Unreferenced date March 2007 Orphan date February 2009 Data processing modes or computing modes Interactive computing or Interactive processing , historically introduced as Time sharing Transaction processing Batch processing DEFAULTSORT Processing Modes Category Computing terminology computer stub ... more details
Post processing may refer to Differential GPS post processing Video post processing , methods used in video processing and 3D graphics Finite element model data post processing disambig Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Orphan date November 2006 Native processing is used to describe digital audio processing done by the computer s CPU vs DSP or outboard processing, which is done by additional 3rd party DSP chips located on extension cards or external hardware boxes or racks . A lot of Digital Audio Workstation s such as Logic Pro , Cubase , Digital Performer and Pro Tools LE use native processing. Others, such as Pro Tools HD, Universal Audio s UAD 1 and TC Electronic s Powercore use DSP processing. DEFAULTSORT Native Processing Category Digital signal processing Category Digital audio de Native Processing ... more details
Wood processing is an engineering discipline comprising the production of forest products, such as pulp and paper , construction materials, and tall oil . Paper engineering is a subfield of wood processing. Wood processing produces additives for further processing of timber, wood chips, cellulose and other prefabricated material. Processing strategies Typical products in wood processing are from pulp craftliner cellulose paper , as engineered wood plywood Medium density fibreboard MDF Oriented strand board as chemicals tar tall oil wood fuel phenoles pinene s pine soap as timber of residuals from timber processing or as first step of mass processing wood chips bark chips wood pellets wood shavings See also International Wood Products Journal References references Category Wood Industry stub Forestry stub de Holzbearbeitung no Treforedling ru ... more details
Array processing is signal processing of the outputs of an array of sensor s to Enhance the signal to interference plus noise ratio SINR compared to that of a single sensor using conventional or adaptive beamforming . Determine the number of emitting sources, the locations of these sources, their waveforms , and other signal parameters. Track multiple moving sources. Array processing is used in radar , sonar , seismic exploration, anti jamming and wireless communications. One of the main advantages of using array processing along with an array of sensors is a smaller foot print. The problems associated with array processing include the number of sources used, their direction of arrival direction of arrivals , and their signal waveforms . ref Torlak, M. http users.ece.utexas.edu bevans courses ee381k lectures 13 Array Processing lecture13 lecture13.pdf Spatial Array Processing . Signal and Image Processing Seminar. University of Texas at Austin. ref See also Phased Array Space Time Adaptive Processing References reflist cite book title Array Signal Processing last1 Johnson first1 D. H. last2 Dudgeon first2 D. E. year 1993 publisher Prentice Hall cite book first1 H. L. last1 Van Trees title Optimum Array Processing publisher Wiley location New York year 2002 cite journal first1 H. last1 Krim first2 M. last2 Viberg url http www.vissta.ncsu.edu publications ahk spm1996.pdf title Two Decades of Array Signal Processing Research journal IEEE Signal Processing Magazine pages 67 94 month July year 1996 accessdate 8 December 2010 S. Haykin and K.J.R. Liu Editors , Handbook on Array Processing and Sensor Networks , Adaptive and Learning Systems for Signal Processing, Communications, and Control Series, 2010. E. Tuncer and B. Friedlander Editors , Classical and Modern Direction of Arrival Estimation , Academic Press, 2010. A.B. Gershman, http www.nts.tu darmstadt.de nt fileadmin nas lehre SS 08 PS Smart Antennas slides proj sem.pdf array processing courseware DEFAULTSORT Array Processing ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 In industrial engineering , a gaseous, vaporous, fluid or shapeless solid material that plays an active role in manufacturing processes comparable to that of a tool. Examples A processing medium for washing is a soap solution, a processing medium for steel melting is a plasma, and a processing medium for steam drying is superheated steam . Synonyms Operating medium Working medium. DEFAULTSORT Processing Medium Category Engineering concepts Mech engineering stub ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Plasma processing is a Plasma physics plasma based material processing technology that aims at modifying the chemical and physical properties of a surface. Plasma processing techniques include Plasma activation Plasma modification Plasma functionalization Plasma polymerization Plasma cleaning Plasma Surface Interactions Plasma electrolytic oxidation Related topics are plasma chemistry , chemical vapor deposition , and physical vapor deposition processes like sputter deposition , plasma ion doping , vacuum plasmaspraying , and reactive ion etching . DEFAULTSORT Plasma Processing Category Plasma processing ru ... more details
In electrical engineering and computer science , image processing is any form of signal processing for which the input is an image, such as a photograph or video frame the output of image processing ... processing techniques involve treating the image as a two dimensional signal electrical engineering signal and applying standard signal processing techniques to it. Image processing usually refers to digital image processing , but Optical engineering optical and analog image processing also are possible ... mapping , Color balance color balancing , quantization signal processing quantization , or color translation ... values using optical mark recognition Segmentation image processing Image segmentation High ... processing in its own article. Computer vision Optical sorting Augmented Reality Face detection Feature ... Medical image processing Microscope image processing Morphological image processing Remote sensing See also Please put links that apply strictly to DIGITAL image processing in its own article ... and Ajoy K. Ray title Image Processing Principles and Applications url http books.google.co.in books ... Processing An Algorithmic Approach Using Java publisher Springer Science Business Media Springer ... Processing publisher John Wiley year 2005 isbn 0 470 01526 8 cite book author Bernd J hne title Digital Image Processing publisher Springer year 2002 isbn 3 540 67754 2 cite book author Tim Morris title Computer Vision and Image Processing publisher Palgrave Macmillan year 2004 isbn 0 333 99451 5 cite book author Milan Sonka, Vaclav Hlavac and Roger Boyle title Image Processing, Analysis, and Machine ... DIGITAL image processing in its own article. http www.archive.org details Lectures on Image Processing Lectures on Image Processing , by Alan Peters. Vanderbilt University. Updated 28 April 2008. http www.hindawi.com journals ivp EURASIP Journal on Image and Video Processing &mdash Open Access journal on Image Processing http www.ipol.im Image processing algorithms, implementations and demonstrations ... more details
Speech processing is the study of Speech communication speech Signal information theory signals and the processing methods of these signals. The signals are usually processed in a digital representation, so speech processing can be regarded as a special case of digital signal processing , applied to speech signal. Clarify date December 2010 It is also closely tied to natural language processing NLP , as its input can come from output can go to NLP applications. E.g. text to speech synthesis may use a syntactic parsing syntactic parser on its input text and speech recognition s output may be used by e.g. information extraction techniques. Speech processing can be divided into the following categories ... of a speech signal, like audio noise reduction for audio signals. See also Audio signal processing Linguistics Phonetics Utterance Speech signal processing Packet loss concealment Speech impediment ... www.clsp.jhu.edu Center for Language and Speech Processing at JHU http www.crulp.org Center for Research in Urdu Language Processing at FAST NU http www.cs.columbia.edu speech Spoken Language Processing Group at Columbia University, New York http gps tsc.upc.es veu Speech Processing Group http www.limsi.fr tlp Spoken Language Processing Group at LIMSI http www.tik.ee.ethz.ch spr Speech Processing ... at University of Sheffield http www.cs.colorado.edu martin slp.html Speech and Language Processing http www.ee.ic.ac.uk hp staff dmb courses speech speech.htm Speech Processing http www.dsprelated.com groups speechcoding 1.php Speech Processing Discussion Group http www.philips.com dictation Philips Speech Processing http www.speechrecognition.philips.com index.asp Philips Speech Recognition Systems ... Speech Processing http www.nuance.com Nuance Communications http www.crescendo.com en speech recognition.php Crescendo Speech Processing for Healthcare http www.vocapia.com Vocapia Research DSP DEFAULTSORT Speech Processing Category Speech recognition Category Speech processing ca Processament ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Visual processing is the sequence of steps that information takes as it flows from visual sensors to cognitive processing. The sensors may be zoological eyes or they may be camera s or sensor arrays that sense various portions of the electromagnetic spectrum . See also Visual system DEFAULTSORT Visual Processing Category Visual system Category Dyslexia Biology stub ... more details
About word processing text processing in Natural Language Processing Natural language processing Word processing is the creation of documents using a word processor . It can also refer to advanced shorthand techniques, sometimes used in specialized contexts with a specially modified typewriter . See also Word processor External links http www.business software books.us word processing.php Business Software Books.us A collection of word processor application books available for free download. http www.tomandmaria.com tom Writing Annals2006WP.pdf Remembering the Office of the Future Word Processing and Office Automation before the Personal Computer A comprehensive history of early word processing concepts, hardware, software, and use. By Thomas Haigh, IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 28 4 October December 2006 6 31. Category Word processors Category Computing terminology computing stub cs Wordprocessing et Tekstit tlus es Tratamiento de textos mk wuu ... more details
Signal processing is an area of electrical engineering and applied mathematics that deals with operations ... on those signals. Signals of interest can include audio signal processing sound , image processing images ... processing, arbitrary binary data streams and on off Signalling telecommunications signalling ... physical quantities. Typical operations and applications Processing of signals includes the following ... Processing , Todd K. Moon, Wynn C. Stirling, Prentice Hall , 2000, ISBN 0 201 36186 8, page 4 ... In communication systems, signal processing may occur at OSI model OSI layer 1, the Physical ... , the principles of signal processing can be found in the classical numerical analysis techniques ... Signal Processing year 1975 publisher Prentice Hall isbn 0 13 2146355 author Oppenheim, Alan V. coauthors Schafer, Ronald W. page 5 ref Mathematical topics embraced by signal processing Linear signals ... Iterative methods Categories of signal processing Analog signal processing Analog signal processing ... controlled filter s, voltage controlled oscillator s and phase locked loop s. Discrete time signal processing Discrete time signal processing is for sampled signals that are considered as defined only ... time signal processing is a technology based on electronic devices such as sample and hold circuits ... was a predecessor of digital signal processing see below , and is still used in advanced processing of gigahertz signals. The concept of discrete time signal processing also refers to a theoretical discipline that establishes a mathematical basis for digital signal processing, without taking quantization error into consideration. Digital signal processing Digital signal processing is for signals that have been digitized. Processing is done by general purpose computer s or by digital ... filter s. Fields of signal processing Statistical signal processing &mdash analyzing and extracting information from signals and noise based on their stochastic properties Audio signal processing &mdash ... more details
otheruses Transaction disambiguation In computer science , transaction processing is information processing ... processing is designed to maintain a computer system typically a database or some modern filesystem ... in the bank s database as a whole. Transaction processing is designed to provide this. Transaction processing allows multiple individual operations to be linked together automatically as a single, indivisible transaction. The transaction processing system ensures that either all operations ... but errors occur when the others are attempted, the transaction processing system rolls back ... processing of the transaction began. If all operations of a transaction are completed successfully, the transaction ... permanent the transaction cannot be rolled back once this is done. Transaction processing guards ..., the transaction processing system guarantees that all operations in any uncommitted i.e. ... processing systems are the same. However, the terminology may vary from one transaction processing ... processing systems ensure database integrity by recording intermediate states of the database as it is modified ... the database in the event of a database failure, so some transaction processing systems provide ... up to the moment of failure. Deadlocks In some cases, two transactions may, in the course of their processing ... transaction can move forward. Transaction processing systems are designed to detect these deadlocks ... transactions involved, the more difficult they are to detect, to the point that transaction processing .... ACID criteria Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability main ACID Transaction processing has these benefits It allows sharing of computer resources among many users It shifts the time of job processing ... is an atomic unit of processing. Implementations main Transaction processing system mergefrom Extreme Transaction Processing discuss Talk transaction processing Merge Extreme Transaction Processing date January 2010 Standard transaction processing software , notably IBM s Information Management ... more details
refimprove date June 2009 Push processing in photography , sometimes called uprating , refers to a Photographic processing film developing technique that increases the effective film speed sensitivity of the film being processed. ref name Langford cite book title Basic Photography 7th Edition. author Michael Langford year 2000 publisher Focal Press location Oxford ISBN 0 240 51592 7 ref Push processing involves developing the film for more time, possibly in combination with a higher temperature, than the manufacturer s recommendations. This technique results in effective over development of the film, compensating for under exposure in the camera. Push processing allows relatively insensitive films to be used under lighting conditions that would ordinarily be too low for adequate exposure at the required shutter speed and aperture combination. This technique alters the visual characteristics of the film, such as higher contrast, increased film grain grain and lower resolution. ref name Langford Saturated and distorted colours are often visible on film that has been push processed. Pull processing involves over exposure and under development, effectively decreasing the sensitivity of the processed film. It is achieved by developing the film for a shorter time, and possibly at a lower temperature. Film that has been pull processed will display the opposite change in visual characteristics. This may be deliberately exploited for artistic effect. When a film s effective sensitivity has been varied, the resulting sensitivity is called the exposure index the film speed film s speed ... by Phil Davis, p373. ISBN 0 697 00300 0 See also Photographic processing Film speed Latent image External links http www.ilfordphoto.com applications page.asp?n 88 Push processing and http www.ilfordphoto.com applications page.asp?n 89 pull processing at Ilford Photo http motion.kodak.com US en motion Support Technical Information Processing Information push.htm Push Pull Processing at Kodak photography ... more details
Geometry processing , or mesh processing, is a fast growing area of research that uses concepts from applied mathematics , computer science and engineering to design efficient algorithm s for the acquisition, reconstruction, analysis, manipulation, simulation and transmission of complex 3D models. Applications of geometry processing algorithms already cover a wide range of areas from multimedia , entertainment and classical computer aided design , to biomedical computing , reverse engineering and scientific computing . See also Computer aided design CAD List of interactive geometry software External links http www.multires.caltech.edu pubs DGPCourse Siggraph 2001 Course on Digital Geometry Processing , by Peter Schroder and Wim Sweldens http www.geometryprocessing.org Symposium on Geometry Processing http www.multires.caltech.edu Multi Res Modeling Group , Caltech http geom.mi.fu berlin.de index.html Mathematical Geometry Processing Group , Free University of Berlin Category 3D imaging Category 3D computer graphics Category Geometry compsci stub zh ... more details
Transparallel processing is a form of processing, in computing or otherwise, in which items are processed simultaneously by one processor. Transparallel processing complements the three forms of processing called subserial processing, in which items are processed one after the other by many processors serial processing, in which items are processed one after the other by one processor parallel computing parallel processing , in which items are processed simultaneously by many processors. Various everyday situations involve some combination of the latter three forms of processing. For instance, at the checkout in a supermarket, the cashiers work in parallel, but each cashier serially processes customer carts that are presented subserially by the customers. Compared to subserial processing and serial processing, both parallel processing and transparallel processing imply a reduction in the amount of time needed to process all items. Transparallel processing implies, in addition, a reduction in the total amount of work to be done. For instance, to select the longest pencil from among a number ... on a table, so that the longest pencil can be selected in a glance. Transparallel processing in computers A single computer processor cannot perform parallel processing, but it can perform transparallel processing. This was found in, and is illustrated by the following example from, structural ... . http www.pnas.org cgi reprint 101 30 10862.pdf Transparallel processing by hyperstrings. Proceedings ..., that is, as if only one string were concerned. Transparallel processing in the brain Visually ... lend themselves for transparallel processing in computers, transparallel processing might also be a form of processing in the brain. The brain is a network consisting of many interconnected neurons. Individual ... is required neither for sub serial processing nor for parallel processing, and it might signal the occurrence of transparallel processing in neural assemblies that might be neural analogues ... more details
In electrical engineering and computer science , video processing is a particular case of signal processing , where the input and output Signal electrical engineering signal s are video file format video file s or video stream s. Video processing techniques are used in television television set s, VCR s, DVD s, video codecs , video player s and other devices. For example commonly only design and video processing is different in TV sets of different manufactures Citation needed date October 2008 . In terms of video codecs video filters are divided into three parts Prefilters used before encoding Intrafilters inside of codec Postfilters used after decoding Common prefilters are following Video denoising , Size conversion commonly downsampling Contrast enhancement Deinterlacing Deflicking , etc. As intrafilter in current standards only Deblocking filter video deblocking is used. Common postfilters are following Deinterlacing to convert interlaced video to progessive scan progressively scanned Deblocking Deringing See also Portal Television Processing amplifier References Bovik, Al ed. . Handbook of Image and Video Processing . San Diego Academic Press, 2000. ISBN 0121197905. Wang, Yao, J rn Ostermann, and Ya Qin Zhang. Video Processing and Communications . Signal Processing Series. Upper Saddle River, N.J. Prentice Hall, 2002. ISBN 0130175471. VideoProcessing Category Video processing Tech stub fr Traitement de la vid o ... more details
Articles on Materials processing include process engineering a set of transformations of input elements into products industrial process , a procedure involving chemical or mechanical steps to aid in the manufacture of an item or items disambig ... more details
Infobox Company company name CNG Processing A S company logo Deleted image removed Image CNG Processing logo.jpg 270px company type Stock company slogan Secure Payment Processing foundation 2005 location Holmen naval base Copenhagen , Denmark industry Payment processor , Merchant account , Payment gateway homepage http www.cngpro.com www.cngpro.com Image CNG Headquarter.jpg thumb right CNG Processing headquarters in Copenhagen CNG Processing A S. is a payment gateway Internet payment service provider and was founded in 2005 . They offer merchants online services for accepting electronic payments by a variety of payment methods including credit card. CNG Processing is FSA approved by the Financial Supervisory Authority Denmark Danish Financial Supervisory Authority ref http www.dfsa.dk sw99.asp ref . CNG Processing have been Payment card industry compliant since 2006 by Visa Inc. Visa ref http www.visaeurope.com documents ais visa europe ais certified service providers march 2009.pdf ref and MasterCard ref http www.mastercard.com us sdp assets pdf Compliant 20Service 20Providers 20 20March 203 202009.pdf ref . Their acquiring network includes PBS A S ref http www.pbs international.dk internetforretninger betalingssoftware ref , Deutsche Bank , Credit Foncier de Monaco , Lloyds Bank , DataCash ref http www.datacash.com partners integration ref , American Express and MasterCard and are a MasterCard ISO MSP member. See also E commerce E commerce payment system Electronic money Micropayment Payment Card Industry electronic commerce Merchant account External links http www.cngpro.com CNG Processing A S http www.bigecard.com PrePaid MasterCard Product from CNG Processing References reflist 1 Category Payment systems ... more details
expert date November 2010 Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Document Processing involves the conversion of typed and handwritten text on paper based & electronic documents e.g., scanned image of a document into electronic information utilising one of, or a combination of, Intelligent Character Recognition ICR , Optical Character Recognition OCR and experienced Data Entry Clerks . DEFAULTSORT Document Processing Category Artificial intelligence applications Tech stub ... more details
Pro cessing amp lifier, commonly called ProcAmp , is used to alter, change or clean video or Sound audio signal components or parameters in Real time computing real time ref http www.kramerelectronics.com glossary.asp?frm term Processing 20Amplifier 20 procamp Kramer Electronics Audio Video Glossary Processing Amplifier procamp ref . Form factor Broadcast professionals prefer to use hardware rack mounted rack mountable ProcAmps that helps them make video broadcast safe by correcting video inconsistencies. They may also be chip based, part of other larger multi purpose devices in professional environments. Software ProcAmps are also available as Source code code embedded in Media player application software media players like VLC , or in encoders and decoders like ffdshow . Software ProcAmps can process media either on the Central processing unit CPU or Graphics processing unit GPU ref http msdn.microsoft.com en us library ff569188.aspx Microsoft MSDN Windows Driver Kit Display Devices ProcAmp Control Processing ref . Video ProcAmp Video ProcAmps can be used for processing standard definition 525 30 NTSC 625 25 Pal or high definition video high definition video signals ref http www.videouniversity.com engineer.htm VideoUniversity.com Engineering Primer ref . ProcAmps can process video signals ranging from Analog television analog Composite video composite to Serial Digital Interface SDI video signals. Common ProcAmp Controls Brightness Luminance contrast vision Contrast Gain Saturation Amplitude Hue Phase waves Phase Common ProcAmp features Adjust sync amplitude Boost low light level video Reduce video wash out Chroma clipping Audio ProcAmp Empty section date July 2008 See also Portal Television Video processing Broadcast safe External links http www.ee.surrey.ac.uk Contrib WorldTV broadcast.html More information about TV standards References Reflist 2 DEFAULTSORT Processing Amplifier Category Electrical engineering Category Broadcast engineering Category Video forma ... more details
In a computer network network based on packet switching , processing delay is the time it takes routers to process the packet header . Processing delay is a key component in network delay . During processing of a packet, routers may check for bit level errors in the packet that occurred during transmission as well as determining where the packet s next destination is. Processing delays in high speed routers are typically on the order of microseconds or less. After this nodal processing, the router directs the packet to the queue where further delay can happen queuing delay . In the past, the processing delay has been ignored as insignificant compared to the other forms of network delay. However, in some systems, the processing delay can be quite large especially where routers are performing complex encryption algorithms and examining or modifying packet content. http www.ecs.umass.edu ece wolf pubs 2004 globecom.html Deep packet inspection done by some networks examine packet content for security, legal, or other reasons, which can cause very large delay and thus is only done at selected inspection points. Routers performing network address translation also have higher than normal processing delay because those routers need to examine and modify both incoming and outgoing packets. References Computer Networking A Top Down Approach by Kurose and Ross Category Computer networking Category Telecommunications terms Category Computer engineering telecomm term stub ... more details
notability Books date May 2010 Infobox Book name Expressive Processing translator author Noah Wardrip Fruin illustrator cover artist publisher The MIT Press country United States language English series genre Textbook release date 2009 media type Print Hardcover Hardback pages 480 pp isbn 0 262 01343 6 oclc Expressive Processing is a digital media textbook authored by Noah Wardrip Fruin and published through The MIT Press . Throughout the book Wardrip Fruin takes a look into expressive processing elements that part take in digital media. ref cite web url http mitpress.mit.edu catalog item default.asp?ttype 2&tid 11872 title Expressive Processing work The MIT Press last Wardrip Fruin first Noah accessdate 2010 10 26 ref Wardrip Fruin attempts to explain expressive processing through the Eliza effect , The Tale Spin Effect, The SimCity Effect, and many other elements of interactive digital media. References See http en.wikipedia.org wiki Wikipedia Footnotes on how to create references using ref ref tags which will then appear here automatically Reflist External links http mitpress.mit.edu catalog item default.asp?ttype 2&tid 11872 Expressive Processing on mit press http books.google.com books?id rfZH JzdKaQC&lpg PA482&ots VQ0iV MyRk&dq Expressive 20Processing 20wikipedia&pg PA482 v onepage&q&f false Google Book version of Expressive Processing Categories DEFAULTSORT Expressive Processing Category Textbooks Category 2009 books book stub ... more details
nofootnotes date January 2009 refimprove date January 2009 Parallel processing is the ability to carry out multiple operations or tasks simultaneously. The term is used in the contexts of both human cognition, particularly in the ability of the brain to simultaneously process incoming stimuli, and in parallel computing by machines. Parallel Processing by the Brain Parallel processing is the ability of the brain to simultaneously process incoming stimuli of differing quality. This becomes most important in Visual perception vision , as the brain divides what it sees into four components color , motion physics motion , shape , and Distance depth . These are individually analyzed and then compared to stored memory memories , which helps the brain identify what you are viewing. The brain then combines all of these into one image that you see and comprehend. Parallel processing has been linked, by some experimental psychologists, to the Stroop effect . This is a continual and seamless operation. Parallel Processing in Computers main Parallel computing The simultaneous use of more than one Central processing unit CPU or processor core to execute a program or multiple computational threads. Ideally, parallel processing makes programs run faster because there are more engines CPUs or cores running it. In practice, it is often difficult to divide a program in such a way that separate CPUs ... to perform parallel processing by connecting the computers in a network. However, this type of parallel processing requires very sophisticated software called distributed processing software. Note that parallelism ... Programming Expert Part 1 Introducing concurrency and parallelism Parallel processing is also called parallel computing. In the quest of cheaper computing alternatives parallel processing provides ... Worth, 2001. Parallel Processing via MPI & OpenMP, M. Firuziaan, O. Nommensen. Linux Enterprise, 10 ... Computer Chronicles Parallel Processing 1986 Last Access 2010 11 20 Category Neural coding ... more details
A Processing Instruction PI is a SGML and XML node type, which may occur anywhere in the document, intended to carry instructions to the application. ref http www.sagehill.net docbookxsl ProcessingInstructions.html Chapter 9. Customization methods Processing instructions ref ref http www.w3.org TR NOTE sgml xml 971215 Comparison of SGML and XML World Wide Web Consortium Note, 15 December 1997 ref Processing instructions are exposed in the Document Object Model as Node.PROCESSING INSTRUCTION NODE, and they can be used in XPath and XQuery with the processing instruction command. Syntax An SGML processing instruction is enclosed with ? and . ref cite book title SGML and HTML Explained last Bryan first Martin publisher Addison Wesley Longman year 1997 url http www.is thought.co.uk book sgml 8.htm PI isbn 0201403943 ref A XML processing instruction is enclosed within ? and ? , and contains a target and optionally some content, which is the node value, that can not contain the sequence ? . ref cite book title The Internet encyclopedia, Volume 3 author Hossein Bidgoli page 877 publisher John Wiley and Sons year 2004 isbn 0471222038 ref source lang xml ?PITarget PIContent? source The XML Declaration at the beginning of an XML document shown below is not a processing instruction, however its similar syntax has often resulted in it being referred to as a processing instruction. ref name nutshell source lang xml ?xml version 1.0 encoding UTF 8 ? source Examples The most common use of a processing instruction is to request the XML document be rendered using a stylesheet using the xml stylesheet ... understand a number of processing instructions to override the default behaviour. ref http docbook.sourceforge.net ... reflist External links http www.w3.org TR REC xml sec pi XML specification section Processing Instructions http www.dpawson.co.uk xsl sect2 N6145.html XSLT FAQ Processing Instructions , Dave Pawson https developer.mozilla.org en XSLT processing instruction xslt processing instruction , Mozilla ... more details
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