methods such as Genetic linkage calculation of LOD scores . Detecting proteins microscopy, Immunostaining protein immunostaining Immunoprecipitation Protein immunoprecipitation Immunoelectrophoresis Immunoblotting Bicinchoninic acid assay BCA Protein Assay Western blot Spectrophotometry Enzyme assay Protein purification Protein Isolation chromatography methods Protein Extraction and Solubilization Protein Concentration Determination Methods, Bradford protein assay Concentrating Protein Solutions Gel electrophoresis Gel Electrophoresis Under denaturing ... Protein structures X ray crystallography Protein NMR Protein DNA interactions ChIP on chip Chip ... Molecular dynamics Protein structure prediction Protein sequencing Protein structural alignment Protein ontology Protein synthesis Proteomics Peptide mass fingerprinting Ligand binding assay Eastern ... isotope labeling for methods with DNA or RNA Nucleic acid methods References Protein Methods , 2nd ... to that category using the dmoz template. No More Links Protein topics Protein methods Category Protein ... more details
Wikify date April 2010 Protein subfamily is a level of protein classification, especially protein 3D structures. It is under protein Family. Protein family in SCOP Structural Classification of Proteins means the members are all related evolutionarily and they share very similar structures with functional similarities. Protein Subfamily is when the Family members share the same interaction interfaces and interaction partners. This more strict criterion forces that all the subfamily members have to share functionally related. External links http www.scop.mrc lmb.cam.ac.uk scop SCOP DB at Cambridge UK http cathdb.info CATH protein structure DB http proteinsubfamily.org ProteinSubfamily wiki portal protein stub Category Proteins Category Protein classification anchor foo ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date February 2009 An HMG protein is a proteins involved with chromatin structure. They endow the chromosome with nuclease sensitivity. They also recruit transcription factor s to bind to Enhancer genetics enhancers . See High mobility group DEFAULTSORT Hmg Protein Category Proteins Protein stub ... more details
M protein may refer to M protein Streptococcus , a virulence factor of the bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes . Another name for paraprotein , an abnormal protein in the urine or blood, often seen in multiple myeloma or Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance MGUS . disambig ... more details
Protein fingerprinting can refer to any of the several methods for identifying or differentiating proteins Peptide mass fingerprinting , a method developed in 1993 that uses protein mass spectrometry following SDS PAGE Older techniques using two dimensional chromatography and or protein electrophoresis Disambig ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
