wiktionary specialisation specialise specialised specialising specialization specialize specialized specializing Specialization or Specialized may refer to Logic Specialization logic , method of generating propositional knowledge, by applying general knowledge Academia Academic specialization , may be a course of study or major at an academic institution or may refer to the field that a specialist ... a more specialized cell type Specialization functional , the separation of tasks within a system Gastrointestinal tract Specialization of organs Specialization of organs Evolution of sexual reproduction Specialization of the sexes Specialty medicine , in medicine is a branch of medical science Specialisation biology Multicellular Specialization Computer science Inheritance object oriented programming Specialization Sub typing , a way to compartmentalize and reuse code by creating collections of attributes ... specialization , a particular form of class template specialization Generic programming Template specialization Template specialization , a style of computer programming in which algorithms are written ... into departments Division of labour , the specialization of cooperative labour in specific, circumscribed tasks and roles Post Fordism Flexible Specialization Flexible Specialization , the name ..., in most industrialized countries since the late 20th century Specialization functional , the separation of tasks within a system Linguistics Specialization linguistics Specialized English , a controlled ... of English. It is derived from Voice of America VoA Special English Specialization of meaning, a type of semantic change Mathematics Specialization pre order , a natural preorder on the set of the points ... manuals. Psychology Cognitive specialization , refers to the theory that learning certain skills inhibits the ability to learn related but dissimilar skills Specialization of knowledge Interactive Specialization , a theory of brain development Other uses Specialized Mobile Radio , analog or digital ... more details
In academia , specialization American and British English spelling differences ise.2C ize .28 isation.2C ization.29 or specialisation may be a course of study or Academic major major at an academic institution or may refer to the field that a specialist disambiguation specialist practices in. edu stub Category Academia Specialization ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Specialization American and British English spelling differences ise.2C ize .28 isation.2C ization.29 or specialisation is the separation of tasks within a system. In a multicellular creature, cells are specialized for functions such as bone construction or oxygen transport. In capitalism capitalist societies, individual workers specialize for functions such as building construction or gasoline transport. In both cases, specialization enables the accomplishment of otherwise unattainable goals. It also reduces the ability of individuals to survive outside of the system containing all of the specialized components. Adam Smith described economic specialization in his classic work, The Wealth of Nations . Specialization is when people specialize in one thing or another which they are good at. DEFAULTSORT Specialization Functional Category Production economics Econ stub id Spesialisasi ru uk ... more details
multiple issues cleanup January 2009 refimprove January 2009 In linguistics , the term specialization as defined by Paul Hopper , refers to one of the five principles by which grammaticalization can be detected while it is taking place. The other four principles are Layering linguistics layering , Divergence linguistics divergence , persistence linguistics persistence , and de categorialization . SpecializationSpecialization refers to the narrowing of choices that characterizes an emergent grammatical construction . The lexicon lexical meaning of a grammaticalizing feature decreases in scope, so that in time the feature conveys a generalized grammatical meaning. blockquote Within a functional domain, at one stage a variety of forms with different semantics semantic nuances may be possible as grammaticalization takes place, this variety of formal choices narrows and the smaller number of forms selected assume more general grammatical meanings. Hopper 1991 22 blockquote References Lessau, Donald A. A Dictionary of Grammaticalization. Bochum Brockmeyer, 1994. Paul Hopper Hopper, Paul J. On some principles of grammaticization . In Elizabeth Closs Traugott and Bernd Heine, eds. Approaches to Grammaticalization, Vol. I. Amsterdam John Benjamins, 1991. pp. 17 36. DEFAULTSORT Specialization Linguistics Category Historical linguistics ... more details
Refimprove date December 2009 orphan date December 2009 Cognitive specialization is a theory that states that learning certain skill s inhibits the ability to learn related but dissimilar skills. Study findings have shown that a person s ability to observe one s own mental processes, as well as that of others, might be an evolutionary trait, not just a common social one. ref cite journal pages 418 24 doi 10.1016 0166 2236 95 93939 U title Theory of mind Evolutionary history of a cognitive specialization year 1995 last1 Povinelli first1 Daniel J. last2 Preuss first2 Todd M. journal Trends in Neurosciences volume 18 issue 9 pmid 7482808 ref The typical example is language . As you learn one language, you may find it more difficult to learn other languages, particularly ones that are dissimilar to the first. Citation needed date June 2010 References reflist DEFAULTSORT Cognitive Specialization Category Cognitive science cognitive psych stub ... more details
Multiple issues unreferenced February 2009 context October 2009 A modern development and belief that the progress of knowledge is the result of distinct and independent spheres, and that knowledge in one discipline has little connection with knowledge in another discipline. Thus, specialists pursue their work in isolation from one another rather than as aspects of a unity or whole. DEFAULTSORT Specialization Of Knowledge Category Knowledge philo stub ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Wiktionary specialisation Specialisation , American and British English spelling differences ise.2C ize .28 isation.2C ization.29 or specialization is an important way to generate propositional knowledge , by applying general knowledge, such as the theory of gravity , to specific instances, such as when I release this apple, it will fall to the floor . Specialisation is the opposite of generalisation . Concept B is a specialisation of concept A if and only if every instance of concept B is also an instance of concept A and there are instances of concept A which are not instances of concept B. See also Generalisation DEFAULTSORT Specialisation Logic Category Logic Logic stub ... more details
Interactive Specialization is a theory of brain development proposed by the British cognitive neuroscientist Mark H. Johnson professor Mark Johnson , who is head of the Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development ref http www.cbcd.bbk.ac.uk ref at Birkbeck, University of London , London. In his book Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience , ref name Johnson2005 cite book last Johnson first Mark title Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 2nd Ed. publisher Blackwell Publishing location Oxford year 2005 isbn 1405126299 ref Johnson contrasts two views of development. According to the first, the maturational hypothesis, the relationship between structure and function i.e. which parts of the brain perform a particular task is static, and specific cognitive skills come on line as the cortical circuitry intrinsic to a particular task matures. Johnson likens this to a mosaic view of development. According to the second, the Interactive Specialization IS ref cite journal author Johnson, M.H. title Functional brain development in infants Elements of an interactive specialization framework year 2000 journal Child Development issue 1 pages 75 81 volume 71 doi 10.1111 1467 8624.00120 pmid 10836560 ref ref name Johnson2005 hypothesis, development is not a unidirectional maturational process, but rather a set of complex, dynamic and back propagated interactions between genetics, brain, body and environment. Development is not a simple question of a brain being built according to a pre specified genetic blueprint rather, the components of the brain are interacting with each other constantly even prenatally, when patterns of spontaneous firing of cells in the eyes before they have opened transmit signals that appear to help develop the layered structure of the lateral geniculate nucleus . ref cite journal author O Leary D.D.M, Nakagawa Y. title Patterning centers, regulatory genes and extrinsic mechanisms controlling arealization of the neocortex year 2002 journal Current Opinion in Neurobiology ... more details
wiktionary productProduct may refer to Business Product business , an item that ideally satisfies a market s want or need Product breakdown structure Product project management , a deliverable or set of deliverables that contribute to a business solution Nanoproduct , a product that has been enhanced with nanotechnology Sciences Product biology , something manufactured by an enzyme from its substrate Product chemistry , a substance found when a chemical reaction ends Product mathematics , the result of multiplying Product category theory , a more abstract product Arts and entertainment Product Brand X album Product Brand X album , 1979 Product De Press album Product De Press album , 1982 Product, a three CD compilation set by Buzzcocks .the .product, a notable 64K demo by the demogroup Farbrausch disambiguation bs Proizvod vor ca Producte cs Produkt da Produkt de Produkt et Toode es Producto eu Produktu argipena fr Produit ia Producto disambiguation it Prodotto lt Produktas reik m s nl Product no Produkt pl Produkt pt Produto ro Produs ru simple Product sk Produkt sv Produkt th tr r n uk ur ... more details
A by product is a secondary product derived from a manufacturing process or chemical reaction. It is not the primary product or service being produced.A by product can be useful and marketable or it can be considered waste. International Energy Agency IEA offers the following definition for the purpose of life cycle assessment ref http www.ieabioenergy task38.org systemdefining biomitre technical manual.pdf BIOMITRE Technical Manual, Horne, R. E. and Matthews, R., November 2004 ref ... main products, co products which involve similar revenues to the main product , by products which result in smaller revenues , and waste products which provide little or no revenue . Major by products Animal sources blood meal from slaughterhouse operations poultry by product meal clean parts of the carcass of slaughtered poultry, such as necks, feet, undeveloped eggs, and intestines chrome shavings from a stage of leather manufacture collagen and gelatin from the boiled skin and other parts of slaughtered livestock feather s from poultry processing feather meal from poultry processing fetal pig s lanolin from the cleaning of wool manure from animal husbandry meat and bone meal from the rendering food processing rendering of animal bones and offal poultry litter swept from the floors of chicken coops whey from cheese manufacturing Vegetation acidulated soap stock from the refining of vegetable oil bagasse the fibrous residue remaining after sugarcane or sorghum stalks are crushed to extract their juice black liquor from the production of Pulp paper cellulose pulp using the Kraft process bran and cereal germ germ from the milling of whole grain s into refined grains brewer s yeast from ethanol fermentation cereal food fines from breakfast cereal processing corn steep liquor from corn wet milling ... sludge from wastewater treatment waste heat from electricity production and usage See also By product ... ja no Biprodukt pt Subproduto simple By product fi Sivutuote sv Biprodukt th ... more details
citation style date February 2011 File Theproductandlogo.jpg thumb The Product Infobox musical artist name The Product background group or band origin Detroit, Michigan genre Alternative Rock website URL productrock.com years active Start date 2009 Present current members B.J. Perry br R.J. Perry br Rich Bennett br Charlie Jewell br past members Jerome Reilly The Product is an Alternative Rock band based out of Detroit, Michigan . The Product formed in early 2009 with the original line up of B.J. Perry, R.J. Perry, Rich Bennett and Jerome Reilly. Several months later the band parted ways with Jerome, and picked up former band mate and high school friend Charlie Jewell. They have released one E.P. titled Break The Silence along with several singles. History Break The Silence 2009 Their debut EP, Break The Silence, was self released in 2009 and generated an instant buzz throughout the Midwest. ref name Biography http restlessmanagement.com ?p 106 , Biography ref The track Nightmare stayed at Number 1 on Alternative Addiction s top ten Unsigned Bands list for several months. The band went on to tour the Midwest extensively and sold over 4,000 copies of BTS. Also, the track from the E.P. Better Off This Way had a clip appear in the hit MTV show Jersey Shore ref name Jersey Shore http www.mtv.com videos jersey shore season 2 ep 18 drunk punch love 1656631 playlist.jhtml series 2211&seriesId ... 2010 11 01 the product debuts official theme song for tna final resolution on tnastars com ... The song is expected to be re released on The Product s follow up release So Alive expected in 2011. The Product was also named the number one unsigned band of the year by voters on Alternative Addiction.com ... discovery site Daily Unsigned. ref name Daily Unsigned http dailyunsigned.com 2010 12 01 the product ... musicnews article 1911 The Product Ready To Make Their Move , Greg Archilla ref Tour The Product has toured throughout the Midwest gaining a loyal following in those states ... more details
Unreferenced date July 2009 Partial template specialization is a particular form of class template specialization . Usually used in reference to the C programming language , it allows the programmer to specialize only some arguments of a class template, as opposed to explicit specialization, where all the template arguments are provided. Templates and specialization Class templates are really meta classes they are partial abstract data types that provide instructions to the compiler on how to create classes with the proper data members. For example, the C standard containers are class templates. When a programmer uses a vector, one instantiates it with a specific data type, for example, int, string or double. Each type of vector results in a different class in the compiler s object code, each one working with a different data type. If one knows that a class template will be used with a specific data type fairly often and this data type allows some optimizations e.g. bit shifting with integers, as opposed to multiplying or dividing by 2 , one may specialize the template by specifying another class template that is identical but by specifying the parameter types. When the compiler sees such a class template instantiated in code, it will generally choose the most specialized template definition that matches the instantiation. Therefore, an explicit specialization one where all the template arguments are specified will be preferred to a partial specialization if all the template arguments match. Partial specialization Templates can have more than one parameter type. Some older compilers allow one only to specialize either all or none of the template s parameters. Compilers that support partial specialization allow the programmer to specialize some parameters while leaving the others generic. Until recently most compilers did not support this feature well at best or ignored ... partial specialization of templates. DEFAULTSORT Partial Template Specialization Category C ja ... more details
In the branch of mathematics known as topology , the specialization or canonical preorder is a natural ... is even a partial order called the specialization order . On the other hand, for T1 space T sub 1 sub spaces the order becomes trivial and is of little interest. The specialization order is often considered ... . The specialization order is also important for identifying suitable topologies on partially ordered ... X . The specialization preorder on X is defined by setting x y if and only if cl x is a subset of cl ... in all open set s that contain x . This definition explains why one speaks of a specialization y is more ... geometry . Specialization as an idea is applied also in valuation theory . The intuition of upper ... be the specialization preorder on X . Every open set is an upper set with respect to and every closed ... sets , 1 , 0,1 the specialization order is the natural one 0 0, 0 1, and 1 1 . If p , q are elements ... As suggested by the name, the specialization preorder is a preorder, i.e. it is reflexive relation ... determined by the specialization preorder is just that of Topologically indistinguishable topological ... axiom if x and y are indistinguishable then x y . In this case it is justified to speak of the specialization order . On the other hand, the symmetric relation symmetry of specialization preorder ... indistinguishable. It follows that if the underlying topology is T sub 1 sub , then the specialization order is discrete, i.e. one has x y if and only if x y . Hence, the specialization order is of little ... to the specialization preorders of these spaces. The converse, however, is not true in general ... to the category of preordered sets which assigns a topological space its specialization preorder. This functor ... space s. Their relationship to the specialization order is more subtle For any sober space X with specialization ... is order consistent with respect to a certain order if it induces as its specialization order and it has ... on orders The specialization order yields a tool to obtain a partial order from every topology ... more details
cleanup link rot date August 2011 The Texas Board of Legal Specialization TBLS was established on July 16, 1974 by the State Bar of Texas . TBLS oversees the recognition and regulation of Attorneys in the United States attorneys who specialize in particular areas of law in the U.S. state state of Texas . Today, the organization professional certification certifies attorneys in 21 different Specialty Areas specialty areas and paralegals in six specialty areas. ref name TexasPlan http www.supreme.courts.state.tx.us MiscDocket 10 10916300.pdf Texas Plan for Recognition and Regulations of Specialization in the Law , Supreme Court of Texas, September, 2010 ref ref name LawyerCreed http heinonline.org HOL Page?handle hein.barjournals texbarj0072&id 1&size 2&collection texbarj&index texbarj Professionalism and Legal Specialization Twenty Years of the Texas Lawyer s Creed , Gary McNeil, Texas Bar Journal, November, 2009 ref ref name Paralegal http txpd.org page.asp?p Paralegal 20Definition 20and 20Standards Texas Paralegal Standards , State Bar of Texas Paralegal Division ref Purpose The TBLS purpose is to advance the standards of the legal profession and support the availability, accessibility and quality of services provided by Texas attorneys to the public in selected areas of law. ref name TexasPlan ref name FWBusiness http www.fwbusinesspress.com main.asp?Search 1&ArticleID 11001&SectionID 45&SubSectionID 99&S 1 Attorney Board Certification Increasing as Needs Grow , Leslie Wimmer, Fort Worth Business Press, August 31, 2009 ref Governance The TBLS is overseen by twelve members ... legal specialization in Texas and is subject to ongoing jurisdiction by the Texas Supreme ... Us , Texas Board of Legal Specialization ref Specialty Areas The Texas Board of Legal Specialization ... Entities , State Bar of Texas ref ref name ABA http www.abanet.org legalservices specialization ... States External links http www.tbls.org Default.aspx Texas Board of Legal Specialization http ... more details
about specialization of function among regions of the brain generally the particular topic of left right brain specialization Lateralization of brain function File Illu cerebrum lobes.jpg 350px right upright alt Functional specialization suggests that different areas in the brain are specialized for different functions. ref Flourens, M. J. P. 1824 Recherces experimentales sur les propretes et les fonctions ... support to the doctrine of specialization. Major theories of the brain Currently, there are two major ... phrenology, this theory supports functional specialization, suggesting the brain has different modules ... subjects spared function which allows inferences to be made about brain specialization and localization ... from studies on lateral specialization between the left and right cerebral hemispheres of the brain. The functional specialization of these hemispheres are offering insight on different forms of cognitive ... . ref Tucker, D.M., Shearer, S.L., and Murray, J.D. 1977 . Hemispheric Specialization and Cognitive ... 1977 . Hemispheric Specialization and Cognitive Behavior Therapy. Cognitive Therapy and Research, VoL ... specialization is the fusiform face area FFA . Justine Sergent was one of the first researchers ... directly demonstrated functional specialization within the visual cortex known as visual modularity ... specialization in human visual cortex. United Kingdom, London. Journal of Neuroscience, Vol 11, 641 ... motion. Watson et al., 1993 This area of functional specialization was also supported by lesion ... and Cummings used PET and functional magnetic imaging fMRI to further support functional specialization ... that it has functional specialization. The EBA does not optimally respond to objects or parts of objects ... and debate localization and modality specialization within the brain. McIntosh s research suggests ... to its functional specialization ref Fodor, J.A. 1983 . The Modularity of the Mind. The Massachusetts ... of mind References reflist DEFAULTSORT Functional Specialization Brain Category Neuroscience ... more details
pattern of specialization easily discernible in the product space. Empirical diffusion The same methods ...Orphan date May 2011 wikify date May 2011 File TheProductSpace.png thumb right upright 3 The Product ... to Leamer s product classification system. The Product Space is a network that formalizes the idea ... 2007 issue of Science journal Science in the article The Product Space Conditions the Development of Nations ... by C sar Hidalgo , Bailey Klinger, Ricardo Hausmann , and Albert L szl Barab si . The Product Space ... product types in a country s economic performance. ref A. Hirschman, The Strategy of Economic Development ... among products, which undoubtedly contribute to a country s pattern of growth. The Product Space presents ... analogy The idea of the Product Space can be conceptualized in the following manner consider a product ... for growth in terms of economy, the topology of this product space impacts a country s ability to begin producing new goods. Building the Product Space There exists a number of factors that can ..., technological sophistication, or inputs and outputs in a product s value chain, for examples. Choosing to study one of these notions assume the others are relatively unimportant instead, the Product ... test of similarity is called proximity. The concept of proximity The Product Space ... idea that a country s ability to produce a product depends on its ability to produce other products ... product such as copper wire or home appliances. While quantifying such overlap between the set of markets associated with each product would be difficult, the measure of proximity uses an outcome ..., a country is said to export a product when they exhibit a Revealed Comparative Advantage RCA in it. Using ... frameless center If the RCA value exceeds one, the share of exports of a country in a given product is larger than the share of that product in all global trade. Under this measure, when RCA c,i is greater than or equal to 1, country c is said to export product i . When RCA c,i is less than 1, country ... more details
In mathematics , a product of group mathematics group s usually refers to a direct product of groups , but may also mean semidirect productproduct of subgroups wreath product free product mathdab de Produkt von Gruppen ... more details
In mathematics, the Hadamard product may refer to Hadamard product matrices Hadamard product of matrices an Riemann zeta function Hadamard product infinite product expansion for the Riemann zeta function disambig ... more details
Product lifecycle or product life cycle may refer to the phases of a product s life Product lifecycle engineering , from an engineering perspective PLM Product lifecycle marketing , from a marketing perspective PLC See also Product management System lifecycle Technology lifecycle disambig ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2008 Product Planning is the ongoing process of identifying and articulating market requirement s that define a product s feature set. Product planning serves as the basis for decisions about price, distribution and promotion. See also Product planning Product management Product Manager marketing stub Category Marketing ... more details
Multiple issues orphan September 2010 original research August 2010 unreferenced August 2010 wikify January 2011 Product concept is the understanding of the dynamics of the product in order to showcase the best qualities of the product. Marketers spend a lot of time and research in order to target their attended audience. Marketers will look into a product concept before marketing a product towards their customers. See also Marketing concept DEFAULTSORT Product Concept Category Product development ... more details
In mathematics, the term symmetric product can refer to The Symmetric tensor Symmetric part of a tensor symmetric part of a tensor The symmetric product of an algebraic curve The infinite symmetric product SP X of a space X in algebraic topology disambig ... more details
refimprove date February 2008 In marketing , a whole product is a generic product or core product augmented by everything that is needed for the customer to have a compelling reason to buy. The core product is the tangible product that the customer experiences. The whole product typically augments the core product with additional elements required for the product to have compelling value to a customer. For example, if a personal computer is the core product, then whole product would include software applications, training classes, peripheral devices mouse, keyboard, printer, etc. , and internet service. Without these additional product components, the core product would not be very useful. The concept of the whole product was first introduced by Regis McKenna . ref McKenna, Regis. The Regis Touch . Addison Wesley. 1985 ref Geoffrey Moore helped popularize the term in his bestseller Crossing the Chasm . See also Marketing Empathic design product business Product references References McKenna, Regis. The Regis Touch . Addison Wesley. 1985 DEFAULTSORT Whole Product Category Marketing Category Product management Category Article Feedback 5 business stub es Producto extendido ... more details
Domestic product may refer to Gross domestic product , the total value of all the goods and services produced inside a nation over a certain period. Net domestic product , the gross domestic product minus depreciation on a country s capital goods. Disambig de Inlandsprodukt fr Production domestique la Productus domesticus ... more details
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