of direct proportionality that locates a point on a line mathematics Ray ray and the constant ... Hyperbolic growth DEFAULTSORT ProportionalityMathematics Category Mathematical terminology Category ...about proportionality, the mathematical relation other uses of the term Proportionality disambiguation ... to x. In mathematics , two variable Quantity quantities are proportional if one of them is always wiktionary product the product of the other and a constant quantity, called the coefficient of proportionality or proportionality constant . In other words, nobr x and y are proportional if the ratio math ... stripes, enlarged or reduced. The duplication scale of a striped triangle is the proportionality ... 221D . Direct proportionality Given two variable math variable s x and y , y is directly proportional ... math k y x , math is called the proportionality constant or constant of proportionality . Examples ... traveling, with the speed being the constant of proportionality. The circumference of a circle is proportional to its diameter , with the constant of proportionality equal to pi . On a map drawn ... between the two locations that the points represent, with the constant of proportionality being the scale ... to the object s mass the constant of proportionality between the mass and the force is known as gravitational ... y, math it follows that if y is proportional to x , with nonzero proportionality constant k , then x is also proportional to y with proportionality constant 1 k . If y is proportional to x , then the graph of y as a function mathematics function of x will be a line mathematics straight line passing through the Origin mathematics origin with the slope of the line equal to the constant of proportionality it corresponds to linear growth . Inverse proportionality This section is linked from Poliomyelitis The concept of inverse proportionality can be contrasted against direct proportionality . Consider ... will decrease if the other variable increases, while their product the constant of proportionality ... more details
Wiktionary Proportionality may refer to Proportionalitymathematics , the relationship of two variables whose ratio is constant Proportionality law , A legal principle under municipal law in which the punishment of a certain crime should be in proportion to the severity of the crime itself, and under international law an important consideration when assessing the military necessity of an attack on a military objective Proportionality political maxim , A maxim which states that any layer of government should not take any action that exceeds that which is necessary to achieve the objective of government Wiktionary Proportion Proportion redirects here. Proportion may refer to The ratio of one quantity to another, especially the ratio of a part compared to a whole. In a mathematical context, a proportion is the statement of equality between two ratios. Proportion architecture describes the relationships between elements of a design Body proportions , in art, are the study of relation of human body parts to each other and the whole Proportions, or geometric aspect ratio Proportional redirects here. Proportional may refer to Proportional fair division means that each of math n math players thinks that they received math 1 n math of the cake. A proportional control system is a type of linear feedback control system Proportional representation in electoral systems Typeface Proportion Proportional fonts disambig de Proportion gl Proporcionalidade hom nimos it Proporzionalit nl Proportionaliteit pt Proporcionalidade desambigua o sr sv Proportionalitet ... more details
Unreferenced date June 2009 Degressive proportionality is a type of formula for electing the members of a legislature or other decision making body. If a body is elected by a number of regions, states or other subdivisions, degressive proportionality means that while the subdivisions do not each elect an equal number of members, smaller subdivision are overrepresented in terms of their population. If the equal representation of subdivisions is used, then each subdivision elects the same number of members. On the other hand if apportionment on the basis of population is used, then each subdivision elects a number of members strictly proportionate to its population. Degressive proportionality means any intermediate method that is a compromise between these two approaches. As a term it does not describe any one particular formula. European parliament Main Apportionment in the European Parliament Under the Treaty of Lisbon , the European Parliament uses a system of degressive proportionality to allocate its 750 seats among the member states of the European Union . Treaty negotiations, rather than a specific formula, determine the apportionment between member states. Minimum seats Any system that reserves a minimum number seats for a sub body is to some extent degressively proportional. The most famous example is perhaps the election of the Electoral College United States US presidential Electoral College . As each state has a minimum of three members of the college, smaller states such as Wyoming and Vermont effectively have disproportionally more say in the election than larger states, the extreme being California. Advantages Empty section date July 2010 Disadvantages Empty section date July 2010 Methods for allocating weights Penrose method square root of the population Category Voting Election stub ... more details
Proportionality is a principle in law which covers two distinct although related concepts. Within municipal law municipal domestic law it is used to convey the idea that the punishment of an offender should fit the crime. Under international humanitarian law governing the laws of war legal use of force in an armed conflict, proportionality and distinction law distinction are important factors in assessing military necessity . Criminal law Within law, the principle of proportional justice is used to describe the idea that the punishment of a certain crime should be in proportion to the severity of the crime itself. In practice, systems of law differ greatly on the application of this principle. In some systems, this was interpreted as lex talionis , an eye for an eye . In others, it has led to a more restrictive manner of sentencing. For example, all European Union countries have accepted as a treaty obligation that no crime warrants the death penalty , whereas some other countries in the world do use it. International law This section is linked from Allegations of war crimes in the 2006 Lebanon War The incidental i.e., unintended harm caused to civilians or civilian property must be proportionate and not excessive in relation to the concrete and direct military advantage anticipated by an attack on a military objective. ref name military objective Article 52 of Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions provides a widely accepted definition of military objective In so far as objects are concerned, military objectives are limited to those objects which by their nature, location ... of the Principle of Jus in Bello Proportionality . Israel Defense Forces Law Review, Vol. 2 ... this use of proportionality quotation Under international humanitarian law and the Rome Statute , the death ... excessive in relation to the anticipated military advantage principle of proportionality Article ... Principle of Proportionality Fran oise Hampson http www.crimesofwar.org thebook military necessity.html ... more details
uses see Mathematics disambiguation and Math disambiguation . File Euclid.jpg thumb Euclid , Greek ... . ref Mathematics from Greek language Greek m th ma knowledge, study, learning is the study ..., then mathematical reasoning often provides insight or predictions. Through the use of abstraction mathematics abstraction and logic al reasoning , mathematics developed from counting , calculation , measurement .... Practical mathematics has been a human activity for as far back as History of Mathematics written records exist. Logic Rigorous arguments first appeared in Greek mathematics , most notably in Euclid Euclid s Euclid s Elements Elements . Mathematics developed at a relatively slow pace until the Renaissance ... History of Mathematics 1. Newton and Leibniz , BBC Radio 4 , 27 09 2010. ref Carl Friedrich Gauss 1777 1855 referred to mathematics as the Queen of the Sciences . ref Waltershausen ref Benjamin Peirce 1809 1880 called mathematics the science that draws necessary conclusions . ref Peirce, p. 97. ref David Hilbert said of mathematics We are not speaking here of arbitrariness in any sense. Mathematics ..., Birkh user 1992 . ref Albert Einstein 1879 1955 stated that as far as the laws of mathematics ... . ref name certain Mathematics is used throughout the world as an essential tool in many fields, including natural science , engineering , medicine , and the social sciences . Applied mathematics , the branch of mathematics concerned with application of mathematical knowledge to other fields, inspires ... mathematics , or mathematics for its own sake, without having any application in mind. There is no clear line separating pure and applied mathematics, and practical applications for what began as pure mathematics are often discovered. ref Peterson ref Etymology The word mathematics comes from the ancient ... mean to learn . The word mathematics in Greek came to have the narrower and more technical meaning ... until around 1700, the term mathematics more commonly meant astrology or sometimes astronomy ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 This article is about proportionality, the political maxim. For other uses of the term proportionality , see Proportionality disambiguation . The principle of proportionality is a political maxim which states that no layer of government should take any action that exceeds that which is necessary to achieve the objective of government Regardless of intent of objective . It was initially developed in the German legal system. It is a fundamental principle of European Union law . According to this principle, the EU may only act to exactly the extent that is needed to achieve its objectives, and no further. This principle has underpinned the European Communities since their inception in 1957. In the presently applicable primary law, the principle of proportionality is clearly formulated in the third paragraph of Article 5 of the Treaty establishing the European Community as follows Quotation Any action by the Community shall not go beyond what is necessary to achieve the objectives of this Treaty. This principle is also explicitly specified in the new Treaty of Lisbon . See also Subsidiarity European Union law Category European Union law Category Legal doctrines and principles Poli stub de Erforderlichkeit ja sv Proportionalitetsprincipen zh ... more details
Multiple issues orphan March 2008 context October 2009 notability March 2008 The main function of deviation from proportionality is to denote the proportion of malapointment in a democracy democratic process . The idea is basically a math ematical relationship between the percentage of votes obtained by a political party and the percentage of parliamentary seats allocated to it. To calculate just subtract a parties vote share from their seat share, add up all of the absolute values i.e. ignore negative signs , and finally divide by two ref http eprints.lse.ac.uk 709 1 BritishAMSSystems04.pdf There are three main ways of measuring deviations from proportionality Bot generated title ref . References references Category Democracy ... more details
orphan date June 2009 primarysources date August 2008 Proportionality for Solid Coalitions is an election methods criterion relating to proportional representation systems. This criterion was invented by Michael Dummett . ref Dummett, M., Voting procedures. Oxford Clarendon Press 1984 ref Tideman Tideman ref Tideman, N. and Richardson, D., Better Voting Methods Through Technology The Refinement Manageability Trade Off in the Single Transferable Vote , Public Choice , Volume 103, Numbers 1 2 April, 2000 ref defines this criterion as blockquote This is the property that if there is a set of voters, V, who rank all candidates in some set, S, ahead of all other candidates, then the number of candidates in S who are elected will be at least as great as the proportion of the electorate who are in V multiplied by the number of candidates to be elected, rounded down to an integer provided that S contains at least that many candidates . blockquote Tideman ref Tideman N., Collective Decisions and Voting , Ashgate Publishing Ltd, Aldershot, 2006 ref calls the equivalent criterion, but based on the Droop quota, k 1 proportionality for solid coalitions. References reflist polisci stub Category Political science stubs Category Political science terms ... more details
Information Description Multiplication can be defined equivalently using either the Euclidean concepts of area or proportionality. Source I User Lapasotka Lapasotka User talk Lapasotka talk created this work entirely by myself. Date 09 30, 19 January 2011 UTC Author User Lapasotka Lapasotka User talk Lapasotka talk other versions self cc by sa 3.0 GFDL migration redundant Copy to Wikimedia Commons bot Fbot Orphan image ... more details
saved book title Mathematics subtitle An overview cover image Math.svg cover color Mathematics Main article Mathematics Supporting articles History of mathematics Mathematical beauty Mathematical notation Category Wikipedia books on mathematicsMathematics ... more details
Wiktionarypar mathematicsMathematics is the body of knowledge justified by deductive reasoning about abstract structures, starting from axioms and definitions. Mathematics may also refer to Mathematics producer , a hip hop producer Mathematics album Mathematics album , an album by the band The Servant Mathematics song Mathematics song , a song by Mos Def Mathematics Little Boots song Mathematics Little Boots song , a song by Little Boots Mathematics Cherry Ghost song Mathematics Cherry Ghost song , a song by Cherry Ghost Mathematics Magazine , a publication of the Mathematical Association of America See also Category Mathematics Portal Mathematics Math disambiguation Mathematica disambiguation disambig fr Math homonymie it Mathematics lv Mathematics ... more details
Folk mathematics can mean The mathematical folklore that circulates among mathematicians The informal mathematics used in everyday life, as studied in ethno cultural studies of mathematics. disambig Category Mathematical disambiguation ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 A mathematics journal is a scientific journal which publishes exclusively or almost exclusively mathematics papers. A practical definition of the current state of mathematics , as a research field, is that it consists of theorem s with proofs published in a reputable mathematics journal, and which usually have passed through the process of peer review . In some exceptional cases, the statement of a conjecture , or the introduction of some new method or definition might assume relevance. A relatively small proportion of mathematics papers concerned with pure mathematics are published through more general, science based learned journals. Applied mathematics may be published in publications more oriented towards engineering , but sometimes also biology and other sciences. Hundreds of such journals exist. Some of the most prestigious journals in pure mathematics are Annals of Mathematics , Publications Math matiques de l IH S , Acta Mathematica , and Inventiones Mathematicae . See also List of mathematics journals DEFAULTSORT Mathematical Journal Category Mathematics journals nl Wiskundig tijdschrift ... more details
Expert subject Mathematics date November 2008 unreferenced date July 2010 In the philosophy of mathematics , ordinary mathematics is an inexact term, used to distinguish the body of most mathematical work from that of, for example, constructivism mathematics constructivist , intuitionism intuitionist , or finitism finitist mathematics. Ordinary mathematics is usually studied within the universe mathematics universe Universe mathematics In ordinary mathematics SN , or sometimes V sub sub see Von Neumann universe . Contrast with finitist mathematics, which limits to the study of V sub sub see hereditarily finite set s , or with metamathematics and the study of large cardinal s, which study objects contained in a larger universe. Ordinary mathematicians generally assume the axiom of choice at least, because it makes their work easier , whereas constructivists reject it on the grounds that it is non constructive , and also reject the law of excluded middle , which can be derived from it. Category Philosophy of mathematics math stub ... more details
Italic title Mathematics of Computation ref http www.ams.org mcom aboutmcom.html Mathematics of Computation Journal overview , retrieved April 2007 ref is a quarterly mathematics journal focused on computational mathematics that is published by the American Mathematical Society . It was established in 1943. The articles in all volumes older than five years are available electronically free of charge. ref http www.ams.org jourcgi jrnl toolbar nav mcom all Mathematics of Computation Archive ref References reflist Category Mathematics journals Category Quarterly journals sci journal stub ... more details
Italic title The Mathematics Enthusiast ISSN 1551 3440 is a triannual Peer review peer reviewed academic journal covering mathematics education , including historical, philosophical, and cross cultural perspectives on mathematics. It is published by Information Age Publishing and hosted by the department of mathematical sciences at The University of Montana . Its founder and editor in chief is Bharath Sriraman . The journal also includes a monograph series called the The Montana Mathematics Enthusiast Monographs in Mathematics Education . Abstracting and indexing The journal is abstracted and indexed in EBSCO Industries Academic Search Complete , PsycINFO , and Journals in Higher Education . External links Official website 1 http www.infoagepub.com index.php?id 43 http www.math.umt.edu tmme Journal page at University of Montana http www.infoagepub.com series The Montana Mathematics Enthusiast Series at Information Age Publishing DEFAULTSORT Mathematics Enthusiast Category Mathematics journals Category Education journals Category Triannual journals Category English language journals Category Mathematics education ... more details
The term finite mathematics refers either to discrete mathematics , or to a course conventionally required of business students, in which the curriculum brings together several mathematical topics, including basic probability theory , an introduction to linear programming , some theory of matrix mathematics matrices and determinants, and sometimes an abbreviated account of calculus . disambig Category Mathematical disambiguation ... more details
unreferenced date October 2007 Infobox Journal title The Mathematics Educator cover editor Kelly Edenfield discipline Mathematics education abbreviation publisher University of Georgia country United States frequency 1 2 annual issues history 1990 present openaccess website http math.coe.uga.edu tme tmeonline.html link1 link1 name link2 link2 name JSTOR OCLC LCCN ISSN 1062 9017 eISSN The Mathematics Educator TME is peer reviewed journal within the field of mathematics education . TME is produced by students, and it is published by the Mathematics Education Student Association MESA in the Department of Mathematics Education at the University of Georgia . ref http math.coe.uga.edu tme tmeonline.html Journal web site ref MESA is an affiliate of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics NCTM . The journal first appeared in 1990, and it has appeared one or two times a year since then. It welcomes different types of manuscripts, like research reports, commentaries, literature reviews, theoretical articles, critiques, mathematical problems, and translations of previously published articles. See also List of scientific journals in mathematics education External links the online version of The Mathematics Educator TME http math.coe.uga.edu tme tmeonline.html References Endnotes references journal stub DEFAULTSORT Mathematics Educator Category Mathematics journals Category Education journals Category English language journals Category Publications established in 1990 Category Mathematics education ... more details
MathTopicTOC The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to mathematicsMathematics ... between mathematics and science , refer to the article on science Mathematics science . Nature of mathematics Definitions of mathematics &ndash Mathematics has no generally accepted definition ... definitions, all of which are controversial. Philosophy of mathematics &ndash its aim is to provide an account of the nature and methodology of mathematics and to understand the place of mathematics in people s lives. Mathematics is an academic discipline &ndash branch of knowledge that is taught and researched ... 599 Science Mathematics in the Dewey Decimal Classification system Mathematics in the Library of Congress Classification system Mathematics Subject Classification &ndash alphanumerical classification ... brief synopses and occasionally evaluations of many articles in mathematics, statistics and theoretical ... in pure and applied mathematics, published by Springer Science Business Media. It is a major international reviewing service which covers the entire field of mathematics. It uses the Mathematics Subject Classification codes for organising their reviews by topic. Subjects Quantity Mathematics Quantity ... Real number s &ndash Complex number s &ndash Infinity &ndash Structure Mathematics Structure ... Function mathematics &ndash Space Mathematics Space Space &ndash Geometry &ndash Algebraic geometry ... Change Mathematics Change Change &ndash Calculus &ndash Vector calculus &ndash Differential equation ... and philosophy Foundations of mathematics &ndash Philosophy of mathematics &ndash Category theory ... theory &ndash Recursion theory &ndash Set theory &ndash Discrete mathematics Discrete mathematics &ndash Combinatorics Theory of computation Cryptography Graph theory Applied mathematics Applied mathematics ... &ndash Statistics &ndash Mathematical economics &ndash Financial mathematics &ndash Game theory &ndash ... &ndash Control theory &ndash Dynamical system s &ndash History Main article History of mathematics Babylonian ... more details
In mathematics , a connector is a map which can be defined for a linear connection and used to define the covariant derivative on a vector bundle from the linear connection. Category Connection mathematics differential geometry stub ... more details
In the foundations of mathematics , classical mathematics refers generally to the mainstream approach to mathematics , which is based on classical logic and ZFC set theory . ref cite book title The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Mathematics and Logic editor Stewart Shapiro editor link Stewart Shapiro publisher Oxford University Press, USA year 2005 isbn 978 019 514877 0 ref It stands in contrast to other types of mathematics such as constructive mathematics or predicative mathematics . In practice, the most common non classical systems are used in constructive mathematics. ref cite book title Provability and Truth author Torkel Franz n authorlink Torkel Franz n publisher Almqvist & Wiksell International year 1987 isbn 91 22 01158 7 ref Classical mathematics is sometimes attacked on philosophical grounds, due to constructivism mathematics constructivist and other objections to the logic, set theory, etc., chosen as its foundations, such as have been expressed by L. E. J. Brouwer . Almost all mathematics, however, is done in the classical tradition, or in ways compatible with it. Defenders of classical mathematics, such as David Hilbert , have argued that it is easier to work in, and is most fruitful although they acknowledge non classical mathematics has at times led to fruitful results that classical mathematics could not or could not so easily attain, on the whole they argue it is the other way round. In terms of the philosophy and history of mathematics, the very existence of non classical mathematics raises the question of the extent to which the foundational mathematical choices humanity has made arise from their superiority rather than from, say, expedience driven concentrations of effort on particular aspects. See also Constructivism mathematics Finitism Intuitionism Non classical analysis Ultrafinitism References references DEFAULTSORT Classical Mathematics Category Mathematical logic mathlogic stub ... more details
The Encyclopedia of Mathematics also EOM and formerly Encyclopaedia of Mathematics is a large reference work in mathematics . It is available in book form and on CD ROM. The 2002 version contains more than 8,000 entries covering most areas of mathematics at a graduate level, and the presentation is technical in nature. The encyclopedia is edited by Michiel Hazewinkel and was published by Kluwer Academic Publishers until 2003, when Kluwer became part of Springer Science Business Media Springer . The CDROM contains animations and three dimensional objects. http www.lib.nus.edu.sg linus 00jul encmaths.html ... of the EOM. Encyclopedia of Mathematics Wiki A new dynamic version of the encyclopedia is now ... can now be publicly updated to include the newest advancements in mathematics. All entries will be monitored ... . Vinogradov I.M. Ed. Moscow Sov. Entsiklopediya 1977 Encyclopaedia of Mathematics Volume 1 Hazewinkel, M. Ed. , Vol. 1, Kluwer 1987 ISBN 1 55608 000 X, Encyclopaedia of Mathematics set Hazewinkel, M. Ed. , Kluwer 1994 ISBN 1 55608 010 7, Encyclopaedia of Mathematics , Supplement I Hazewinkel, M. Ed. Kluwer 1997 , ISBN 0 7923 4709 9, Encyclopaedia of Mathematics , Supplement II Hazewinkel, M. Ed. , Kluwer 2000 ISBN 0 7923 6114 8, Encyclopaedia of Mathematics , Supplement III Hazewinkel, M. Ed. , Kluwer 2002 ISBN 1 4020 0198 3 Encyclopaedia of Mathematics on CD ROM , Hazewinkel, M. Ed. , Kluwer 1998 ISBN 0 7923 4805 2 Encyclopedia of Mathematics , public wiki monitored by an editorial .... Hazewinkel . http www.encyclopediaofmath.org Online Encyclopedia of Mathematics http web.archive.org ... Out of date Category Encyclopedias on science and mathematicsMathematics Category Online encyclopedias Category Mathematics websites Mathematics lit stub ref book stub de Encyclopaedia of Mathematics es Encyclopaedia of Mathematics fr Encyclop dia of Mathematics it Encyclopaedia of Mathematics pt Encyclopaedia of Mathematics ro Enciclopedia Matematic ru zh ... more details
Additional Mathematics is a UK qualification pilot scheme in its final year of implementation for a GCSE level qualification in mathematics which is applied to a range of problems set out in a different format to the standard Mathematics GCSE. This has been formed due to the standard secondary schools in England offering two GCSE qualifications in Science and English language English but only one in Mathematics and as Mathematics is also a core Course education subject it needs to be viewed on the same level as the other two core subjects Science and English. Additional Mathematics in Malaysia In Malaysia , Additional Mathematics is offered as an elective to upper se Additional Mathematics in Mauritius In Mauritius , Additional Mathematics is offered in secondary school as an optional subject in the Arts Streams and it is a compulsory subject in the Science, Technical and Economics Stream. This subject is included in the University of Cambridge International Examinations . Topics that are covered in the Additional Mathematics syllabus include Function mathematics function s, quadratic equation s, Derivative differentiation and Integral integration calculus . Category Educational qualifications in the United Kingdom Category Education in Malaysia Category Education in Mauritius ... more details
Elementary mathematics consists of mathematics topics frequently taught at the primary school primary or secondary school levels. The most basic topics in elementary mathematics are arithmetic and geometry . Beginning in the last decades of the 20th century, there has been an increased emphasis on probability and statistics and on problem solving. ref Gary L. Musser, Blake E. Peterson, and William F. Burger, Mathematics for Elementary Teachers A Contemporary Approach , Wiley, 2008, ISBN 9780470105832. ref In secondary school, the main topics in elementary mathematics are algebra and trigonometry . Calculus , even though it is often taught to advanced secondary school students, is usually considered college level mathematics. ref Timothy J. McNamara, Key Concepts in Mathematics Strengthening Standards Practice in Grades 6 12 , Corwin Prss, 2006, ISBN 9781412938426 ref A mastery of elementary mathematics is necessary for many professions, including carpentry, plumbing, and automobile repair, as well as being a prerequisite for all advanced study in mathematics, science, engineering, medicine, business, architecture, and many other fields. In the United States , there has been considerable concern about the low level of elementary mathematics skills on the part of many students, as compared to students in other developed countries. ref Liping Ma, Knowing and Teaching Elementary Mathematics Teachers Understanding of Fundamental Mathematics in China and the United States Studies in Mathematical Thinking and Learning. , Lawrence Erlbaum, 1999, ISBN 9780805829099. ref The No Child Left Behind program was one attempt to address this deficiency, requiring that all American students be tested in elementary mathematics. ref Frederick M. Hess and Michael J. Petrilli, No Child Left Behind ... mathematics Elementary School Mathematics Reflist DEFAULTSORT Elementary Mathematics Category Elementary mathematics Math stub ar eo Rudimenta matematiko fr Math matiques l mentaires ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
