Distinguish principal Unreferenced date December 2009 Cleanup date September 2009 wiktionary principle A principle is a law or rule that has to be, or usually is to be followed, or can be desirably followed ..., a law or fact of nature underlying the working of an artificial device. Principle as cause The principle ... the basic law governing that cause may acquire some distinction in its expression. Principle of Causality ... to explain what principle brought about the change effect. For this reason the principle ... as the principle of causality . It was formulated by Aristotle as Everything that moves is moved by another . This principle is used as a powerful argument for the potential existence of a creator god dues to the regressive nature of the principle, which inevitably requires a first cause. Principle as a final cause Final cause is the end, or goal, which guides one to take the necessary ... of the natural causes as a guiding principle of investigation. It is also understood therefore that the principle guides the action as a norm or rule of behavior, which produces two types of principles. Principle as law Principle as scientific law Laws Physics . Laws Statistic s. Laws biology ... and quantify them observing the results that they produce. Vague or unclear statement . Principle as moral ... external coercion, through a process of socialization . Principle as a juridic law It represents ... way it therefore acts as principle condition ing of the action that limits the liberty of the individuals. Principle as axiom or logical fundament Principle of Sufficient Reason This is based on the truth ... the being is intelligible, is called the reason or fundament of being. Here is the ontological principle ..., it wouldn t be intelligible, conceiving itself as an absurd unreal non being. Principle of Identity ... is the being , we realize the principle of identity that the being possesses. Principle of contradiction ... Principle of excluded middle The principle of the excluding third or principium tertium ... more details
Substitution principle can refer to several things Substitution principle mathematics Substitution principle sustainability Liskov substitution principle computer science disambig ... more details
In mathematics , contraction principle may refer to the Banach fixed point theorem , also known as the contraction mapping theorem principle the Contraction principle large deviations theory contraction principle in large deviations theory mathdab ... more details
Pleasure Principle can refer to Pleasure principle psychology , a psychoanalytical term coined by Sigmund Freud Pleasure Principle fashion , a New York based fashion label designed by Diva Pittala and Adrian Cowen Pleasure Principle album , a 1978 album by Parlet The Pleasure Principle Treat album , an album by Treat The Pleasure Principle Gary Numan album , 1979 album by Gary Numan The Pleasure Principle song , a 1987 single by Janet Jackson Pleasure Principle song , from Jean Michel Jarre s 2003 album Geometry of Love The Pleasure Principle film , a 1991 film starring Peter Firth The Pleasure Principle Le Principe du Plaisir , a painting by Ren Magritte disambig fr The Pleasure Principle it The Pleasure Principle hu The Pleasure Principle egy rtelm s t lap ... more details
Regulative principle can refer to Regulative principle of worship , the concept in some Christian theologies that only what God has explicitly commanded in the Bible should be allowed in Christian worship Regulative principle philosophy , in philosophy after Kant refers to a principle for the conduct of inquiry, for instance, a heuristic or a norm philosophy norm disambig ... more details
Duality principle or principle of duality may refer to Duality projective geometry Duality order theory Duality principle boolean algebra Duality principle for sets Duality principle optimization theory Lagrange duality Duality principle in functional analysis, used in the large sieve method of analytic number theory Wave particle duality See also Duality mathematics Duality disambiguation Dual disambiguation mathdab ... more details
Exclusion principle may refer to The Exclusion principle philosophy Exclusion principle , an epistemology epistemological principle In economics , the exclusion principle states the owner of a private good may exclude others from use unless they pay. it excludes those who are unwilling or unable to pay for the private good, but does not apply to public goods that are known to be indivisible such goods need only to be available to obtain their benefits rather than purchased The Pauli exclusion principle , a quantum mechanics quantum mechanical principle disambig sr vi Nguy n l lo i tr ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Principle of identity can also refer to the Law of identity The Principle of identity was a conception of knowledge which denied empiricism postulated in the philosophy of African Spir . DEFAULTSORT Principle Of Identity Category Epistemology Philosophy stub ... more details
Multiple issues orphan February 2008 unreferenced December 2009 The concurrence principleprinciple of concurrence notes the concurrence co occurrence of certain Physical phenomenon physical phenomena , and postulates that they are Causality physics causally connected , or have a common origin. DEFAULTSORT Concurrence Principle Category Physics Physics stub ... more details
In law, an agreement in principle is a stepping stone to a contract . Such agreements with regards to the principle are usually considered fair and equitable. Even if all details are not known, an agreement in principle may outline a percentage of royalty for example. ref name Schatzki1999 cite web title Agreement in Principle url http www.pertinent.com articles negotiation mikeschactzkiN11.asp last Schatzki first Michael year 1999 publisher Pertinent Information accessdate 2008 09 27 ref References reflist External links http www.dep.state.fl.us secretary news 2002 acf011502.htm Agreement In Principle Reached For Tri State Water Allocation http www.epa.gov OGWDW mdbp mdbpagre.html EPA http contracts.corporate.findlaw.com agreements celerity futuretrakceleritymerger.html Category Legal terms law term stub ... more details
Unreferenced auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date February 2009 The principle of disclosure is a concept in common law that guarantees that in a legal case, the prosecution will provide the defence legal defence with all information and evidence pertaining to the charges set out. DEFAULTSORT Principle Of Disclosure Category Common law Law stub ... more details
orphan date August 2009 The Isohydric principle is the phenomenon whereby multiple acid base pairs in solution will be in Chemical equilibrium equilibrium with one another, tied together by their common reagent the hydrogen ion and hence, the pH of solution. The isohydric principle has special relevance to in vivo biochemistry where multiple acid base pairs are in solution. Category Acid base chemistry DEFAULTSORT Isohydric Principle biochem stub ... more details
The Principle of Instantiation or Principle of Exemplification is a thesis in philosophy that states that there can be no uninstantiated or unexemplified property philosophy properties or Universal metaphysics universals . In other words, it is impossible for a property to exist which is not had by some object. Aristotle is well known for endorsing the principle and Plato for denying it. Consider a chair. Presumably chairs did not exist 150,000 years ago. Thus, according to the Principle of Instantiation, the property of being a chair did not exist 150,000 years ago either. Similarly and assuming objects are colored , if all red objects were to suddenly go out of existence, then the property of being red would likewise go out of existence. Those who endorse the Principle of Instantiation are known as in re realists or immanent realists . References Loux, Michael. 2006 Aristotle s Constituent Ontology in Oxford Studies in Metaphysics Oxford Oxford University Press . Category Philosophical concepts ... more details
The conditionality principle is a Fisherian principle of statistical inference that Allan Birnbaum formally defined and studied in his 1962 JASA article. Together with the sufficiency principle , Birnbaum s version of the principle implies the famous likelihood principle . Although the relevance of the proof to data analysis remains controversial among statisticians, many Bayesians and likelihoodists consider the likelihood principle foundational for statistical inference. Formulation The conditionality principle makes an assertion about an experiment E that can be described as a mixture of several component experiments E sub h sub where h is an ancillary statistic i.e. a statistic whose probability distribution does not depend on unknown parameter values . This means that observing a specific outcome x of experiment E is equivalent to observing the value of h and taking an observation x sub h sub from the component experiment E sub h sub . The conditionality principle can be formally stated thus Conditionality Principle If E is any experiment having the form of a mixture of component experiments E sub h sub , then for each outcome math E h, x h math of E , ... the evidential meaning of any outcome x of any mixture experiment E is the same as that of the corresponding outcome x sub h sub of the corresponding component experiment E sub h sub , ignoring the over all structure of the mixed experiment. See Birnbaum 1962 Informally, the conditionality principle can be taken as to claim the irrelevance of component experiments that were not actually performed. References cite book last Berger first J.O. coauthors and Wolpert, R.L. authorlink title The Likelihood Principle edition 2nd publisher The Institute of Mathematical Statistics location Haywood, CA year 1988 isbn 0 940600 13 7 cite journal last Birnbaum first Allan authorlink Allan Birnbaum year 1962 title On the foundations of statistical inference url http jstor.org stable 2281640 journal J. Amer. Statist. Assoc. volume ... more details
In Sigmund Freud Freudian psychology, the reality principle is the Psychoanalysis psychoanalytic concept describing circumstantial reality compelling a man or a woman to defer instant gratification . The reality principle is the factual governor of the actions taken by the Id, ego, and super ego Ego ego , and always opposes the Pleasure principle psychology pleasure principle of the Id, ego, and super ego Id Id . In infancy and early childhood, the Id, ego, and super ego Id rules behavior by obeying only the pleasure principle. Maturity is learning to endure the suffering pain of deferred gratification, when reality requires it thus, the Psychoanalysis psychoanalitic Psychology psychologist Sigmund Freud proposes that an ego thus educated has become reasonable it no longer lets itself be governed by the pleasure principle, but obeys the reality principle, which also, at bottom, seeks to obtain pleasure, but pleasure which is assured through taking account of reality, even though it is pleasure postponed and diminished . ref Sigmund Freud, Introductory Lectures 16.357. ref See also Deferred gratification Id, ego, and super ego References Reflist Category Psychoanalytic theory Category Motivation psychology stub bg de Realit tsprinzip fr Principe de r alit ja pt Princ pio de realidade fi Realiteettiperiaate ... more details
An organizing principle is a core assumption from which everything else by proximity can derive a classification or a value. It is like a central reference point that allows all other objects to be located. Having an organizing principle might help one simplify and get a handle on a particularly complicated domain. On the other hand, it might create a deceptive prism that colors one s judgment. Examples In a The Brookings Institution article, James Steinberg describes how Counter terrorism has become the organizing principle of U.S. national security. ref cite web url http www.brookings.edu articles 2002 summer terrorism steinberg.aspx title Counterterrorism A New Organizing Principle for American National Security? accessdate October 14, 2008 author James B. Steinberg date October 14, 2008 publisher The Brookings Institution ref The idea of the solar system is based on the organizing principle that the sun is located at a central point, and all planets rotate around it. Most modern cities are based on the organizing principle of the Grid plan in order to better manage transportation and Address geography addressing . Most religions as opposed to cults can be described by social scientists as built around an organizing principle for example, the divinity of Christ that allow for the sustainable or improvable recursion of a unique population. References Reflist philosophy stub sociology stub Category Principles ... more details
Refimprove date October 2007 In philosophy and rhetoric, the principle of charity requires interpreting a speaker s statements to be rational and, in the case of any argument, considering its best, strongest possible interpretation. In its narrowest sense, the goal of this methodological principle is to avoid attributing irrationality, logical fallacies or falsehoods to the others statements, when a coherent, rational interpretation of the statements is available. According to Simon Blackburn ref cite book last Blackburn first Simon year 1994 title The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy location Oxford publisher Oxford University Press page 62 ref it constrains the interpreter to maximize the truth or rationality in the subject s sayings. Neil L. Wilson gave the principle its name in 1958 59. Willard Van Orman Quine and Donald Davidson philosopher Donald Davidson ref cite book first Donald last Davidson year 1984 origyear 1974 title Inquiries into Truth and Interpretation chapter Ch. 13 On the Very Idea of a Conceptual Scheme publisher Clarendon Press location Oxford ref provide other formulations of the principle of charity. Davidson sometimes referred to it as the principle of rational ... interpret in a way that optimises agreement . The principle may be invoked to make sense of a speaker s utterances when one is unsure of their meaning. In particular, Quine s use of the principle gives ... at least four versions of the principle of charity. These alternatives may conflict with one another ... interesting. A related principle is the principle of humanity , which states that we must assume that another ... reflist References O Sullivan P.S., The Principle of Charity , http www.conservative resources.com principle of charity.html www.conservative resources.com Wilson, Neil L 1959 . Substances without Substrata ... Article on the principle of charity at Lander University s Phil department Category Principles Category Rhetoric Category Epistemology philo stub fa fr Principe de charit nl Principle ... more details
The postcautionary principle is a principle of de facto environmental management formulated by John Paull in 2007 . ref Paull, John, http orgprints.org 11042 Certified Organic Forests & Timber the Hippocratic Opportunity , Proceedings ANZSEE Conference 2007, 1 14, 2007 ref It is suggested that the postcautionary principle, as the antithesis of the precautionary principle , has guided environmental management, as it is actually practised. Taking the Rio 1982 formulation of the pre cautionary principle as a guide, the post cautionary principle has been stated as follows Where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, the lack of full scientific certainty shall be used as a reason for not implementing cost effective measures until after the environmental degradation has actually occurred http orgprints.org 11042 . Examples of this principle include the extinction of the thylacine Tasmanian tiger , which was, after decades of government bounty hunting starting in 1888 , declared a protected species on 10 July 1936 by the Fauna Board of Tasmania , only weeks before the last one died in captivity on 7 September 1936 and the 2003 Forestry Tasmania burning of Tasmania s largest tree El Grande , ref BBC, http news.bbc.co.uk 2 hi asia pacific 3306655.stm Forestry officials admit killing biggest tree , BBC News, 10 December 2003 ref a tree protected under legislation, and its subsequent demise, after which new standard operating procedures were implemented. ref FPB, 2004, Derwent 02 03, Forest Practices Board, Hobart, Tasmania, 13 January 2004 ref See also wiktionarypar principle Precautionary principle Tombstone mentality Environmental management Thylacine References reflist DEFAULTSORT Postcautionary Principle Category European Union law Category Risk analysis Category Risk Category Waste management concepts environment stub ... more details
Expert subject Physics date November 2008 In the context of General Relativity , the democratic principle allows quick, order of magnitude calculations for the strength of gravitomagnetic effects such as frame dragging . While the principle is fairly intuitive, it does not have a rigorous mathematical definition. John Wheeler 1990 on the practical application of Mach s principle to experiment pp.232 233 It is not necessary to enter into the mathematics of the theory to state its simple consequence ... Each mass has an inertia contributing power, a voting power, equal to its mass, there, divided by the distance from there to here . According to the general principle of relativity , rotation is a relative property, and a state of motion that a satellite senses as being absolutely non rotating is a local state, dictated partly by the relative rotation of the background stars, but also partly by the rotation of the body that the satellite orbits. Applying the democratic principle, we can calculate the influence of these two rotations on the satellite by calculating the relative contributions of these two collections of massenergy to the background gravitational field strength at the satellite s location, and then weighting their contributions on the satellite s sense of rotation accordingly. See also Mach s principle Gravitoelectromagnetism General relativity References cite book author Wheeler, John Archibald title A journey into gravity and spacetime publisher W. H. Freeman year 1990 isbn 0 7167 5016 3 See pp 232 233. This is a semi popular book. Category Theories of gravitation ... more details
In urology , the Mitrofanoff principle is the creation of a passage way for urine or enema fluid that, by its surgical construction, has a valve mechanism to allow urinary incontinence continence . ref cite journal author Shah TP, Vishana K, Ranka P, Shah H, Choudhary R title Mitrofanoff procedure A versatile method of continent catheterisable urinary diversion journal Indian J Urol volume 19 issue pages 4 8 year 2002 pmid doi url http www.indianjurol.com text.asp?2002 19 1 4 21073 ref Procedures which make use of the Mitrofanoff principle Mitrofanoff procedure Malone antegrade continence enema Monti procedure Eponym It is named after the French people French urologist Mitrofanoff who popularized it. ref cite journal author Mitrofanoff P title Trans appendicular continent cystostomy in the management of the neurogenic bladder language French journal Chir Pediatr volume 21 issue 4 pages 297 305 year 1980 pmid 7408090 doi url ref References reflist External links http www.biology online.org dictionary Mitrofanoff principle Mitrofanoff principle biology online.com. http cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk cgi bin omd?Mitrofanoff principle Mitrofanoff principle cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk. Category Urology ... more details
The territorial principle also territoriality principle is a principle of public international law under which sovereign state can prosecute criminal offences that are committed within their borders. The principle also bars states from exercising jurisdiction beyond its borders, unless they have jurisdiction under other principles such as the principle of nationality, the passive personality principle, the protective principle, and possibly universal jurisdiction . ref cite journal title Recent Book on International Law Book Review Universal Jurisdiction International and Municipal Legal Perspectives author Randall, Kenneth C. journal American Journal of International Law month July year 2004 ref The Lotus case Lotus case was a key court ruling on the territoriality principle. In 1926, a France French vessel collided with a Turkey Turkish vessel, causing the death of several Turkish nationals. The Permanent Court of International Justice ruled that Turkey had jurisdiction to try the French naval lieutenant for criminal negligence , even though the incident happened beyond Turkey s boundaries. ref name murphy cite book title Principles of International Law author Murphy, Sean D. publisher Thomson West year 2006 isbn 0314163166 ref This case extended the territoriality principle to cover cases that happen outside a state s boundaries, but have a substantial effect on the state s interests or involve its citizens. ref name murphy Questions have surfaced regarding how the territoriality principle applies, with the rise of globalization and the Internet . The applicability of this principle also was in question, with the case against Augusto Pinochet and other cases of transnational justice. ref cite journal title The perils of Pinochet problems for transitional justice and a supranational governance solution international criminal justice and amnesty Augusto Pinochet and Fidel ..., Antonio F. ref vs. Personality principle, which is The basis on which it is stated that Law is Law ... more details
Destination principle is a concept of International taxation which allows for Value added tax value added taxes to be retained by the country where the taxed product is being sold ref http www personal.umich.edu alandear glossary d.html Destination Principle Deardorffs Glossary of International Economics Retrieved on 1 October 2010 ref . Value added taxes are collected on imports and rebated on exports . This principle also is applied to the Goods and Services Tax of several countries like Goods and Services Tax India India . References Reflist Category International taxation Econ stub ... more details
The principle of uniformity may refer to Uniformity of the laws of nature in the universe, being Background independence background independent Uniformity in Geology Uniformity as Gregor Mendel Mendel s first law Disambig ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 The principle of conferral is a fundamental principle of European Union law . According to this principle, the EU is a union of member states, and all its competence law competences are voluntarily conferred on it by its member states. The EU has no competences by right, and thus any areas of policy not explicitly agreed in treaties by all member states remain the domain of the member states. This principle has always underpinned the European Union , but it was explicitly specified for the first time in the failed Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe and carried over into its replacement, the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union . See also Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution Devolution Subsidiarity Law stub Category European Union law Category Legal doctrines and principles de Prinzip der begrenzten Einzelerm chtigung fr Principe d attribution is L gm tisreglan Evr pusambandi ... more details
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