About in discourse and logic A premise is a statement that an argument claims will induce or justify a conclusion or an address . ref Argument a sequence of statements such that some of them the premises purport to give reasons to accept another of them, the conclusion The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy, 2nd Edition Cambridge University Press , editor Robert Audi, 43. ref In other words a premise is an assumption that something is true. In logic , an argument requires a Set mathematics set of two declarative Sentence mathematical logic sentences or Proposition propositions known as the premises along with another declarative sentence or proposition known as the Logical consequence conclusion . This structure of two premises and one conclusion forms the basic argumentative structure. More complex arguments can utilize a series of rules to connect several premises to one conclusion, or to derive a number of conclusions from the original premises which then act as premises for additional conclusions. An example of this is the use of the rules of inference found within symbolic logic . Aristotle held that any logical argument could be reduced to three premises and a conclusion. ref p216, Jan Gullberg , Mathematics from the birth of numbers, W. W. Norton & Company ISBN 039304002X ISBN 978 0393040029 ref Premises are sometimes left unstated in which case they are called missing premises, for example Socrates is mortal, since all men are mortal. It is evident that a tacitly understood claim is that Socrates is a man. The fully expressed reasoning is thus Since all men are mortal and Socrates is a man, Socrates is mortal. In this example, the first two independent Clause logic clauses preceding the comma namely, all men are mortal and Socrates is a man are the premises, while Socrates is mortal is the conclusion. The proof of a conclusion depends on both the truth of the premises ... pt Premissa ro Premis ru simple Premise sk Premisa ckb sh Premisa fi ... more details
wiktionary PremisePremise from the Latin praemissa & 91 propositio& 93 , meaning placed in front can refer to Premise , a claim that is a reason for, or an objection against, some other claim as part of an argument Premises , land and buildings together considered as a property Premise film , the situational logic driving the plot in plays Premise , a trade name for the insecticide Imidacloprid Premise , landing page software from Copyblogger Media disambig ... more details
A co premise is a premise in reasoning and informal logic which is not the main supporting reason for a main contention contention or a Lemma logic lemma , but is logically necessary to ensure the validity of an argument . One premise by itself, or a group of co premises can form a reason. Logical structure Every significant term or phrase appearing in a premise of a simple argument , should also appear in the contention conclusion or in a co premise. But this by itself does not guarantee a valid argument, see the fallacy of the undistributed middle for an example of this. Sometimes a co premise will not be explicitly stated. This type of argument is known as an enthymematic argument, and the co premise may be referred to as a hidden or an unstated co premise and will often be subject to an inference objection . In this argument map of a simple argument the two reasons for the main contention are co premises and not separate reasons for believing the contention to be true. They are both necessary to ensure that the argument as a whole retains logical validity. Image What the Bible says.jpg left In this example, What the Bible says is true is a hidden co premise. See also philo stub Category Informal arguments Category Statements ... more details
Lincoln douglasdebate A Value Premise is a component of high school Lincoln Douglas Debate case structure. The value is usually a statement which one side is attempting to achieve throughout the debate. In general, the side that best upholds his or her value premise, which was adequately defended, wins the debate. The value premise is sometimes referred to as the value or simply vp . The value premise ... premise. Purpose As Jason Baldwin explains in Logic in LD , the value premise is supposed to provide ... the affirmative and the negative to achieve. The value premise is not explicitly stated in the resolution ... premise. For example, the National Forensic League s November December 2006 resolution stated Resolved ..., some debaters may use justice as the value premise for the round, because the resolution ... premise is most commonly agreed to be justice or some variant. The debate then centers on the Value Criterion, or the way of achieving or best maximizing the value. The value premise is intended to be a non ... support. Strategy The value premise may or may not be agreed upon throughout the entire debate by the affirmative ... premise must be used, debaters often must debate which value premise should be used to evaluate the round. In order to support the affirmative or negative side s value premise, debaters attempt to prove why their value premise is more relevant to the resolution, or why their opponent s value premise ... after presenting each side s constructive on what the value premise should be. Subsequently, both ... premise if the other debater s value premise still may be achieved, or proven better, under the debater ... are expected to present a value premise as well as a value criterion to weigh the round, has been ..., it is notoriously hard to say precisely how the value premise is related to the resolution and how the criterion is related to the value premise. Debaters often speak of the value premise as supporting the resolution or of the criterion as fulfilling the value premise, but it is hard to know just ... more details
Unreferenced date July 2007 For other uses, see premise The premise of a film or screenplay is the fundamental concept that drives the Plot narrative plot . Most premises can be expressed very simply. For example Othello Unchecked jealousy leads to death Titanic Love conquers all, physically and spiritually The Silence of the Lambs Courage destroys evil . However, a premise is usually written to be as long as a paragraph. Filmmaking stub Category Film production Category Narratology no Premiss film fi Premissi elokuvataide ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 A false premise is an incorrect proposition that forms the basis of a logical syllogism . Since the premise proposition, or assumption is not correct, the conclusion drawn may be in error. However, the validity logical validity of an argument is a function of its internal consistency, not the truth value of its premises. For example, consider this syllogism, which involves an obvious false premise If the streets are wet, it has rained recently. premise The streets are wet. premise Therefore it has rained recently. conclusion This argument is logically valid, but quite demonstrably wrong, because its first premise is false one could hose down the streets, the local river could have flooded, etc. A simple deductive system logical analysis will not reveal the error in this argument, since that analysis must accept the truth of the argument s premises. For this reason, an argument based on false premises can be much more difficult to falsifiability refute , or even discuss, than one featuring a normal logical error, as the truth of its premises must be established to the satisfaction of all parties. Another feature of an argument based on false premises that can bedevil critics, is that its conclusion can in fact be true. Consider the above example again. It may well be that it has recently rained, and that the streets are wet. This of course does nothing to prove the first premise, but can make its claims more difficult to refute. This underlies the basic epistemology epistemological problem of establishing causal relationships . A false premise can also be a premise that is poorly or incompletely defined so as to make the conclusion questionable. The following joke from Plato and a Platypus Walk Into a Bar illustrates the point blockquote An old ... is neither homosexual nor female, therefore he is not a lesbian. See also co premise inference objection DEFAULTSORT False Premise Category Deception Category Logical fallacies he pl B d ... more details
A Vendor on Premise VOP is defined as on site coordination of a customer s Temporary work temporary help services through an exclusive, long term general contractor relationship with a temporary help company. The designated VOP may enter subcontracting relationships with other temporary help suppliers, or relationships may be specified by the customer. ref Staffing Industry Analysts, Inc VMS Marketplace Profile , page 21. Staffing Industry Analysts Insight, 2007 ref See also Contingent workforce Vendor management system Managed service provider Employment agency Human resource management Professional employer organization PEO References Reflist Business stub Category Human resource management ... more details
In proof theory and constructive mathematics , the principle of independence of premise states that if &phi and &exist x &theta are sentences in a formal theory and nowrap 1 &phi &rarr &exist x &theta is provable, then nowrap 1 &exist x &phi &rarr &theta is provable. Here x cannot be a free variable of &phi . The principle is valid in classical logic. Its main application is in the study of intuitionistic logic, where the principle is not always valid. In classical logic The principle of independence of premise is valid in classical logic because of the law of the excluded middle . Assume that nowrap 1 &phi &rarr &exist x &theta is provable. Then, if &phi holds, there is an x satisfying &phi but if &phi does not hold then any x satisfies span class nowrap &phi &rarr &theta span . In either case, there is some x such that &phi &rarr &theta . Thus nowrap 1 &exist x &phi &rarr &theta is provable. In intuitionistic logic The principle of independence of premise is not generally valid in intuitionistic logic Avigad and Feferman 1999 . This can illustrated the BHK interpretation , which says that in order to prove nowrap 1 &phi &rarr &exist x &theta intuitionistically, one must create a function that takes a proof of &phi and returns a proof of nowrap &exist x &theta . Here the proof itself is an input to the function and may be used to construct x . On the other hand, a proof of nowrap 1 &exist x &phi &rarr &theta must first demonstrate a particular x , and then provide a function that converts a proof of &phi into a proof of &theta in which x has that particular value. As a weak counterexample , suppose &theta x is some decidable predicate of a natural number such that it is not known whether any x satisfies &theta . For example, &theta may say that x is a formal proof of some mathematical conjecture whose provability is not known. Let &phi the formula nowrap 1 &exist z &theta z . Then nowrap 1 &phi &rarr &exist x &theta is trivially provable. However, to prove nowrap 1 ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Off Premise Extension often known by the acronym OPX , sometimes as Off Premise Station or OPS is an Extension telephone extension telephone that terminates in a location distant from its parent Private branch exchange PBX . OPX is generally used to provide employees with access to their company s phone system while out of the office. An OPX is a conditioned pair usually for voice only. For data, the pair usually needs to be unconditioned. An alarm circuit is an unconditioned pair. OPXs are used in distributed environments, serving locations that are too far from the PBX to be served by on premises wiring . See also Foreign exchange service telecommunications Category Communication circuits ... more details
Affirmative conclusion from a negative premise is a logical fallacy that is committed when a categorical syllogism has a positive conclusion, but one or two negative premises. For example No fish are dogs, and no dogs can fly, therefore all fish can fly. The only thing that can be properly inferred from these premises is that some things that are not fish cannot fly, provided that dogs exist. Or We don t read that trash. People who read that trash don t appreciate real literature. Therefore, we appreciate real literature. This could be illustrated mathematically as If A B and B C then A C . It is a fallacy because any valid forms of categorical syllogism that assert a negative premise must have a negative conclusion. See also Negative conclusion from affirmative premises , in which a syllogism is invalid because the conclusion is negative yet the premises are affirmative Fallacy of exclusive premises , in which a syllogism is invalid because both premises are negative References http www.fallacyfiles.org afromneg.html The Fallacy Files Affirmative Conclusion from a Negative Premiss Formal Fallacy Category Syllogistic fallacies he philosophy stub ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 The end terms in a categorical syllogism are the major term and the minor term not the middle term . These two terms appear together in the conclusion and separately with the middle term in the major premise and minor premise, respectively. Example Major premise All M are P . Minor premise All S are M. Conclusion All S are P . The end terms are in italics. S is the minor term, P is the major term, and M is the middle term. DEFAULTSORT End Term Category Traditional logic Logic stub ... more details
The major term is the Predicate logic predicate term of the conclusion of a categorical syllogism . It appears in the major premise along with the middle term and not the minor term . It is an end term meaning not the middle term . Example Major premise All men are mortal . Minor premise Socrates is a man. Conclusion Therefore Socrates is mortal . The major term is bolded above. FOLDOC Category Traditional logic ... more details
The middle term in bold must distribution of terms distributed in at least one premise s but not in the main contention conclusion of a categorical syllogism . The major term and the minor term s, also called the end term s, do appear in the conclusion. Example Major premise All men are mortal. Minor premise Socrates is a man . Conclusion Socrates is mortal. The middle term is bolded above. FOLDOC logic stub Category Traditional logic ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 The minor term is the subject term of the conclusion of a categorical syllogism . It also appears in the minor premise together with the middle term . Along with the major term it is one of the two end term s. Example Major premise All men are mortal. Minor premise Socrates is a man. Conclusion Socrates is mortal. The minor term is bolded above. See also major term DEFAULTSORT Minor Term Category Traditional logic ... more details
merge lemma mathematics date December 2011 Other uses Lemma disambiguation Unreferenced date November 2006 In informal logic and argument map ping, a lemma is simultaneously a main contention contention for premise s below it and a premise for a contention above it. See also Co premise Objection argument Objection Inference objection Category Concepts in logic Philo stub pt Lema filosofia ... more details
Summary This picture of Saqib is my property and its taken at friend s premise. GFDL self migration relicense Licensing PD self date May 2007 Copy to Wikimedia Commons bot Fbot Orphan image Orphan image ... more details
Summary This picture is my property taken at friend s premise GFDL self migration relicense Licensing GFDL self migration relicense Copy to Wikimedia Commons bot Fbot priority true ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date December 2009 An inference of natural deduction is a normal form , according to Dag Prawitz , if no formula occurrence is both the principal premise of an elimination rule and the conclusion of an introduction rule. DEFAULTSORT Normal Form Natural Deduction Category Logic Logic stub ... more details
Crinis lang el was a Stoic philosopher. It is not certain when he lived, although a line in the Discourses of Epictetus Discourses of Epictetus suggests that he lived at, or later than, the time of Archedemus of Tarsus Archedemus 2nd century BC , and that he died from fright blockquote Go away now and read Archedemus then if a mouse should leap down and make a noise, you are a dead man. For such a death awaits you as it did what was the man s name? Crinis and he too was proud, because he understood Archedemus. ref Epictetus, http classics.mit.edu Epictetus discourses.html Discourses , 3.2.15 ref blockquote He was interested in Logic , and wrote a book called Dialectic Art , lang el , from which Diogenes La rtius quotes blockquote An argument, as Crinis says, is that which is composed of a lemma logic lemma or major premise , an assumption or minor premise, and a logical consequence conclusion as for instance this, br If it is day, it is light br But it is day, therefore it is light. br For the lemma, or major premise, is, If it is day, it is light. br The assumption, or minor premise, is, It is day. br The conclusion follows, Therefore it is light. ref Diogenes La rtius, http www.fordham.edu halsall ancient diogeneslaertius book7 stoics.html The Lives of Eminent Philosophers, vii . ref blockquote Notes reflist Category Hellenistic era philosophers Category Stoic philosophers Category 2nd century BC philosophers ca Cr nis ... more details
PNG version available Wikipedia feedback loop.png Information Description A demonstration of the Virtuous circle and vicious circle involving in Wikipedia editing, the main premise behind M Wikipedia and why it matters Source self made Date 1 9 2008 Location Author User Zenwhat Permission GFDL migration relicense other versions Orphan image ... more details
wiktionarypar distillery A distillery is a premise where distillation takes place, especially distillation of alcohol. Distillery may also refer to Lisburn Distillery F.C. , known as Distillery until 1999 The Distillery District , a historic district in Toronto, Canada disambig ... more details
Unreferenced date February 2010 Notability date February 2010 Canvass is a period of time when the customer is visited by the seller or agent in a customer premise. This happen periodically or occasionally. This may refer to many operations like visiting for orders, to release a new software at the end of a project, or to install a new machinery . Category Sales business stub ... more details
Doin Costa Rica is a reality show that premiered on MuchMusic in Spring 2009 as part of its Spring Break celebration. It follows the lives of MuchMusic personalities Nick, Greg, Mike, Lana, Angie, Sabrina and their stay in Costa Rica. Its premise is similar to MTV s The Real World or Living on the Edge . Category MuchMusic television series ... more details
In informal logic , an inference objection argument objection is an objection to an argument based not on any of its stated premises, but rather on the relationship between premise and Main contention contention . For a given simple argument, if the assumption is made that its premises are correct, fault may be found in the progression from these to the conclusion of the argument. This can often take the form of an unstated co premise , as in Begging the question . In other words, it may be necessary to make an assumption in order to conclude anything from a set of true statements. This assumption must also be true in order that the conclusion follow logically from the initial statements. Example Image NASA Stardust Mission inference objection.png thumb left 175px An example of an inference objection based on NASA s Stardust Mission . ref http www.newscientist.com article mg18124314.400 doom in the sky.html Doom in the sky? 24 January 2004 New Scientist Bot generated title ref Image Stardust Mission Inference objection with co premise included.png thumb right 200px The same argument with the originally unstated co premise included. In the example to the left, the objector can t find anything contentious in the stated premises of the argument supporting the conclusion that There is no danger in NASA s Stardust Mission bringing material from the Wild 2 comet back to Earth , but still disagrees with the conclusion. The objection is therefore placed beside the main premise and exactly corresponds to an unstated or hidden co premise. This is demonstrated by the argument map to the right in which the full pattern of reasoning relating to the contention is set out. References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Inference Objection Category Informal arguments Category Inference ... more details
of four terms. Another example of equivocation, a more tricky one Major premise The pen touches the paper. Minor premise The hand touches the pen. Conclusion The hand touches the paper. This is more ... . A correct form of this statement would be Major premise All that touches the pen, touches the paper. Minor premise The hand touches the pen. Conclusion The hand touches the paper. Now the term ... premise No humans are immortal. Minor premise All Greeks are people. Conclusion All Greeks are mortal ... complement complementary term immortal in the first premise using the immediate inference known ... more details
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