For other uses of prescience, see precognition . The fallacy of prescience is a term used by Smith, DeShaye and Stoicheff ref http llc.oxfordjournals.org content 21 2 199.abstract ref to describe an erroneous exploratory research technique in which the experimental scaffolding embeds assumptions about what will be discovered. The example cited describes a common practice in Humanities Computing in which an XML database and schema are designed at the outset of a research project to annotate a document as a means of discovering the structural relationships within the subject text. The fallacy, they say, arises from the fact that some inferences must be made about the structures that will be discovered in order to construct the schema that will describe them. The fallacy of prescience can be viewed as a procedural manifestation of the informal fallacy of begging the question . External links Reflist http llc.oxfordjournals.org cgi content full 21 2 199 Callimachus Avoiding the Pitfalls of XML for Collaborative Text Analysis Category Causal fallacies Category Pseudoscience ... more details
Non free use rationale poster Media film Article 44 Inch Chest Use Infobox ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Name 44 Inch Chest Distributor Prescience Media Publisher Type Website Owner Commentary OVERRIDE FIELDS Description Source The cover art can or could be obtained from http www.impawards.com intl uk 2010 44 inch chest.html IMP Awards or Prescience Media. Portion Low resolution Purpose Must be specified if Use is not Infobox Header Section Replaceability Other information Licensing Non free poster ... more details
wiktionary Foreknowledge may refer to Various concepts of knowledge regarding future events Predestination Prediction Informed or uninformed guesses regarding future events Prognostication Typically informed predictions about future events in a confined context Prophecy Religious concept of divine knowledge, often with a consideration of future trends or events, and to some degree regarding events of an imminent, or divine plan divinely planned nature. Fallacy of prescience disambig ... more details
Non free use rationale poster Media film Article Black Death film Use Infobox ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Name Black Death film Distributor Prescience Media Publisher Type Website Owner Commentary OVERRIDE FIELDS Description Source The cover art can or could be obtained from http www.impawards.com intl uk 2010 black death.html IMP Awards or Revolver Entertainment . Portion Low resolution Purpose Must be specified if Use is not Infobox Header Section Replaceability Other information Licensing Non free poster ... more details
Non free use rationale poster Media film Article The Disappearance of Alice Creed Use Infobox ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Name The Disappearance of Alice Creed Distributor Prescience Media Publisher Type Website Owner Commentary OVERRIDE FIELDS Description Source The cover art can or could be obtained from http www.impawards.com intl uk 2010 disappearance of alice creed.html IMP Awards or CinemaNX. Portion Low resolution Purpose Must be specified if Use is not Infobox Header Section Replaceability Other information Licensing Non free poster ... more details
Unreferenced auto yes date December 2009 Theology Proper is the sub discipline of Systematic Theology which deals specifically with the being , attributes and works of God. In a Christianity Christian setting, this study includes Trinitarianism Trinitarian , the Holy Spirit Pneumatology and the study of Jesus Christ Christology . The term Theology lit. God word is popularly described as talk about God or God talk, but is usually used in the generic sense to describe religious studies. Topics Pertaining to Theology Proper Apophatic Theology Attributes of God Cataphatic theology Cataphatic Theology Christology Divine simplicity Divine Simplicity Eternity Eternality Godhead Christianity God the Father Christianity God the Father Immutability theology Immutability Impassible Impassibility Kenosis Monotheism Omnipotence Omniscience Ontology Pneumatology Prescience Transcendentals The Transcendentals Trinity Trinitarian Theology Theodicy Theosis Category Christian theology Category Christian terms Christian theology stub es Teolog a propia pt Teologia pr pria ... more details
Refimprove date June 2010 Mike Baker is a former officer with the Central Intelligence Agency , founder of Prescience LLC, frequent guest on Red Eye w Greg Gutfeld on the Fox News Channel , and current script adviser to the entertainment industry. CIA Baker spent fourteen years as a covert field operations officer for the Central Intelligence Agency, specializing in counterterrorism , counternarcotics, and counterinsurgency . Private sector Baker founded Prescience LLC and Diligence LLC two companies specializing in business intelligence . Television Baker is a repeated panelist and guest host ref cite web url http www.dailygut.com ?i 4607 title The Daily Gut publisher The Daily Gut date accessdate 2011 06 26 ref of Fox News Red Eye w Greg Gutfeld . He also serves as a technical advisor ref cite web url http www.washingtonpost.com wp dyn articles A27231 2005Jan21.html title Ex CIA Operative Demystifies Spies publisher washingtonpost.com date 2005 01 23 accessdate 2011 06 26 ref for the entertainment industry. When acting as the ombudsman on Red Eye w Greg Gutfeld in 2011, Baker presents a graph of the wanker gap for the first half of the program. ref cite web title Halftime Report 12 28 11 url http www.foxnews.com on air red eye index.html v 1352205221001 halftime report 122911 ?playlist id 86926 accessdate 2011 12 29 ref Baker has never given an explanation of the meaning of the wanker gap. Baker appeared on Deadliest Warrior , episode KGB vs. CIA, as a member of the CIA team. Baker was a trainer on Spy TV series Spy , a 2004 reality TV series in which amateurs were trained and evaluated in espionage techniques. References Reflist External links http www.imdb.com name nm1668349 IMDB entry http www.sourcewatch.org index.php?title Mike Baker Sourcewatch.org Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Baker, Mike ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION American television personality DATE OF BIRTH PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Baker, Mike ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date December 2009 The heptapods are a fictional alien race featured in Ted Chiang s short story Story of Your Life . Physiology The heptapod are Symmetry biology Radial symmetry radially symmetrical aliens with seven legs. Four legs are used for locomotion while the remaining three are used as arms. Along the top of its barrel shaped body are seven eyes and a breathing orifice. Underneath is a mouth anus surrounded by teeth articulated bony ridges used for mastication . Homeworld Half of the surface of their homeworld is covered by water . Orbiting the planet are two natural satellite moons , one of which is markedly larger than the other. The three primary elements of the Heptapod homeworld s atmosphere are nitrogen , argon and oxygen . Language These sophont s have two forms of language. A free form spoken language without tenses or word order known as Heptapod A. It is used informally between other heptapods and the beings encountered during their space exploration travels . The written heptapod language, Heptapod B, uses a two dimensional grammar which can be compared to the structure of mathematics mathematical equations and musical notation . Using Heptapod B presumes the writer knows how the sentence will end. It is uncertain if this implies prescience on the part of the heptapods or determinism . DEFAULTSORT Heptapod Alien Race Category Fictional extraterrestrial life forms Sf char stub ... more details
Infobox writer name Mark Adlard image caption pseudonym birth name Peter Marcus Adlard birth date Birth date and age 1932 6 19 df yes birth place Seaton Carew , Hartlepool , County Durham , England death date death place occupation Author nationality England English spouse period genre Social science fiction br Historical fiction subject movement notableworks Interface br Volteface br Multiface influences influenced website Mark Adlard was born Peter Marcus Adlard is an English people English novelist . He was born in Seaton Carew , Hartlepool , County Durham , England on 19 June 1932. ref name isfdbBio cite web url http www.isfdb.org cgi bin ea.cgi?Mark Adlard title Mark Adlard Summary Biography accessdate 2008 06 22 author Al von Ruff publisher ISFDB ref His best known works are the social science fiction novels Interface , Volteface , and MultiFace . ref name isfdbBio published in the early 1970s. The novels concern T city, a 22nd century domed megacity covering the entirety of the North East England English North Eastern industrial area between the River Tyne and the River Tees . A later novel, The Greenlander 1978 concerns the whaling industry in Northeast England during the early days of steam powered shipping. This was intended to be the first of a series but, to date, no further volumes have appeared. References Reflist 2 External links isfdb name id Mark Adlard name Mark Adlard http dspace.dial.pipex.com l.j.hurst adlard.htm The Prescience of Mark Adlard by L.J. Hurst, discussing the trilogy br Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Adlard, Mark ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH 19 June 1932 PLACE OF BIRTH Seaton Carew , Hartlepool , County Durham , England DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Adlard, Mark Category 1932 births Category English historical novelists Category Living people Category English science fiction writers ru , ... more details
The Iron Wall We and the Arabs is an essay written by Ze ev Jabotinsky in 1923. It was originally published in Russian language Russian , the language in which Jabotinsky wrote for the Russian press. ref name IWprimary He wrote the essay after the British Colonial Secretary Winston Churchill prohibited Zionist settlement on the east bank of the Jordan River , and formed the Zionist Revisionist party after writing it. ref http www.zfa.org.il articles jabotinsky.html Zionist Freedom Alliance Ze ev Vladimir Jabotinsky Bot generated title ref Jabotinsky argued that the Palestinian Arabs would not agree to a Jewish majority in Palestine , and that Zionist colonisation must either stop, or else proceed regardless of the native population. Which means that it can proceed and develop only under the protection of a power that is independent of the native population behind an iron wall, which the native population cannot breach. ref name IWprimary cite web last Jabotinsky first Ze ev title The Iron Wall url http www.jabotinsky.org multimedia upl doc doc 191207 49117.pdf date 4 November 1923 ref The only solution to achieve peace and a Jewish state in the Land of Israel , he argued, would be for Jews to unilaterally decide its borders and defend them with the strongest security possible. Modern commentators Who date July 2011 from both sides of the conflict have noted his essay for its prescience, and have drawn parallels between the metaphorical Iron Wall and the physical Israeli West Bank Barrier West Bank wall which now exists. Citation needed date July 2011 References reflist External links cite journal last Lustick first Ian S. title Abandoning the Iron Wall Israel and The Middle Eastern Muck journal Middle East Policy year 2007 issue Fall 2007 url http mepc.org journal middle east policy archives abandoning iron wall israel and middle eastern muck authorlink Ian Lustick publisher Middle East Policy Council Israel stub Palestine stub Category 1923 works Category Ze ev Jab ... more details
About the Newsweek journalist the page concerning the Nelvana co founder Michael Hirsh producer primary sources date March 2008 Michael Hirsh is the former Foreign Editor and chief diplomatic correspondent for Newsweek . He is currently a senior editor in the magazine s Washington bureau. He was a member of JournoList . He is a lecturer and has appeared numerous times as a commentator on Fox News , CNN , MSNBC , National Public Radio , and is a frequent guest of The Young Turks talk show The Young Turks , a streaming internet political talk show. In addition to Newsweek , he has also written for Foreign Affairs , Harper s , and Washington Monthly . Hirsh was co winner of the Overseas Press Club award for best magazine reporting from abroad in 2001 for prescience in identifying the al Qaeda threat half a year before September 11 and for Newsweek nowiki nowiki s coverage of the war on terror, which also won a National Magazine Award . He lives in Washington, D.C. He is of Jewish background. References http www.mhirsh.com hirsh bio.html mhirsh.com External links http www.theyoungturks.com The Young Turks http bloggingheads.tv search ?participant1 Hirsh, 20Michael Videos of discussions debates involving Hirsh on Bloggingheads.tv Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Hirsh, Michael ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Hirsh, Michael Category Living people Category Year of birth missing living people Category Newsweek people Category American Jews US journalist stub ... more details
Infobox Book name The Freedom of the Will image image caption author Jonathan Edwards theologian Jonathan Edwards country United States subject Theology publisher pub date 1754 An Inquiry into the Modern Prevailing Notions of the Freedom of the Will which is Supposed to be Essential to Moral Agency, Virtue and Vice, Reward and Punishment, Praise and Blame or simply The Freedom of the Will , is a work by Christian reformer, theologian, and author Jonathan Edwards theologian Jonathan Edwards which uses the text of The Epistle to the Romans Romans 16 as its basis. It was first published in 1754 and examines the nature and the status of man s free will will . The book takes the classic Calvinism Calvinist viewpoint on total depravity of the will and the need of man for God s grace in salvation. Although written long before the modern introduction and debate over open theism Open Theism , Edwards work addresses many of the concerns that have been raised today over this view. One of the authors that provoked the writing of The Freedom of the Will was Daniel Whitby . Whitby was an Arminianism Arminian minister of the Church of England who was known for his anti Calvinism Calvinist viewpoint and his statement that It is better to deny prescience foreknowledge than liberty. ref http www.constitution.org primarysources whitby.html Discourse on the Five Points by Daniel Whitby ref It is this claim that Edwards attempts to answer in The Freedom of the Will. Edwards responded that man may freely choose whatever seems good to him, but that whatever it is that seems good to him is based on an inherent predisposition that has been foreordained by God. References reflist External links http www.reformedreader.org rbb edwards fowindex.htm The Complete Text of The Freedom of the Will http www.earlymoderntexts.com A version of this work, slightly modified for easier reading See also A Faithful Narrative Religious Affections DEFAULTSORT Freedom of the Will Category Theology Category 18t ... more details
Infobox artist name Peter Michael image imagesize caption birth name birth date 1972 birth place London , England death date death place nationality British people British field Painting training University of East London , Bottega Del Buonfresco, Florence, Italy movement works Peter Michael born 1972 is an English people English contemporary figurative painter. Michael s work is firmly set in the British painting tradition of Lucian Freud and Jenny Saville , but references his classical Italian fresco training with hints of artists such as Mantegna. Michael studied at the University of East London where he obtained a degree in Fine Art. He also studied fresco painting at the Bottega Del Buonfresco in Florence, Italy. His recent exhibitions include a solo exhibition in Luxembourg 2008 . This exhibition made headlines in the Luxembourg press for its graphic and realistic representation of the female nude ref http www.artgallery.lu press lequotidien peter michael.html Nudit cruelle , Samedi, 5 avril 2008, Les Loisirs, Culture, pages 41 et 43. ref ref http www.artgallery.lu press wort2 peter michael.html Une troublante prescience de la chair , Mardi, 8 avril 2008, La vie culturelle, page 15 et 16. ref Notes and references reflist External links http www.buonfresco.co.uk Additional information on Peter Michael including images Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Michael, Peter ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH 1972 PLACE OF BIRTH London , England DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Michael, Peter Category British painters Category Modern painters Category Contemporary painters Category English painters Category Living people Category 1972 births Category Artists from London Category Alumni of the University of East London ... more details
to the survival of humanity. A much more imposing threat, known of only through prescience, was Kralizec ... a way to save both the human species and his own humanity, Leto s prescience led him to decide ... what was believed of his father, and why. Muad Dib died of prescience. But Paul Atreides had passed ... of certain mutations, he bred into the Atreides a no gene , which gave them invisibility to prescience ... would have been invisible to Alia due to his own prescience, Duncan s possession of the gene would ... more details
for the book Irrational Exuberance book refimprove date March 2011 Irrational exuberance is a phrase used by the then Federal Reserve Board Chairman, Alan Greenspan , in a speech given at the American Enterprise Institute during the Dot com bubble of the 1990s. The phrase was interpreted as a warning that the market might be somewhat overvalued. Overview Greenspan s comment was made on December 5, 1996 emphasis added in excerpt ... Clearly, sustained low inflation implies less uncertainty about the future, and lower risk premiums imply higher prices of stocks and other earning assets. We can see that in the inverse relationship exhibited by price earnings ratios and the rate of inflation in the past. But how do we know when irrational exuberance has unduly escalated asset values, which then become subject to unexpected and prolonged contractions as they have in Japan over the past decade? ... http www.federalreserve.gov boarddocs speeches 1996 19961205.htm The Challenge of Central Banking in a Democratic Society , 1996 12 05 The prescience of the short comment within a rather dry and complex speech would not normally have been so memorable however, it was followed by immediate slumps in stock markets worldwide, particularly the Nasdaq Composite , provoking a strong reaction in financial circles and making its way into colloquial speech. Greenspan s comment was well remembered, although few heeded the warning. The phrase was picked up by Yale University Yale professor Robert Shiller , who used it as the title of his book, Irrational Exuberance book Irrational Exuberance , in 2000. By the mid to late 2000s the losses were recouped and eclipsed by a combination of events, including the 2000s commodities boom and the United States housing bubble . However, the late 2000s recession of 2007 onwards wiped out these gains. The second market slump brought the phrase back into the public eye, where it was much used in hindsight , to characterize the excesses of the bygone era ... more details
Infobox Book name The Lives of a Cell Notes of a Biology Watcher image Image The Lives of a Cell.png 200px author Lewis Thomas country language English language English subject Biology publisher The Viking Press release date 1974 media type pages isbn The Lives of a Cell Notes of a Biology Watcher is a 1974 collection of 29 essays written by Lewis Thomas for the New England Journal of Medicine during the preceding three years. The pieces are loosely based around the premise that the Earth is perhaps best understood as a Cell biology cell . The final paragraph of the titular essay reads as follows cquote Item . I have been trying to think of the earth as a kind of organism , but it is a no go. I cannot think of it this way. It is too big, too complex, with too many working parts lacking visible connections. The other night, driving through a hilly, wooded part of southern New England , I wondered about this. If not like an organism, what is it like, what is it most like? Then, satisfactorily for that moment, it came to me it is most like a single cell. ref name Thomas Thomas, Lewis 1974 . The Lives of a Cell Notes of a Biology Watcher . The Viking Press, Inc, New York, pp 5, 82. ref From this, Thomas touches on subjects as various as biology , anthropology , medicine , music showing a particular affinity for Bach , etymology , mass communication , and computer s. Within lively and lucid prose, he reveals a certain prescience. In the essay titled Your Very Good Health, Thomas says cquote Just recently, to correct some of the various flaws, inequities, logistic defects, and near bankruptcies in today s health care delivery system, the government has officially invented new institutions called Health Maintenance Organizations , already known familiarly as HMOs, spreading out across the country like post offices, ready to distribute in neat packages, as though from a huge, newly stocked inventory, health. ref name Thomas Awards The Lives of a Cell won the National Book A ... more details
Henry Harclay c. 1270 1317 also Henry of Harclay , was an English philosopher. He was a Chancellor education Chancellor of the University of Oxford 1313 1316 , and a secular master and scholastic philosopher . He played an important role in Oxford and Paris during the first two decades of the fourteenth century. While in Paris, he produced a commentary on book I of the Sentences of Peter Lombard , perhaps a reportatio of lectures from around 1300. ref Mark Henninger, Henry of Harclay s Questions on Divine Prescience and Predestination, Franciscan Studies 40 1980 , pp. 167 68. ref He was the son of Sir Michael Harclay and Joan Fitzjohn, and the younger brother of Andrew Harclay, 1st Earl of Carlisle . Bibliography Mark G. Henninger, Harclay , Henry c.1270 1317 , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press , 2004 http www.oxforddnb.com view article 12330 accessed 13 November 2007 . Henry of Harclay. Ordinary Questions, X V . Edited by Mark G Henninger. Oxford, OUP British Academy, 2008 Auctores Britannici Medii Aevi XVIII , 738 pp. Idem, Ordinary Questions, XV XXIX . Edited by Mark G Henninger. Oxford, OUP British Academy, 2008 Auctores Britannici Medii Aevi XVIII , 492 pp. Chris Schabel, Aufredo Gonteri Brito secundum Henry of Harclay on Divine Foreknowledge and Future Contingents, in Constructions of Time in the Late Middle Ages . Ed. Carol Poster and Richard Utz. Evanston, IL Northwestern University Press, 1997. Pp. 159 95. References reflist start box s aca succession box title List of Chancellors of the University of Oxford Chancellor of the University of Oxford years 1313 1316 before Henry de Maunsfeld after Richard de Nottingham end Medieval Philosophy Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Harclay, Henry ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH 1317 PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Harclay, Henry Category 1270s births Category 1317 deaths Category 14th century philosophers Category 14th centu ... more details
unreferenced date July 2008 Adaon is the son of the Chief Bard Taliesin , in Lloyd Alexander s fantasy series The Chronicles of Prydain . He is featured solely in the second book, The Black Cauldron , although he is mentioned in the third and fifth books. He is a gifted minstrel, though not yet an official bard, a strong hearted warrior, and a capable healer. His most precious possessions are his packets of healing herbs his bay mare Lluagor and a distinctive brooch which was a gift from Arianllyn, his betrothed . Adaon joins the protagonist, Taran , and his companions in their efforts to find and destroy the Black Cauldron , with which Arawn Death Lord creates his armies of deathless warriors, the Cauldron Born . He quickly endears himself to Taran, Princess Eilonwy , Fflewddur Fflam , and Gurgi through his kindness, sense, and upright character. One night, Adaon, having glimpses of the future, extracts an unusual promise from Taran should Adaon fall in battle, Taran will take his healing herbs, brooch and horse and keep them for his own. Taran is troubled by this request, but makes the promise, and Adaon professes his heart to be at ease. During the ensuing struggles, Adaon is mortally wounded. He reminds Taran of his promise and, remarking that his thoughts are with his beloved Arianllyn, dies. The grieving companions give him a hero s burial as best they can Eilonwy adopts Lluagor as her own preferred steed, and Taran carries the healing herbs and wears the brooch. Adaon s brooch, as it turns out, is the source of his visions of the future, and more than once it compels Taran to undertake a course of action in the quest which, at first, seems like folly, but proves to be very wise. This helpful prescience remains with Taran for as long as he retains possession of the brooch. In the Marshes of Morva , however, they encounter the three enchantresses, Orddu, Orwen and Orgoch . The sisters have taken the Black Cauldron from Arawn s stronghold, noting that they are i ... more details
Lambert of St Bertin was a French Benedictine chronicler and abbot. Biography Lambert was born about 1060 of a distinguished family, and, when still young, entered the French Benedictine abbey of St Bertin . He afterwards visited several famous schools in France, having first laid the foundation of his subsequent learning by the study in his own monastery of grammar, theology and music. For some time he filled the office of prior , and in 1095 was chosen abbot at once by the monks of St Bertin and by the Canon priest canons of St Omer . He was thus drawn into closer relations with Cluny , and instituted through the Cluniac monks many reforms in his somewhat deteriorated monastery. Needless to say, he encountered no little opposition to his efforts, but, thanks to his extraordinary energy, he finally secured acceptance for his views, and rehabilitated the financial position of the monastery. He was a friend of St. Anselm and exchanged verses, still extant, with the poet Reginald of Canterbury ed. Libermann in Neues Archiv der Gesellschaft fur altere Geschichte , XIII, 1888, pp. 528 531 34 . He died on 22 June 1125, at St Bertin. Works Even during his lifetime, Lambert was lauded in glowing terms for his great learning by an admirer not a monk of St Bertin in the Tractatus de moribus Lamberti Abbatis S. Beretini ed. Holder Egger in Monumenta Germaniae Historica Monumenta German. Histor. SS. , XV, 2, 946 53 . This work mentions several otherwise unknown writings of Lambert, e.g. Sermones de Vetere Testamento , also studies on free will , the Divine prescience , original sin , origin of the soul and questions of physical science. Although the two are often confused, he is not identical with Lambert of St. Omer Lambert, the Canon of St. Omer who wrote the famous Liber Floridus , a kind of encyclopedia of Biblical, chronological, astronomical, geographical, theological, philosophical and natural history subjects, which was completed in 1120. Sources and references Ca ... more details
name Dune Dune Messiah Navigators are made prescience prescient by the spice a requirement of being ... the universe the perils of prescience, namely that the entire universe can be locked into the vision ... of melange allows her to safely navigate the ships using prescience she allows herself to mutate ... more details
are the heirs to Paul s prescience prescient vision of the fate of the universe, a role that Alia desperately ..., sharing his prescience, have concluded that their guardian Alia has succumbed to possession by one ... fears that like his father he will be trapped by his prescience. Alia, possessed by the persona of her ... more details
the prescience necessary to safely guide a spaceship though foldspace. ref name Legends D murr Pilru ... and prescience. He is compelled to send a telepathy telepathic message to his twin C tair who is hiding ... more details
Image Groa s Incantation.jpg thumb right 300px Groa s Incantation by W. G. Collingwood Gr galdr or The Spell of Gr a is the first of two poems, now commonly published under the title Svipdagsm l found in several 17th century paper manuscripts with Fj lsvinnsm l . In at least three of these manuscripts, the poems are in reverse order and separated by a third eddic poem titled, Hyndlulj . ref McKinnell, John Meeting the Other in Old Norse Myth and Legend, D.S. Brewer, 2005, p. 202. ref For a long time, the connection between the two poems was not realized, until in 1854 Svend Grundtvig pointed out a connection between the story told in Gr agaldr and the first part of the medieval Scandinavian ballad of Ungen Sveidal ref Ballad no. 70 in the second volume of his Danmarks gamle Folkeviser ref Herr Svedendal Hertig Silfverdal . Then in 1856, Sophus Bugge noticed that the last part of the ballad corresponded to Fj lsvinnsm l . Bugge wrote about this connection in Forhandlinger i Videnskabs Selskabet i Christiania 1860 , calling the two poems together Svipdagsm l . Subsequent scholars have accepted this title. ref Sveinsson, Einar lafur, Svipdag s Long Journey, Hereditas, Folklore of Ireland Society, Dublin, 1975. ref Gr agaldr is one of six eddic poems involving necromancy necromantic practice. It details Svipdag s raising of his mother Groa , a v lva , from the dead. Before her death, she requested him to do so if he ever required her help the prescience of the v lva is illustrated in this respect. The purpose of this necromancy was that she could assist her son in a task set him by his cunning stepmother. Svipdag s mother, Gr a, has been identified as the same v lva who chanted a piece of Hrungnir s hone from Thor s head after their duel, as detailed in Snorri Sturluson s Prose Edda . ref Rydberg, Viktor, Unders kningar i Germanisk Mythologi, f rsta delen, ch. 108 Falk, Hjalmar Svipdagsm l, Arkiv f r nordisk filologi, vol. 9 10, 1893 94. ref There, Gr a is the wife o ... more details
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