1205.doc Customer preference formation white paper from ICR International Communications Research ICR Category Psychological attitude ca Prefer ncia cs Preference de Pr ferenz es Preferencia fr ... more details
selfref For user preferences on Wikipedia, see Wikipedia Preferences . Wiktionary preferencePreference may refer to Preference economics , as the term is used in economics Preference , as the term is used in psychology Preferred stock , preference stock or preference shares, a form of corporate equity ownership Preference or preferans , a card game Unfair preference , a legal term Preferences mag , French gay periodical usually styled PREF mag disambig ... more details
Deleted image removed Image Preference Pane 10.4.png framed right Preference Pane icon A Preference Pane often abbreviated as prefpane is a special dynamic loading dynamically loaded Plug in computing plugin in Mac OS X . Introduced in Mac OS X v10.0 , the purpose of a Preference Pane is to allow the user to set preferences for a specific application or the system by means of a graphical user interface . Preference Panes are the OS X replacement to control panel Mac OS control panel s. Prior to Mac OS X v10.4 , collections of Preference Panes featured a Show All button to show all the panes in the collection and a customizable toolbar to which frequently used preference panes could be dragged. In Mac OS X v10.3 , the currently active pane would also be highlighted in the toolbar when it was selected. With Mac OS X v10.4 , this functionality was dropped in favor of a plain Show All button and back forward history arrows. System Preferences Mac OS X System Preferences is an application whose sole purpose is the loading of various preference panes, for system configuration. Any application can be written to use prefpanes. Preference panes carry the .prefpane file extension . External links http developer.apple.com documentation UserExperience Conceptual PreferencePanes index.html Apple Developer Connection Preference Panes Mac OS X Category Mac OS X mac stub ... more details
A Trade Preference is when one country prefers buying goods from some other country more than it would from other countries. It grants special support to one country over another. It is the opposite of a Trade Prohibition . See also Trade Mandate Trade Prohibition Trade Sanctions National Treatment Most Favored Nation Category International trade DEFAULTSORT Trade Preference International trade stub ... more details
unreferenced date March 2008 Imperial Preference was a proposed system of reciprocally levelled tariff s or free trade agreements between the dominion s and colony colonies within the British Empire . As Commonwealth Preference , the proposal was later revived in connection with the members of the Commonwealth of Nations . Especially in the early 1900s, Imperial Preference was seen as a way of promoting unity within the British Empire and sustaining Britain s position as a global power in the face of increased competition from the protectionist minded Germany and United States . The idea was particularly associated with Joseph Chamberlain , who resigned from the government of Arthur Balfour in September 1903 in order to be free to campaign for tariff reform. Among those opposing Chamberlain was the Chancellor of the Exchequer , Charles Thomson Ritchie C. T. Ritchie , who, guided by the free trade ideas of the leading economists of the time, such as Sir William Ashley , was vigorously opposed to any scheme of Imperial Preference. This ultimately led to a damaging rift within Balfour s Conservative Party UK Conservative Liberal Unionist Party Unionist coalition government. During the 1920s, Imperial Preference became popular once more. Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin Baldwin 1924 29 was a tepid supporter. His Secretary of State for the Colonies Colonial and Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs Dominions Secretary , Leo Amery Amery , was one of its strongest supporters and in 1926 established the Empire Marketing Board to encourage Britons to buy Empire . But Winston Churchill ... , Canada . There was initial agreement on Imperial Preference. But the incompetence and tactless manner ... Party of Canada historical Conservative who supported Imperial Preference, was replaced by a Liberal ... Imperial Preference. The United States was determined to maintain its tariff protections ... preference for a system anchored by the United Kingdom rather than the U.S. Category British Empire ... more details
Common preference is a term used to describe an everyone wins situation in a number of places wiktionary Zero sum Game theory Non zero sum Non zero sum, in game theory Taking Children Seriously Win win situation disambig ... more details
About liquidity preference in macroeconomic theory Liquidity preference Venture capital Liquidity preference in macroeconomic theory refers to the Money demand demand for money , considered as liquidity . The concept was first developed by John Maynard Keynes in his book The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money 1936 to explain determination of the interest rate by the supply and demand for money. The demand for money as an asset was theorized to depend on the interest foregone by not holding bond finance bonds . Interest rates, he argues, cannot be a reward for saving as such because, if a person hoards his savings in cash, keeping it under his mattress say, he will receive no interest, although he has nevertheless, refrained from consuming all his current income. Instead of a reward for saving, interest in the Keynesian analysis is a reward for parting with liquidity. According to Keynes, demand for liquidity is determined by three motives the transactions motive people prefer to have liquidity to assure basic transactions, for their income is not constantly available. The amount of liquidity demanded is determined by the level of income the higher the income, the more money demanded for carrying out increased spending. the precautionary motive people prefer to have liquidity in the case of social unexpected problems that need unusual costs. The amount of money demanded for this purpose increases as income increases. speculative motive people retain liquidity to speculate ... and vice versa . The liquidity preference relation can be represented graphically as a schedule of the money demanded at each different interest rate. The supply of money together with the liquidity preference ... preference, The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics , 2nd Edition, http www.dictionaryofeconomics.com ... william king.www.drexel.edu top prin txt money QT7.html Liquidity Preference Curve DEFAULTSORT Liquidity Preference Category Keynesian economics Category Macroeconomics Category Monetary policy Category ... more details
Intensity of preference is a term popularized by the work of the economist Kenneth Arrow , who was a co recipient of the Nobel Prize in Economics Laureates 1972 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics . This term is used in reference to models for aggregating ordinal rankings. This term is used in economics , politics , marketing , management science and other areas in which methods to derive the consensus ranking are developed. ref Cook, Wade D. and Moshe Kress, http www.jstor.org pss 2631671 Ordinal Ranking with Intensity of Preference, Management Science US , Vol. 31, No. 1 Jan., 1985 , pp. 26 32. ref In an analysis of voting, for example, the intensity of preference is a measure of an individual voter s or group of voters willingness to incur the costs or inconvenience of the act of officially registering a preferential choice at the time and place required, not the vote itself. ref Arrow, Kenneth J. 1963 . Google books Lo2uCECV 8C Social Choice and Individual Values, p. 114. page 114 ref Social choices The intensity of preference is a factor in making social choices. ref name tulane Tulane University http www.tulane.edu dnelson COURSES IntroPE arrow.pdf Proof of Arrow s Impossibility Theorem, citing J. Kelly, Social Choice Theory An Introduction ref Independence of irrelevant alternatives ... does not rule out intensity of preference in making social choices. 1 It is part of our definition of a social choice rule function that the choices are based only on the information in a profile of ordinal preference relations. 2 These preference relations do not contain any intensity information that could be used by social choice rules, whether or not they violate the independence axiom. ref name tulane See also Arrow s impossibility theorem Storable Voting Majority rule Notes reflist References Arrow, Kenneth J. 1951 . Social Choice and Individual Values. New York John Wiley. http ... of preference Category Economics theorems Category Voting theory Category Social choice theory economics ... more details
Utilitarianism Preference utilitarianism is one of the most popular forms of utilitarianism in contemporary philosophy. Citation needed date November 2010 Unlike classical utilitarianism, which defines right actions as those that maximize pleasure and minimize pain, preference utilitarianism promotes actions that fulfill the interests preferences of those beings involved. The beings may be rational agent rational , that is to say, their interests may be carefully selected based on future projections, but this is not compulsory here, the definition of party extends to all sentient beings, even those living solely in the present. ref name Krantz2002 cite book author Susan F. Krantz title Refuting Peter Singer s ethical theory the importance of human dignity url http books.google.com books?id H923FD34 9MC&pg PA28 accessdate 30 November 2010 date January 2002 publisher Greenwood Publishing Group isbn 9780275970833 pages 28 29 ref Since what is good and right depends solely on individual preferences, there can be nothing that is in itself good or bad for preference utilitarians, the source of both morality and ethics in general is subjective preference. ref name Krantz2002 Preference utilitarianism therefore can be distinguished by its acknowledgement that every person s experience of satisfaction is unique. The theory, as outlined by R. M. Hare in 1981, is controversial, insofar as it presupposes some basis by which a conflict between A s preferences and B s preferences can be resolved for example, by weighting them mathematically . ref name Gr ne YanoffHansson2009 cite book author1 Till Gr ne Yanoff author2 Sven Ove Hansson title Preference Change Approaches from Philosophy, Economics ... proponent of preference utilitarianism and himself influenced by the views of Hare, has been criticised ... There are, he writes in regard to killing in general, times when the preference of the victim could ... dates date November 2010 DEFAULTSORT Preference Utilitarianism Category Utilitarianism Philosophy ... more details
For business or finance applications Discount disambiguation In economics , time preference or discounting ... enjoyment. There is no absolute distinction that separates high and low time preference, only comparisons with others either individually or in aggregate. Someone with a high time preference is focused ..., while someone with low time preference places more emphasis than average on their well being ... the time preference, the higher the discount placed on returns receivable or costs payable in the future. The time preference that an individual exhibits at any given moment is determined solely ..., he is still considered to have a low time preference. One of the factors that may determine an individual s time preference is how long that individual has lived. An older individual may have a lower time preference relative to what he had earlier in life due to a higher income and to the fact ... preference theory of interest is an attempt to explain interest through the demand for accelerated ... price of present and future consumption. Time preference, in conjunction with relative levels of present ... of time preference is usually taken as a parameter in an individual s utility function which ... between the market interest rate and their own subjective rate of time preference impatience ... pins down the rate of interest as equal to the rate of time preference, with the marginal product of capital ... , the Austrian economist Eugen von B hm Bawerk built upon the time preference ideas of Carl ..., George Reisman says that time preference arises because of the possibility of being less able ... be enjoyed now. The root of time preference in Reisman s view is an internal risk premium ... of capital combined with the uncertainties he raises, means that time preference is unavoidable ..., 2002. Time Discounting and Time Preference A Critical Review, Journal of Economic Literature ... DEFAULTSORT Time Preference Category Intertemporal economics Category Economic theories Category ... more details
In economics and other social science s, preference refers to the set of assumptions related to ordering ... , 26 1 1 23 ref History Ragnar Frisch gave the first rigorous axiomatic introduction of a preference ... for observables in microeconomics is taken even further by revealed preference revealed preference ... the theory of preferences is the representability of a preference structure with a real valued function .... For example, shifting the conceptual basis from an abstract preference relation to an abstract utility ... of preference to be formulated and investigated. Another historical turnpoint can be traced back ... , and thus gives an unambiguous definition of order . A preference relation should not be confused ... math A B math which does not always holds in preference relations hence, an indifference relation is used ... or preference structure refers to the set of qualitative relations between different alternatives of consumption. For example, if the alternatives are Apple Orange Banana In this example, a preference ... the binary relation these are the axioms of preference order . For instance Let us take the apple ... B math are also strictly worse than math A math . More formally let X be endowed with a topology. A preference ... date October 2010 . Although continuity of the preference relation is a sufficient condition, but it is not necessary ... property, completeness Topological continuity, openness or closedness of the preference sets Linear ... are maximizing a utility function. Consumers whose preference structures Voting paradox violate transitivity ... a preference order to those alternatives although it can be nice to dream about what one would do if one would win the lottery . However, preference can be interpreted as a hypothetical choice ... represented as indifference curve s. Based on the preference relation on S we have a preference ... used to represent a preference structure such that math u left A right geqslant u B math if and only if math A succsim B math . When a preference order is both transitive and complete, then it is standard ... more details
Revealed preference theory , pioneered by United States American economist Paul Samuelson , is a method by which it is possible to discern the best possible option on the basis of consumer behavior . Essentially, this means that the preference s of consumers can be revealed by their purchasing habits. Revealed preference theory came about because the theories of consumer demand were based on a diminishing marginal rate of substitution MRS . This diminishing MRS is based on the assumption that consumers make consumption decisions based on their intent to maximize their utility. While utility maximization was not a controversial assumption, the Consumer theory underlying utility functions could not be measured with great certainty. Revealed preference theory was a means to reconcile demand theory ... axiom of revealed preference The weak axiom of revealed preference WARP is a characteristic on the choice ... w, so x p,w must be preferred to x p ,w . The strong axiom of revealed preference The strong axiom of revealed preference SARP is an expansion of the concept of the weak axiom. A choice behavior that satisfies ... Preference Theory A Study by the Method of Rational Reconstruction , Routledge 1978 ref argues that revealed preference theory is a failed research program. According to Wong, Samuelson s 1938 presented revealed preference theory as an alternative theory to utility theory, while in 1950, Samuelson took ... options were discarded in preference of purchasing an orange. In this sense, preference is not revealed ... cujif ABSTRACT 980606.htm 22revealed preference 22 22not observable 22&hl en&ct clnk&cd ... of the critics of the revealed preference theory states that Instead of replacing metaphysical terms ... analysis Hedonic regression Travel cost analysis Contingent valuation or stated preference methods References ... links http www.ischool.berkeley.edu hal Papers 2005 revpref.pdf Revealed Preference , review .... DEFAULTSORT Revealed Preference Category Consumer theory de Revealed Preference es Preferencia ... more details
In United States agricultural policy, a grazing preference is the status of qualified holders of grazing permits acquired by grant, prior use, or purchase, that entitles them to special consideration over applicants who have not acquired preference. A grazing privilege is the benefit or advantage enjoyed by a person or company beyond the common advantage of other citizens to graze livestock on federal lands. Privilege may be created by permit, license, lease, or agreement. Grazing permits or licenses or leases provide this official written permission to graze a specific number, kind, and class of livestock for a specified time period on defined federal rangeland. http www.law.cornell.edu uscode 43 usc sup 01 43 10 8A 20 I.html References CRS article Report for Congress Agriculture A Glossary of Terms, Programs, and Laws, 2005 Edition url http ncseonline.org nle crsreports 05jun 97 905.pdf author Jasper Womach Category United States Department of Agriculture ... more details
unreferenced date February 2008 Image PerceptualMap3.png thumb right Perceptual map of competing products with ideal vectors Preference regression is a statistical technique used by marketers to determine consumers preferred core benefits. It usually supplements positioning marketing product positioning techniques like multi dimensional scaling in marketing multi dimensional scaling or factor analysis and is used to create ideal vectors on perceptual mapping perceptual maps . Application Starting with raw data from surveys, researchers apply positioning techniques to determine important dimensions and plot the position of competing product business products on these dimensions. Next they regress the survey data against the dimensions. The independent variables are the data collected in the survey. The dependent variable is the preference datum. Like all regression methods, the computer fits weights to best predict data. The resultant regression line is referred to as an ideal vector because the slope of the vector is the ratio of the preferences for the two dimensions. If all the data is used in the regression, the program will derive a single equation and hence a single ideal vector. This tends to be a blunt instrument so researchers refine the process with cluster analysis in marketing cluster analysis . This creates clusters that reflect market segment s. Separate preference regressions are then done on the data within each segment. This provides an ideal vector for each segment. Alternative methods Self stated importance method is an alternative method in which direct survey data is used to determine the weightings rather than statistical imputations. A third method is conjoint analysis marketing conjoint analysis in which an additive method is used. See also Marketing Product management Positioning marketing Marketing research Perceptual mapping Multidimensional scaling Factor analysis Linear discriminant analysis Marketing Preference rank translation Category ... more details
An unfair preference or voidable preference is a legal term arising in bankruptcy law where a person or company law company transfers assets or pays a debt to a creditor shortly before going into bankruptcy , that payment or transfer can be set aside on the application of the liquidator law liquidator or trustee in bankruptcy as an unfair preference or simply a preference. ref See for example, section 239 of the Insolvency Act 1986 of the United Kingdom , which uses the term Preference rather than Unfair Preference section 565 of the Corporations Act 2001 of Australia http www.austlii.edu.au au legis cth consol act ca2001172 and Sec. 547 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code. ref The law on unfair preferences varies from country to country, but characteristically, to set a transaction or payment aside as an unfair preference, the liquidator will need to show that the person or company was insolvent at the time the payment was made either on the cash flow test, or on the balance sheet test it varies from country to country the person or company then went into bankruptcy within a specified time thereafter ... a preference. ref This is the position in the United Kingdom although section 239 6 says that a preferential ... countries an application to have a transaction set aside as a preference can only be made by the liquidator ... to have a transaction declared as an unfair preference varies. Inevitably the creditor which received ... s. An unfair preference has some of the same characteristics as a fraudulent conveyance , ref In the United ... the preference does not. Also, procedurally, it is not necessarily for the paying party to go into bankruptcy ..., and most legal systems do not require intention to defraud in order to establish an unfair preference ... an unfair preference application. However, similar to fraudulent conveyance applications, unfair ... States A preference in Bankruptcy in the United States U.S. federal bankruptcy law ref UnitedStatesCode ... Sec. 547 c ref All of the following examples assume that the requirements for a preference that are set ... more details
Multiple issues lead rewrite December 2010 wikify December 2010 Preference theory is a multidisciplinary mainly sociology sociological theory developed by Catherine Hakim and that sparked off considerable interest . ref name Rabusic Rabusic, L. & Manea, B E., http www.czso.cz eng redakce.nsf i ladislav rabusic beatrice elena chromkova manea hakim s preference theory in the czech context demografie 2007 2 File Rabu ic Chromkov .pdf Hakim s preference theory in the Czech context . Czech Demography, 2008, 48 2 , pp 46 55. ref It seeks both to explain and predict women s choices regarding investment in productive or reproductive contributions to society. ref name Marshall http www.encyclopedia.com doc 1O88 preferencetheory.html Preference Theory , in cite book last1 Scott first1 John last2 Marshall first2 Gordon authorlink2 Gordon Marshall sociologist title A Dictionary of Sociology publisher Oxford University Press location Oxford Oxfordshire year 2009 isbn 0199533008 ref The theory sets out five socio economic conditions which it posits jointly create a new scenario for women ref cite book last Hakim first Catherine title Work Lifestyle Choices in the 21st Century publisher Oxford University Press location Oxford Oxfordshire year 2000 isbn 0199242097 ref page number date December 2010 The contraceptive revolution gives women reliable control over their own fertility for the first time in history. The equal opportunities revolution gives women genuine access to all positions and occupations for the first time in history The expansion of white collar occupations, which are more ... 2010 Hakim s preference theory has attracted great interest in the literature, but also considerable ... Vitali A, Billari F C, Prskawetz A and Testa M R, http ideas.repec.org p vid eudgrp 0702.html Preference ... Liquidity preference Revealed preference Time preference References Reflist offset br DEFAULTSORT Preference Theory Category Sociology no Preferanseteorien ... more details
Personal Preference is a 1987 board game created by Donal Carlson that involves guessing the order in which a player prefers foods, activities, people, and other items compared to one another. The game was published by Br derbund Games in the United States, Playtoy Industries in Canada, and Parker Brothers International in Britain. ref Donal Carlston, May 2008 ref The game contains cards in four categories Food & Drink, Activities, People, and Potpourri miscellaneous . Each card has a photo or drawing on each side and text indicating what that side represents e.g., chocolate clairs, climbing a mountain, Harrison Ford, spy novels . Each round, one player draws four cards from one category, or one from each category, depending on the player s position on the board. Each card is placed in a colored quadrant of the board. The player then ranks these four items according to his or her preference using color coded cards that are placed in an envelope. Next, other players or teams use numbered tiles to guess that player s order, and move forward one space for each correct guess when the order is revealed. If players choose to double a guess by placing a tile towards the center of the board, they move forward two spaces if correct and back one space if incorrect. Players take turns drawing and ranking cards until someone reaches the end of the board. References Reflist Category Party board games Board game stub tl Personal Preference ... more details
One of the indicators of the strength of a brand in the hearts and minds of customers , Brand Preference represents which brands are preferred under assumptions of equality in price and availability. Purpose Measures of Brand Preference attempt to quantify the impact of marketing activities in the hearts and minds of customers and potential customers. Higher Brand Preference usually indicates more revenues sales and Profit accounting profit , also making it an indicator of company financial performance. Construction There are at least three classes of methodologies to measure Brand Preference directly Statistical survey Survey questions self report, unaided preference Brand choice measures choice of preferred brand from a competitive set of brands Constant sum measures planned purchases amongst a competitive set of brands Methodologies ARS Persuasion ref Stewart, David W. Measurement based Accountability and Standards to Optimize TV Media and Overall Branding Investments. Speech presented to the Institute for International Research IIR . 14 January 2005. ref ref Blair, Margaret H., and Allan R. Kuse. Better Practices in Advertising Can Change a Cost of Doing Business to Wise Investments in the Business . Journal of Advertising Research. March 2004. ref ref Shepard, Barry. Developing and Managing Advertising for StarKist Tuna in a Pouch. Quirk s Marketing Research Review. March 2003. ref ref Shirley, Dan. From Copy Testing and Diagnostics to Process driven Improvement. The Advertiser ANA . April May 1999. ref ref Stewart, David W. Advertising Wearout What and How You Measure Matters. Journal of Advertising Research. September October 1999. ref ref Masterson, Peggy. The Wearout Phenomenon Advertising s Selling Power Declines Predictably, Based on the Underused Wearout Finding ... before, ARS Persuasion is 30 25 5. This brand preference methodology is used to assess the impact ... MMAP. cited 7 February 2011 ref Brand Preference Monitor BPM tracks the impact of all marketing ... more details
Preference elicitation refers to the problem of developing a decision support system capable of generating recommendation s to a user, thus assisting him in decision making. It is important for such a system to model user s preferences accurately, find hidden preferences and avoid redundancy. This problem is sometimes studied as a computational learning theory problem. Another approach for formulating this problem is POMDP Partially observable Markov decision process . The formulation of this problem is also dependent upon the context of the area in which it is studied. Overview With the explosion of on line information new opportunities for finding and using electronic data have been generated, these changes have also brought the task of eliciting useful information to the forefront. Researchers as well as major online catalog companies have come up with algorithms and prototype s of systems that can aid a user to be able to navigate through a complex and huge information space using some information from the user in the form of answers to certain queries or ratings to certain items etc. depending upon the domain of the information space.lll See also Cold start Collaborative filtering Collective intelligence Personalized marketing Product Finder s The Long Tail External links http citeseer.ist.psu.edu 698494.html Survey of Preference Elicitation Methods http www.aaai.org ojs index.php aimagazine issue view 184 Special Issue on Preferences. AI Magazine Vol 29, No 4 Winter 2008 Category Electronic commerce Category Marketing Category Information systems ... more details
Orphan date October 2010 A visual preference survey is a technique for obtaining Public participation public feedback on physical design alternatives. It is often used when designing zoning codes, planning redevelopment , and conducting urban planning research. The survey consists of a series of images that participants must score according to their preference. The images may be actual photographs or computer simulated images depicting potential urban environments. ref http www.lgc.org freepub community design participation tools visual surveys.html LGC Resources Community Design Participation Tools Public Participation and Visual Surveys Bot generated title ref The participants input is then used to make decisions about the future built environment . This technique was developed by urban planner Anton Tony Nelessen in the late 1970s , ref http www.nytimes.com 1989 03 28 nyregion architecture ... photographs. Recent plans utilizing visual preference surveys include Denver , ref http www.downtowndenver.com LinkClick.aspx?fileticket XIrJBVCxY7Y 3D&tabid 132 Downtown Denver Visual Preference Survey ... Visual Preference Survey Results Bot generated title ref New Castle, Colorado New Castle , ref http www.newcastlecolorado.org DocumentView.aspx?DID 1601 New Castle Comprehensive Plan Visual Preference ... cover.pdf City of Orlando Visual Preference Survey ref Criticisms of Visual Preference Surveys Visual Preference Surveys have been criticized for potentially eliciting inaccurate measurements of a communities preference. As planner Reid Ewing has noted http www.geoearth.uncc.edu people iheard 3115Readings ... and largely meaningless. For accurate results, a visual preference survey must adhere to sound ... or more related categories of visual and spatial characteristics. Effective visual preference surveys .... For example, visual preference surveys for locations such as Topeka , Princeton, New Jersey Princeton ... from A. Nelessen Associates DEFAULTSORT Visual Preference Survey Category Urban design Category ... more details
The Veterans Preference Act is a United States federal law passed in 1944. It required the Federal government ... in an attempt to recognize their service, sacrifice, and skills. Preference before the Civil War The use of preference in Federal appointments extends back to the days of the American Revolutionary ..., certain soldiers were rewarded for their service by the Federal government. Early forms of preference ... veterans preference legislation. This act provided that quote Persons honorably discharged ... this legislation, preference in appointments was limited to disabled veterans who were otherwise qualified for the work to be performed. This 1865 law stood as the basic preference legislation until ..., another Congressional amendment gave preference for RIF retention to veterans, their widows, and their orphans. This amendment marked the introduction of the use of preference as RIF protection ... soldiers and sailors. Determination of the equal qualifications of a person entitled to preference ... gave absolute preference to all disabled veterans over all other eligibles. In other words, they would .... The reinstatement provision was the last significant addition to preference legislation until 1919. Preference between the World Wars The first major expansion of Veterans Preference benefits occurred ... Act of 1919 granted preference to all honorably discharged veterans, their widows, and the wives of injured ... preference shall be given to honorably discharged soldiers, sailors, and marines, and widows ... emphasized a service connected disability as the primary basis for granting veterans preference, and it introduced the concept of spousal preference in the appointing process. This act redefined ... law for appointment preference until June 27, 1944, when the Veterans Preference Act of 1944 was enacted ... over if it did not regard the reasons as being adequate. Veterans Preference Act of 1944 Veterans preference, as it exists today, derives from the Veterans Preference Act of 1944. This act, to a large ... more details
The Government Telephone Preference Scheme GTPS is a United Kingdom British system for limiting outgoing calls from landline s if the PSTN network is overloaded during an emergency. Numbers registered under the GTPS will still be able to make outgoing calls if the service is limited. All telephones will still be able to receive calls. There are three categories of use the most essential are called Preference Category I, and are limited to 2 of lines of a telephone exchange. According to a British government document they are intended to be limited to lines vital to the prosecution of war and to national survival . The second category Preference Category II are for lines needed for the community and these and Preference Category I are limited in total to 10 of the exchange. All other users are in Category III. ref http www.ringbell.co.uk ukwmo Page242.htm Telephone Preference Service ref The scheme was established in the 1950s. ref http www.parliament.the stationery office.co.uk pa cm199798 cmhansrd vo971113 text 71113w13.htm ref Phones on the scheme include armed forces headquarters, local authority emergency planning centres, emergency services such as police, fire and ambulance and public telephone boxes. Since 1992 the United Kingdom Warning and Monitoring Organisation and Royal Observer Corps operational lines have been deleted from the scheme. A similar scheme limiting mobile telephone access is called ACCOLC . The GTPS should not be confused with the Telephone Preference Service which is an opt out telephone list funded by the British direct marketing industry. See also AUTOVON Civil Contingencies Secretariat References reflist telecomm stub disaster stub Category Disaster preparedness in the United Kingdom ... more details
In artificial intelligence , preference based planning is a form of automated planning and scheduling which focuses on producing plans that additionally satisfy as many user specified preference s as possible. In many problem domain s, a task can be accomplished by various sequences of actions also known as plans . These plans can vary in quality there can be many ways to solve a problem but one generally prefers a way that is, e.g., cost effective, quick and safe. Preference based planners take these preferences into account when producing a plan for a given problem. Examples of preference based planning software include PPLAN ref name pplan http www.cs.toronto.edu sheila PPLAN PPLAN , Bienvenu et al. ref and HTNPlan P ref name htnplanp http www.cs.toronto.edu kr publications 1242050782 Sohrabi IJCAI09.pdf HTN Planning with Preferences , Sohrabi et al. ref preference based Hierarchical task network HTN planning . Overview Preferences can be regarded as soft constraints on a plan. The quality of a plan increases when more preferences are satisfied but it may not be possible to satisfy all preferences in a single plan. This differs from hard constraints which must be satisfied in all ... Programming , Son and Pontelli ref This increases the length of the plan but the user s preference is satisfied ... in PDDL3 , Gerevini and Long ref supports the specification of preferences through code preference code statements. For example, the statement code preference always clean room1 code indicates ... shows, a preference is evaluated with regard to all states of a plan if Semantics semantically ... after a particular state and code at most once code the preference holds during at most one sequence of states in the plan . Plan quality In addition to determining whether a preference is satisfied ... of the second preference has been given a greater penalty than the first preference. Constraints ... that deal with soft constraints in a similar way to preferences in preference based planning. References ... more details
Wikify date April 2010 Orphan date October 2008 The GTK Preference Tool previously known as Gtk2 Theme Selector or gtk2 prefs is a program created by Alexander Shaduri that makes it easy to change the look and feel of GTK applications. It works in environments which don t use XSETTINGS, like simple windows managers and non X11 systems like Microsoft Windows. GTK Themes To change a look of GTK application the user has to install some GTK themes. Linux distributions tend to come with a pre installed selection of themes. For Microsoft Windows the user can get a package of popular themes from the http gtk win.sourceforge.net home index.php en Home GTK for Windows Runtime Environment page. External links http gtk win.sourceforge.net home index.php en Gtk2Prefs the home page of GTK Preference Tool Category GTK ... more details
The Cargo Preference Act or Cargo Preference refers generally to legal requirements for the carriage ... of promoting a national merchant marine. Cargo Preference is commonplace among the world s seafaring ... Trade at 4 5 July 19, 2010 . ref Cargo Preference in the United States United States law includes two main pieces of Cargo Preference legislation The Cargo Preference Act of 1954 ref 46 U.S.C. 55305 ref the 1954 Act pertaining to the carriage of civilian cargoes and the Military Cargo Preference Act of 1904 the 1904 Act , ref 10 U.S.C. 2631 ref which governs military cargoes. Cargo preference ... regulations governing cargo preference shipments by the other agencies. Section 27 of the 1970 Act added explicit cargo preference authority, which was amended in 2008 to provide MARAD with the authority ... shipments not otherwise subject to Cargo Preference in equivalent amounts to cargo determined to have been shipped on foreign carriers in violation of Cargo Preference and b impose on any person that violates the Cargo Preference Act or a MARAD implementing regulation , a civil penalty of not more ... cargo preference contains exceptions where U.S. flag vessels are unavailable, as discussed infra , shipper ... and reasonable rates determined by the U.S. Maritime Administration . ref Purpose of Cargo Preference ... the merchant marine as a bulwark against future failures. The purpose of Cargo Preference is encapsulated ... fleet needs our nation s cargo preference laws. Whether it is carrying needed goods to those overseas ... Promar International have conducted studies which determined that Cargo Preference is essential ... Office, Maritime Industry Cargo Preference Laws Estimated Costs and Effects, GAO RCED 95 34 Nov. 1994 ... of Representatives, Economic Effects of Cargo Preference Laws at Headnote Jan. 31, 1984 . ref In 2008, preference cargoes accounted for 49.6 percent of all cargo carried by the U.S. flag merchant ... Preference because U.S. laws, regulations, and taxes place it at a competitive disadvantage relative ... more details
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