otheruses4 logical principle chemical meaning an atom with 2 bonds Bivalent chemistry In logic , the semantic principle or law of bivalence states that every declarative sentence expressing a proposition ..., the principle of bivalence becomes a property that a semantics may or may not possess. It is not the same .... ref name Tomassi1999 The principle of bivalence is studied in philosophical logic to address ... for philosophers who hold that the principle of bivalence applies to all declarative natural ... with the law of the excluded middle The principle of bivalence is related to the law of excluded ... There will be a sea battle tomorrow. The principle of bivalence here asserts Either it is true that there will be a sea ... of classical logic and the principle of bivalence to concepts that may be vague in their application ... Values Yaroslav Shramko, Heinrich Wansing DEFAULTSORT Principle Of Bivalence Category Logic Category ... this principle is called a two valued logic ref name Goble2001 cite book author Lou Goble title ... ¬ P . The difference between the principle and the law is important because there are logics which validate the law but which do not validate the principle. ref name Tomassi1999 For example, the three ... elements of the algebra correspond to truth values other than true and false . The principle of bivalence holds only when the Boolean algebra is taken to be the two element Boolean algebra two ... hesitated to embrace bivalence for such future contingents Chrysippus , the Stoic logician, did embrace bivalence for this and all other propositions. The controversy continues to be of central .... This violates the law of noncontradiction and, by extension, bivalence. However, this is only ... polphil Polphil Lukas LukasBival.pdf The Incomplete Story of ukasiewicz and Bivalence in T. Childers ... 26 Jean Yves B ziau 2003 http www.unine.ch unilog jyb new 20principle 20of 20bivalence.pdf Bivalence ... fr Principe de bivalence is Tv gildisl gm li it Principio di bivalenza ro Logic binar ru ... more details
principle A principle is a law or rule that has to be, or usually is to be followed, or can be desirably ... of conduct, a law or fact of nature underlying the working of an artificial device. Principle as cause The principle of any effect is the cause that produces it. Depending on the way the cause is understood the basic law governing that cause may acquire some distinction in its expression. Principle ... can be established to explain what principle brought about the change effect. For this reason the principle .... This is considered as the principle of causality . It was formulated by Aristotle as Everything that moves is moved by another . This principle is used as a powerful argument for the potential existence of a creator god due to the regressive nature of the principle, which inevitably requires a first cause. The principle of causality is often associated with the similar, though distinct, principle ... way it is rather than some other way. Principle as a final cause Final cause is the end, or goal, which .... Science does not recognize the finality of the natural causes as a guiding principle of investigation. It is also understood therefore that the principle guides the action as a norm or rule of behavior, which produces two types of principles. Principle as law Principle as scientific law Laws Physics ... December 2011 clarification needed date December 2011 Principle as moral law It represents a set of values ... a process of socialization . Principle as a juridic law It represents a set of values that inspire the written ... the State. The law establishes a legal obligation, in a coercive way it therefore acts as principle condition ing of the action that limits the liberty of the individuals. Principle as axiom or logical fundament Principle of Sufficient Reason This is based on the truth or intelligibility of the being ... the reason or fundament of being. Here is the ontological principle Every being has enough reason ... itself as an absurd unreal non being. Principle of Identity This comes in consequence from the characteristic ... more details
Substitution principle can refer to several things Substitution principle mathematics Substitution principle sustainability Liskov substitution principle computer science disambig ... more details
Pleasure Principle may refer to Pleasure principle psychology , a psychoanalytical term coined by Sigmund Freud Pleasure Principle fashion , a New York based fashion label designed by Diva Pittala and Adrian Cowen Pleasure Principle album Pleasure Principle album , a 1978 album by Parlet The Pleasure Principle Treat album The Pleasure Principle Treat album , 1986 The Pleasure Principle Gary Numan album The Pleasure Principle Gary Numan album , 1979 The Pleasure Principle song The Pleasure Principle song , a 1987 single by Janet Jackson The Pleasure Principle film The Pleasure Principle film , a 1991 film starring Peter Firth Pleasure Principle , a song from Jean Michel Jarre s 2003 album Geometry of Love The Pleasure Principle Le Principe du Plaisir , a painting by Ren Magritte disambiguation fr The Pleasure Principle it The Pleasure Principle hu The Pleasure Principle egy rtelm s t lap ... more details
Archimedean principle may refer to Archimedes principle , a principle relating buoyancy with displacement. Archimedean property , a mathematical property of numbers and other algebraic structures. disambig ... more details
In mathematics , contraction principle may refer to the Banach fixed point theorem , also known as the contraction mapping theorem principle the Contraction principle large deviations theory contraction principle in large deviations theory mathdab ... more details
A principle is a law or rule. Principle may also refer to Principle chemistry , a constituent of a substance Principle Pictures , an American documentary film company Persons with the name Principle Jamie Principle , an American musician of 1980s onwards See also lookfrom Principle intitle Principle , includes many articles with title ... principle Principal disambiguation , easily confused word dab ... more details
Regulative principle can refer to Regulative principle of worship , the concept in some Christian theologies that only what God has explicitly commanded in the Bible should be allowed in Christian worship Regulative principle philosophy , in philosophy after Kant refers to a principle for the conduct of inquiry, for instance, a heuristic or a norm philosophy norm disambig ... more details
Duality principle or principle of duality may refer to Duality projective geometry Duality order theory Duality principle Boolean algebra Duality principle for sets Duality principle optimization theory Lagrange duality Duality principle in functional analysis, used in the large sieve method of analytic number theory Wave particle duality See also Duality mathematics Duality disambiguation Dual disambiguation List of dualities mathdab ... more details
Exclusion principle may refer to Exclusion principle philosophy , epistemological principle In economics , the exclusion principle states the owner of a private good may exclude others from use unless they pay. it excludes those who are unwilling or unable to pay for the private good, but does not apply to public goods that are known to be indivisible such goods need only to be available to obtain their benefits rather than purchased Pauli exclusion principle , quantum mechanical principle See also Exclusionary rule , legal principle Disambiguation sr vi Nguy n l lo i tr ... more details
In law, an agreement in principle is a stepping stone to a contract . Such agreements with regards to the principle are usually considered fair and equitable. Even if all details are not known, an agreement in principle may outline a percentage of royalty for example. ref name Schatzki1999 cite web title Agreement in Principle url http www.pertinent.com articles negotiation mikeschactzkiN11.asp last Schatzki first Michael year 1999 publisher Pertinent Information accessdate 2008 09 27 ref References reflist External links http www.dep.state.fl.us secretary news 2002 acf011502.htm Agreement In Principle Reached For Tri State Water Allocation http www.epa.gov OGWDW mdbp mdbpagre.html EPA http contracts.corporate.findlaw.com agreements celerity futuretrakceleritymerger.html Category Legal terms law term stub ... more details
Unreferenced auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date February 2009 The principle of disclosure is a concept in common law that guarantees that in a legal case, the prosecution will provide the defence legal defence with all information and evidence pertaining to the charges set out. DEFAULTSORT Principle Of Disclosure Category Common law Law stub ... more details
In Sigmund Freud Freudian psychology, the reality principle is the Psychoanalysis psychoanalytic concept describing circumstantial reality compelling a man or a woman to defer instant gratification . The reality principle is the factual governor of the actions taken by the Id, ego, and super ego Ego ego ,unlike the morality principle, does not always oppose the Pleasure principle psychology pleasure principle of the Id, ego, and super ego Id Id . In infancy and early childhood, the Id, ego, and super ego Id rules behavior by obeying only the pleasure principle. Maturity is learning to endure the suffering pain of deferred gratification, when reality requires it thus, the Psychoanalysis psychoanalytic Psychology psychologist Sigmund Freud proposes that an ego thus educated has become reasonable it no longer lets itself be governed by the pleasure principle, but obeys the reality principle, which also, at bottom, seeks to obtain pleasure, but pleasure which is assured through taking account of reality, even though it is pleasure postponed and diminished . ref Sigmund Freud, Introductory Lectures 16.357. ref See also Columns list 2 Deferred gratification Id, ego, and super ego Ignacio Matte Blanco References Reflist Category Psychoanalytic theory Category Motivation psychology stub bg de Realit tsprinzip fr Principe de r alit ja pt Princ pio de realidade fi Realiteettiperiaate ... more details
Multiple issues orphan February 2008 unreferenced December 2009 Merge to Causality physics date May 2011 The concurrence principle principle of concurrence notes the concurrence co occurrence of certain Physical phenomenon physical phenomena , and postulates that they are Causality physics causally connected , or have a common origin. DEFAULTSORT Concurrence Principle Category Physics Physics stub ... more details
The destination principle is a concept of international taxation which allows for value added taxes to be retained by the country where the taxed product is being sold. ref http www personal.umich.edu alandear glossary d.html Destination Principle Deardorffs Glossary of International Economics Retrieved on 1 October 2010 ref They are collected on imports and rebated on exports . This principle also is applied to the Goods and Services Tax of several countries like Goods and Services Tax India India . References Reflist Category International taxation Econ stub ... more details
The Principle of Instantiation or Principle of Exemplification is a thesis in philosophy that states that there can be no uninstantiated or unexemplified property philosophy properties or Universal metaphysics universals . In other words, it is impossible for a property to exist which is not had by some object. Aristotle is well known for endorsing the principle and Plato for denying it. Consider a chair. Presumably chairs did not exist 150,000 years ago. Thus, according to the Principle of Instantiation, the property of being a chair did not exist 150,000 years ago either. Similarly and assuming objects are colored , if all red objects were to suddenly go out of existence, then the property of being red would likewise go out of existence. Those who endorse the Principle of Instantiation are known as in re realists or immanent realists . References Loux, Michael. 2006 Aristotle s Constituent Ontology in Oxford Studies in Metaphysics Oxford Oxford University Press . Category Philosophical concepts ... more details
An organizing principle is a core assumption from which everything else by proximity can derive a classification or a value. It is like a central reference point that allows all other objects to be located. Having an organizing principle might help one simplify and get a handle on a particularly complicated domain. On the other hand, it might create a deceptive prism that colors one s judgment. Examples In a The Brookings Institution article, James Steinberg describes how Counter terrorism has become the organizing principle of U.S. national security. ref cite web url http www.brookings.edu articles 2002 summer terrorism steinberg.aspx title Counterterrorism A New Organizing Principle for American National Security? accessdate October 14, 2008 author James B. Steinberg date October 14, 2008 publisher The Brookings Institution ref The idea of the solar system is based on the organizing principle that the sun is located at a central point, and all planets rotate around it. Most modern cities are based on the organizing principle of the Grid plan in order to better manage transportation and Address geography addressing . Most religions as opposed to cult cults can be described by social scientists as built around an organizing principle for example, the divinity of Christ that allow for the sustainable or improvable recursion of a unique population. References Reflist philosophy stub sociology stub Category Principles ... more details
The postcautionary principle is a principle of de facto environmental management formulated by John Paull in 2007 . ref Paull, John, http orgprints.org 11042 Certified Organic Forests & Timber the Hippocratic Opportunity , Proceedings ANZSEE Conference 2007, 1 14, 2007 ref It is suggested that the postcautionary principle, as the antithesis of the precautionary principle , has guided environmental management, as it is actually practised. Taking the Rio 1982 formulation of the pre cautionary principle as a guide, the post cautionary principle has been stated as follows Where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, the lack of full scientific certainty shall be used as a reason for not implementing cost effective measures until after the environmental degradation has actually occurred http orgprints.org 11042 . Examples of this principle include the extinction of the thylacine Tasmanian tiger , which was, after decades of government bounty hunting starting in 1888 , declared a protected species on 10 July 1936 by the Fauna Board of Tasmania , only weeks before the last one died in captivity on 7 September 1936 and the 2003 Forestry Tasmania burning of Tasmania s largest tree El Grande , ref BBC, http news.bbc.co.uk 2 hi asia pacific 3306655.stm Forestry officials admit killing biggest tree , BBC News, 10 December 2003 ref a tree protected under legislation, and its subsequent demise, after which new standard operating procedures were implemented. ref FPB, 2004, Derwent 02 03, Forest Practices Board, Hobart, Tasmania, 13 January 2004 ref See also wiktionarypar principle Precautionary principle Tombstone mentality Environmental management Thylacine References reflist DEFAULTSORT Postcautionary Principle Category European Union law Category Risk analysis Category Risk Category Waste management concepts environment stub ... more details
An ethical and decision making principle, the proactionary principle is formulated by the extropianism extropian philosopher Max More as follows blockquote People s freedom to innovate technologically is highly valuable, even critical, to humanity. This implies several imperatives when restrictive measures are proposed Assess risks and opportunities according to available science, not popular perception. Account for both the costs of the restrictions themselves, and those of opportunities foregone. Favor measures that are proportionate to the probability and magnitude of impacts, and that have a high expectation value. Protect people s freedom to experiment, innovate, and progress. blockquote The proactionary principle was formulated as an opposing viewpoint to the precautionary principle , which ... and irreversible and concludes that such actions should generally be opposed. The Proactionary Principle ... 10 principles in his paper http www.maxmore.com proactionary.htm Proactionary Principle Freedom .... In this regard the proactionary principle can be looked upon as the philosophical formulation ... . However, the proactionary principle argues that sufficient study may in some cases be impractical ... in the case of an untested release. More s first principle, freedom to innovate, would place the burden of proof on those who propose a restrictive measure. Balance According to the proactionary principle ... External links For http www.maxmore.com proactionary.htm Proactionary Principle, authored by Max More ... archives 004174.html The Open Future The Reversibility Principle WorldChanging.com, March 6, 2006 article ... of Proactionary Principle http www.jargondatabase.com Category Other Laws and Adages Jargon Proactionary Principle Definition of Proactionary Principle Against http www.mercatornet.com articles view .... The group is aggressively opposing the precautionary principle, hoping to substitute their own proactionary principle. We dismiss them at our peril. Category Extropianism Category Transhumanism philo ... more details
Expert subject Physics date November 2008 In the context of General Relativity , the democratic principle allows quick, order of magnitude calculations for the strength of gravitomagnetic effects such as frame dragging . While the principle is fairly intuitive, it does not have a rigorous mathematical definition. John Wheeler 1990 on the practical application of Mach s principle to experiment pp.232 233 It is not necessary to enter into the mathematics of the theory to state its simple consequence ... Each mass has an inertia contributing power, a voting power, equal to its mass, there, divided by the distance from there to here . According to the general principle of relativity , rotation is a relative property, and a state of motion that a satellite senses as being absolutely non rotating is a local state, dictated partly by the relative rotation of the background stars, but also partly by the rotation of the body that the satellite orbits. Applying the democratic principle, we can calculate the influence of these two rotations on the satellite by calculating the relative contributions of these two collections of massenergy to the background gravitational field strength at the satellite s location, and then weighting their contributions on the satellite s sense of rotation accordingly. See also Mach s principle Gravitoelectromagnetism General relativity References cite book author Wheeler, John Archibald title A journey into gravity and spacetime publisher W. H. Freeman year 1990 isbn 0 7167 5016 3 See pp 232 233. This is a semi popular book. Category Theories of gravitation ... more details
In urology , the Mitrofanoff principle is the creation of a passage way for urine or enema fluid that, by its surgical construction, has a valve mechanism to allow urinary incontinence continence . ref cite journal author Shah TP, Vishana K, Ranka P, Shah H, Choudhary R title Mitrofanoff procedure A versatile method of continent catheterisable urinary diversion journal Indian J Urol volume 19 issue 1 pages 4 8 year 2002 pmid doi url http www.indianjurol.com text.asp?2002 19 1 4 21073 ref Procedures which make use of the Mitrofanoff principle Mitrofanoff procedure Malone antegrade continence enema Monti procedure Eponym It is named after the French people French urologist Mitrofanoff who popularized it. ref cite journal author Mitrofanoff P title Trans appendicular continent cystostomy in the management of the neurogenic bladder language French journal Chir Pediatr volume 21 issue 4 pages 297 305 year 1980 pmid 7408090 doi url ref References reflist External links http www.biology online.org dictionary Mitrofanoff principle Mitrofanoff principle biology online.com. http cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk cgi bin omd?Mitrofanoff principle Mitrofanoff principle cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk. Category Urology ... more details
In philosophy and rhetoric, the principle of charity requires interpreting a speaker s statements to be rational and, in the case of any argument, considering its best, strongest possible interpretation. ref Normand Baillargeon Intellectual Self Defense . Seven Stories Press 2007, p. 78 ref In its narrowest sense, the goal of this methodological principle is to avoid attributing irrationality, logical fallacies or falsehoods to the others statements, when a coherent, rational interpretation of the statements is available. According to Simon Blackburn ref cite book last Blackburn first Simon year 1994 title The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy location Oxford publisher Oxford University Press page 62 ref it constrains the interpreter to maximize the truth or rationality in the subject s sayings. Neil L. Wilson gave the principle its name in 1958 59. Willard Van Orman Quine and Donald Davidson philosopher Donald Davidson ref cite book first Donald last Davidson year 1984 origyear 1974 title Inquiries into Truth and Interpretation chapter Ch. 13 On the Very Idea of a Conceptual Scheme publisher Clarendon Press location Oxford ref provide other formulations of the principle of charity. Davidson sometimes referred to it as the principle of rational accommodation . He summarized it We make maximum sense of the words and thoughts of others when we interpret in a way that optimises agreement . The principle may be invoked to make sense of a speaker s utterances when one is unsure of their meaning. In particular, Quine s use of the principle gives it this latter, wide domain. Since the time ... of the principle of charity. These alternatives may conflict with one another, so that charity becomes ... principle is the principle of humanity , which states that we must assume that another speaker s beliefs ... links http philosophy.lander.edu oriental charity.html Article on the principle of charity ... nl Principle of Charity pt Princ pio de caridade ru ... more details
The territorial principle also territoriality principle is a principle of public international law under which sovereign state can prosecute criminal offences that are committed within their borders. The principle also bars states from exercising jurisdiction beyond its borders, unless they have jurisdiction under other principles such as the principle of nationality, the passive personality principle, the protective principle, and possibly universal jurisdiction . ref cite journal title Recent Book on International Law Book Review Universal Jurisdiction International and Municipal Legal Perspectives author Randall, Kenneth C. journal American Journal of International Law month July year 2004 ref The Lotus case Lotus case was a key court ruling on the territoriality principle. In 1926, a France French vessel collided with a Turkey Turkish vessel, causing the death of several Turkish nationals. The Permanent Court of International Justice ruled that Turkey had jurisdiction to try the French naval lieutenant for criminal negligence , even though the incident happened beyond Turkey s boundaries. ref name murphy cite book title Principles of International Law author Murphy, Sean D. publisher Thomson West year 2006 isbn 0314163166 ref This case extended the territoriality principle to cover cases that happen outside a state s boundaries, but have a substantial effect on the state s interests or involve its citizens. ref name murphy Questions have surfaced regarding how the territoriality principle applies, with the rise of globalization and the Internet . The applicability of this principle also was in question, with the case against Augusto Pinochet and other cases of transnational justice. ref cite journal title The perils of Pinochet problems for transitional justice and a supranational governance solution international criminal justice and amnesty Augusto Pinochet and Fidel ..., Antonio F. ref vs. Personality principle, which is The basis on which it is stated that Law is Law ... more details
orphan date August 2009 The Isohydric principle is the phenomenon whereby multiple acid base pairs in solution will be in Chemical equilibrium equilibrium with one another, tied together by their common reagent the hydrogen ion and hence, the pH of solution. Any condition that changes the balance of one of the buffer systems, also changes the balance of all the others because the buffer systems actually buffer one another by shifting hydrogen ions back and forth from one to the other. The isohydric principle has special relevance to in vivo biochemistry where multiple acid base pairs are in solution. Category Acid base chemistry DEFAULTSORT Isohydric Principle biochem stub ... more details
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