Other uses Preamble communication Refimprove date October 2008 A preamble is an introductory and expressionary statement in a document that explains the document s purpose and underlying philosophy. When applied to the opening paragraphs of a statute, it may recite historical facts pertinent to the subject of the statute. It is distinct from the long title or enacting formula of a law. Legal effect While preambles may be regarded as unimportant introductory matter, their words may have effects that may not have been foreseen by their drafters. For instance, it is on the basis of the preamble to the French Constitution , mentioning the solemn regard of the French Republic towards the principles ... 71 44DC . In Canada , the preamble to the Constitution Act, 1867 was cited by the Supreme Court of Canada ... of the Constitution, especially its Preamble. The Bosnian Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina ... declared that the provisions of the preamble of the Bosnian Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina Constitution ... of the preamble of the proposed European Constitution , in 2002, has caused much controversy ... heritage of Europe . Likewise, in Australia in 1998, a Australian referendum, 1999 Preamble referendum on whether to adopt a new preamble was accompanied by a promise that the preamble, if adopted, could not be enforceable by the courts, as some were concerned with how the preamble could be interpreted and applied. ref Goldsworthy, Jeffrey. The Preamble, Judicial Independence and Judicial Integrity. FORUM Constitutionnel 2000 11 2. ref See also Preamble to the United Nations Charter Preamble to the United States Constitution Preamble to the Constitution of India Constitution of the Philippines Preamble of the 1977 Constitution Preamble to the revised 1987 Constitution of the Philippines Preamble to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms Preamble and Title 1 of the Swiss Federal Constitution Constitution of Fiji Preamble References 1911 references Category Law bg cs Preambule ... more details
Preamble was the first national anthem of the Federated States of Micronesia . It was adopted in 1979 and replaced in 1991 by Patriots of Micronesia . The title refers to the preamble of Micronesia s freshly ratified constitution , from which the lyrics are largely derived. Text We people of Micronesia Exercise sov reignty. Establish our Constitution Of Federated States. Affirm our common wish to live In peace and harmony. To preserve heritage of past And promise of future. CHORUS Make one nation Of many isles, Diversity Of our cultures. Our diff rences Will enrich us, Waters bring us All together. They don t sep rate. They sustain us. Our Islands Our nation Get larger And make us stronger And make us much stronger. Our Ancestors made their homes here, Displaced no other man, We who remain wish unity, Been ruled we seek freedom, Our days began when men explored Seas in rafts and canoes. Our nation born when men voyaged The seas via the stars. CHORUS The world itself is an island We seen from all nations. Peace, friendship, co operation, Love and humanity. With this Constitution, We now become proud guardian Of our beautiful islands. CHORUS External links http www.nationalanthems.info dl.php?file fm 91.mid Listen to Preamble MIDI Category National symbols of the Federated States of Micronesia Micronesia stub ru ... more details
Constitution of Fiji The Constitution of Fiji begins with a Preamble , which sets out the historical, cultural, and political reasons for the drafting of the 1997 Constitution. The writing of the Preamble was a careful balancing act. Fiji an society has often been culturally, economically, and politically polarized in recent decades between ethnic Fijians and Indo Fijian s, who are descendants of migrants brought to work the United Kingdom British owned sugar plantations between 1879 and 1916. The framers of the Constitution wanted the Preamble to acknowledge the unique place of indigenous Fijians and Rotuman People Rotumans , whilst at the same time affirming the equal value to the country of Indo Fijians and other minorities. The Preamble recalls the events in our history that have made us what we are. It begins by asking for the continued blessing of God who has always watched over these islands , and goes on to acknowledge the strong Christian tradition of the Fijian people, dating from their conversion from heathenism through the power of the name of Jesus Christ and speaks of the enduring influence of the Christian faith in Fiji today. Mindful, however, of Fiji s complex history of immigration which has resulted in the multicultural nature of the Fijian nation today, the Preamble also acknowledges the contribution ... of other faiths, to the spiritual life of Fiji. The Preamble traces Fiji s constitutional history, from its settlement by the ancestors of the Fijian and Rotuma n peoples and the subsequent arrival of numerous different peoples, through the decision of Seru Epenisa Cakobau Ratu Seru Epenisa Cakobau , the King who had united all of Fiji s tribes under his ... undertaken in the mid 1990s, leading to the adoption of the present document. The Preamble sees an unbroken ... history. The Preamble goes on to recognize that all those who chose to make their homes ... is expressed in the common citizenship, institutions, and development of Fiji s people groups. The preamble ... more details
Albanian Constitution article series The Preamble to the Albanian Constitution is a brief Preamble introductory statement of the Albanian Constitution Constitution s fundamental purposes and guiding principles. It states in general terms, and courts have referred to Albanian people and there national identity. ref name President cite web url http www.president.al english pub kushtetuta.asp title ALBANIAN CONSTITUTION publisher President of Albania ref Text cquote We, the people of Albania, proud and aware of our history, with responsibility for the future, and with faith in God and or other universal values, with determination to build a social and democratic state based on the rule of law, and to guarantee the fundamental human rights and freedoms, with a spirit of tolerance and religious coexistence, with the pledge for the protection of human dignity and personhood, as well as for the prosperity of the whole nation, for peace, well being, culture and social solidarity, with the centuries old aspiration of the Albanian people for national identity and unity, with a deep conviction that justice, peace, harmony and cooperation among nations are among the highest values of humanity, We establish this Constitution ref name Preamble cite web url http www.ipls.org services kusht intro.html title ALBANIAN CONSTITUTION publisher http www.ipls.org http www.ipls.org ref References references Category Constitution of Albania ... more details
Portal United Nations The Preamble to the United Nations Charter is the opening preamble of the United Nations Charter . History Jan Smuts originally wrote the opening lines of the Preamble as, The High Contracting Parties, determined to prevent a recurrence of the fratricidal strife which twice in our generation has brought untold sorrow and loss upon mankind. . . which would have been similar to the opening lines of the Covenant of the League of Nations . After considerable argument at the United Nations Conference on International Organization San Francisco Conference , Virginia Gildersleeve was successful in changing and shortening the Preamble, however, with much of Smuts original text reattached at the end. ref name gildersleeve cite journal url http www.columbia.edu cu alumni Magazine Summer2001 Gildersleeve.html title Virginia Gildersleeve Opening the Gates Living Legacies author Rosalind Rosenberg month Summer year 2001 work Columbia Magazine accessdate ref ref name Schlesinger cite book author Schlesinger, Stephen E. title Act of Creation The Founding of the United Nations A Story of Superpowers, Secret Agents, Wartime Allies and Enemies, and Their Quest for a Peaceful World publisher Westview, Perseus Books Group location Cambridge, MA year 2004 pages 236 7 isbn 0 8133 3275 3 oclc doi accessdate ref The opening phrase We the peoples of the United Nations .. echoing that of the United States Constitution , was suggested by US congressman and delegate Sol Bloom . ref name Schlesinger The preambulatory phrase In Larger Freedom became the title of a UN reform proposal by Secretary General Kofi Annan . Text The Preamble reads as follows WE THE PEOPLES OF THE UNITED NATIONS DETERMINED to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, which twice in our lifetime has brought untold sorrow to mankind, and to regain faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity ... Notes Reflist UN Charter DEFAULTSORT Preamble To The United Nations Charter Category Divisions and sections ... more details
Indian Constitution TOC The preamble to the Constitution of India ref http indiacode.nic.in coiweb coifiles preamble.htm Official website . ref is a brief introductory statement that sets out the guiding purpose and principles of the document. The preamble is not an integral part of the Constitution of India Indian constitution was first decided by the Supreme Court of India in BeruBari case therefore it is not enforceable in a court of law. However, Supreme Court of India has, in the Kesavananda Bharati vs. The State of Kerala Kesavananda case, recognised that the preamble may be used to interpret ambiguous areas of the constitution where differing interpretations present themselves. As originally enacted the preamble described the state as a Sovereignty sovereign democracy democratic republic . In 1976 the Forty second Amendment of the Constitution of India Forty second Amendment changed this to read sovereign socialism socialist secularism secular democratic republic . ref name 42amend cite web title The Constitution Forty Second Amendment Act, 1976 url http indiacode.nic.in coiweb amend amend42.htm publisher Government of India accessdate 1 December 2010 ref Full text quotation WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens p JUSTICE , social, economic and political p LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship p EQUALITY of status and of opportunity p and to promote among them all p FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity ... such as the Parliament of the United Kingdom British Parliament . The wording is close to the preamble ... was added to the Preamble by the Forty second Amendment. ref name 42amend It implies social and economic ... into the preamble by the Forty second Amendment. 1976 ref name 42amend It implies equality of all .... Democratic The first part of the preamble We, the people of India and, its last part give to ourselves ... more details
Canadian Charter The preamble to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is the introductory sentence ..., constitutional scholar Peter Hogg noted that these words, being a preamble, could not really ... this preamble could be, noting the term rule of law is notoriously vague and that the mention of the supremacy ... conscientious beliefs which are not religiously motivated , and balanced the preamble out with the statement ... society . In considering the legal implications of the preamble in the 1999 case R. v. Sharpe .... McGill Queen s University Press, 2004. ref The Supreme Court did consider the preamble s mention ... exist, as they uphold society s values. The Court thus confirmed the Charter s preamble s importance ... person preamble to the Canadian Bill of Rights, R.S.C. 1970, App. III and on the rule of law preamble ... some courts have rejected that the preamble s mention of God can have any force, the preamble indicates ... in the preamble, and Farrow writes that the rule of law is hard to account for, to interpret, or to sustain ... backgrounds of Canada. ref name Farrow Farrow ref Farrow also questioned whether the preamble refers ... on the Alberta Court of Appeal , Justice Belzil, wrote that the preamble to the Charter indicated ... the preamble s mention of God. After one version of the Charter drawn in June 1980 that lasted until September, which said in its preamble that Canadians shall always be, with the help of God, a free ... Die. University of Toronto Press. ref the Charter was not going to have a preamble. The current preamble ... despite the fact that there was no call for the Charter to have a preamble by the Special ... preamble could be written after patriation was achieved, and thus there was no need for the preamble ... preamble as being the successor to, although shorter than, the preamble in the 1960 Canadian Bill of Rights ... . ref name Egerton The preamble has been politically controversial. In 1999 New Democratic Party MP ... the preamble, citing concerns about Canada s diversity and those Canadians who would not share that principle ... more details
Summary Information Description Preamble to the Pahawh Hmong alphabet Source self made Date April 30, 2008 Author User Pahuahcentury Pahuahcentury User talk Pahuahcentury talk other versions Licensing self cc by sa 3.0 GFDL ... more details
The Preamble to the Georgia U.S. state Constitution Georgia State Constitution is a brief introductory statement of the fundamental purposes and guiding principles which the Constitution is meant to serve. It expresses in general terms the intentions of its authors and is sometimes referred by the courts. Text cquote To perpetuate the principles of free government, insure justice to all, preserve peace, promote the interest and happiness of the citizen and of the family, and transmit to posterity the enjoyment of liberty, we the people of Georgia, relying upon the protection and guidance of Almighty God, do ordain and establish this Constitution. ref http www.cviog.uga.edu Projects gainfo conpream.htm Constitution of Georgia Preamble , Accessed January 21, 2009 ref Meaning and application The Preamble does not assign any powers to the Government of Georgia U.S. state state government or provide specific limitations on government action. Despite the limited nature of the Preamble it has been cited in the courts. For example, the Preamble was cited in the cases of Roberts v. Ravenwood Church of Wicca , Dixon v. Dixon , Clabough v. Rachwal and Arnold v. Arnold . ref name GeoCon http books.google.com books?id olBnQZVvxWYC&pg PA27&lpg PA27&dq Roberts v. Ravenwood Church of Wicca The Georgia State Constitution Reference Guide&source web&ots E3lGckTWs6&sig jqVFW9gN6tzRh1LjiVMWrt hCws&hl en&sa X&oi book result&resnum 1&ct result The Georgia Constitution A Reference Guide By Melvin B. Hill ... of the courts utilizing the Preamble to the Constitution is Roberts v. Ravenwood Church of Wicca ... based his dissent on the portion of the Preamble which states relying upon the protection ... 21, 2009 ref In the case of Dixon v. Dixon, 183 Ga. 756 1987 the portion of the Preamble stating ... one sibling could legally sue another was asked and the portion of the Preamble stating To . . . promote ... , Accessed March 22, 2009 ref References reflist See also Preamble Georgia Category Georgia U.S. state ... more details
Fundamental Statue of the Kingdom of Albania The Preamble to the Albanian Constitution is a brief Preamble introductory statement of the Fundamental Statue of the Kingdom of Albania Constitution s fundamental purposes and guiding principles of the Albanian Kingdom . It states in general terms, and courts have referred to Albanian people and there national identity. ref name Fundamental Statue cite web url http albanianroyalcourt.al downloadFile.php?p wt7zjn03ztw9wp44uxhv title The Fundamental Statue publisher Albanian Royal House ref Text cquote Free, proud and confident of a happy future, the Albanian nation, firmly resolved and strong in its intention to establish for all time national unity and to ensure the peaceful development of the country and the general good of the people, while respecting the historic traditions of the nation as a sure pledge that the rising generation shall enjoy the well being that is its due on this 1st day of December, 1928, in its second Constituent Assembly, approves and decrees the present statute ref name Fundamental Statue ref References references Category Constitution of Albania ... more details
Infobox Swiss Constitution The preamble and the first title of the Swiss Federal Constitution of 18 April 1999 determine the general outlines of Switzerland as a democracy democratic federal republic of 26 Swiss cantons cantons governed by the rule of law . Preamble The preamble to the Constitution states, in full ref http www.admin.ch ch e rs 101 index.html Official English Translation on www.admin.ch ref quote In the name of Almighty God br The Swiss People and the Cantons, br mindful of their responsibility towards creation, br resolved to renew their alliance so as to strengthen liberty, democracy, independence and peace in a spirit of solidarity and openness towards the world, br determined to live together with mutual consideration and respect for their diversity, br conscious of their common achievements and their responsibility towards future generations, br and in the knowledge that only those who use their freedom remain free, and that the strength of a people is measured by the well being of its weakest members br adopt the following Constitution By opening with a solemn invocation of God , the preamble is in line with all preceding Swiss constitutional documents, back to the Federal Charter of 1291 , except for the constitutions adopted under French sway in the time of the Helvetic Republic . ref Bernhard Ehrenzeller in Ehrenzeller , Preamble, N 14. ref . Apart from continuing tradition, the invocatio dei is understood to be a reference to transcendental values underlying society, putting into perspective any claims to authority by the State a merely human creation. ref Ibid , at N 17. ref The preamble was authored by journalist Daniel S. Mi ville , and inspired ... et seq. The extent to which the preamble is legally binding is contested it is certainly not judiciable ... the preamble, this provision is of symbolic, historical, political and normative value. ref Felix ... exceptions. ref Yvo Hangartner in Ehrenzeller , Art. 5 N 41. ref Article 6, another preamble ... more details
Syrian Constitution The Preamble and Chapter 1 of the Syrian Constitution is the first part of the Constitution of Syria Syrian constitution introduced on 13 March 1973. It discusses the basic principles governing all citizens of the Syrian Arab Republic . Preamble The preamble contains the five main principles of the constitution. First, it defines the Arab World Arab nation s aspirations in unity, freedom and socialism and stipulates that the means to achieve these aspirations lie in the wider Arab revolution. Second, within the reality of a divided Arab nation, collective defense will be needed to counter the dangers of imperialism and Zionism . Third, affirms the nation s commitment to the march toward the establishment of socialist order. Forth, stipulates that individual freedom is a sacred right and that popular democracy is the ideal formulation which insures for the citizen the exercise of his freedom. Fifth, states that the Arab revolution is an integral part of the wider world liberation movement for freedom, independence and progress. ref name Rob896 Robbers, 2007, p.896. ref blockquote This constitution serves as a guide for action to our people s masses so that they will continue the battle for liberation and construction guided by its principles and provisions in order to strengthen the positions of our people s struggle and to drive their march toward the aspired future. ref name Const cite web url http www.mideastinfo.com documents Syria Constitution.htm title The Constitution of Syria publisher The Middle East Information Network accessdate 8 March 2011 ref blockquote Chapter 1 Chapter 1 contains 49 articles in four parts and provides the political, economic, educational, and cultural principles and the fundamental rights. ref name Rob896 Political Principles The first article of the constitution states that the Syrian Arab Republic is a democratic, popular, socialist, and sovereign state. No part of its territory can be ceded. ref name Const Article ... more details
Summary info preamble this photo captured be myself from film of along the ridge source it is made by myself Sinaosment date 2008 02 24 creator Sinaosment billet this photo captured be myself from film of along the ridge other version doesn t have Licensing PD self date April 2009 ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 The Start Frame Delimiter SFD is the 8 bit 1 byte value marking the end of the preamble of an Ethernet Frame telecommunications frame . The SFD is immediately followed by the destination MAC address . It has the value tt 10101011 tt . The preamble of an Ethernet frame consists of a 56 bit 7 byte pattern of alternating 1 and 0 bits, which allows devices on the network to easily detect a new incoming frame. The SFD is designed to break this pattern, and signal the start of the actual frame. Image ethernet frame.svg 600px Category Packets information technology de Ethernet Die Pr ambel und SFD ... more details
A chapeau is a flat topped hat once worn by senior clerics. It can also have these meanings In international law , introductory text that appears in a treaty that defines broadly its principles, objectives and background preamble . See also section disambiguation section Chapeau, Allier , a commune in central France Chapeau, Quebec , a village on Allumette Island in the Outaouais region of Quebec, Canada disambig de Chapeau fr Chapeau homonymie nl Chapeau ... more details
A More Perfect Union may refer to Phrase in the Preamble to the United States Constitution 1787 A More Perfect Union film depicting the writing of the Constitution of the United States 1989 A More Perfect Union Advancing New American Rights , a book by Jesse Jackson, Jr. 2001 United States postal stamp commemorating the 40th Anniversary of the 1965 Voting Rights Act 2005 A More Perfect Union speech , by Barack Obama 2008 disamb ... more details
Summary Information Description Vehicle registration plates of the United States License plates of the 50 U.S. state s and Washington, D.C. displaying the preamble to the Constitution of the United States . Source I created this image of a public display owned by the United States federal government and presented to the public at the Smithsonian Institution . Date 2009 01 24 Author User Qqqqqq Qqqqqq User talk Qqqqqq talk other versions Licensing PD self date May 2009 ... more details
Infobox ILO convention code C122 name Employment Policy Convention, 1964 adopt July 9, 1964 force July 15, 1966 classify Employment Policy subject Employment policy and Promotion prev Employment Injury Benefits Convention, 1964 next Minimum Age Underground Work Convention, 1965 shelved Employment Policy Convention, 1964 is an International Labour Organization International Labour Organization International Labour Conference Convention . It was established in 1964, with the preamble stating blockquote Considering that the Declaration of Philadelphia recognises the solemn obligation of the International Labour Organisation to further among the nations of the world programmes which will achieve full employment and the raising of standards of living, and that the Preamble to the Constitution of the International Labour Organisation provides for the prevention of unemployment and the provision of an adequate living wage,... ref name ILO ILO http www.ilo.org ilolex cgi lex convde.pl?C122 Convention C122 ref blockquote br style clear both Ratifications As of 2010, the convention was ratified by 104 countries. ref http www.ilo.org ilolex cgi lex ratifce.pl?C122 ref br style clear both References references External links http www.ilo.org www.ilo.org official ILO site. Category Employment law Category International Labour Organization conventions Category Treaties concluded in 1964 Category Treaties entered into force in 1966 International law stub ... more details
We the People is the opening phrase of the Preamble to the United States Constitution and Preamble to the Constitution of India , and it also may refer to In politics and government We the People The Citizen and the Constitution , an activity sponsored by the Center for Civic Education We the People Act , a bill proposed in the U.S. House of Representatives We the People Foundation , a tax protest organization We the People Reform Movement , a political initiative in Belize In music We the People band , an Orlando, Florida based garage rock band from the 1960s. We the People Ellen McIlwaine album We the People Ellen McIlwaine album We the People Flipsyde album We the People Flipsyde album We the People Guitar Shorty album We the People Guitar Shorty album In television, film, and theatre We the People TV series We the People TV series , an Indian discussion program We the People film We the People film , a film directed by Brent Huff We the People play We the People play , a play by Eric Schlosser about the writing of the U. S. Constitution In other uses We the People game We the People game , a board wargame about the American Revolution We the People book We the People book , a children s book about the writing of the United States Constitution by Lynne Cheney disambig de We the People fr We the People ... more details
A Consolidated Fund Act is an Act of Parliament passed by the United Kingdom Parliament to allow, like an Appropriation Act , the Treasury to issue funds out of the Consolidated Fund . ref name bradley Bradley & Ewing 2003 pp 202 203 ref The typical structure of such an act begins with the long title , which defines which financial years the act applies to. This is followed by the preamble , which is different from the normal British public general Act of Parliament preamble in that it includes additional text before the normal preamble Fact date March 2008 blockquote Whereas the Commons of the United Kingdom in Parliament assembled have resolved to authorise the use of resources and the issue of sums out of the Consolidated Fund towards making good the supply which they have granted to Her Majesty in this Session of Parliament blockquote blockquote Be it therefore enacted by the Queen s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows blockquote Until 2000 an older form of preamble was used Fact date March 2008 blockquote Most Gracious Sovereign, WE, Your Majesty s most dutiful and loyal subjects, the Commons of the United Kingdom in Parliament assembled, towards making good the supply which we have cheerfully granted to Your Majesty in this Session of Parliament, have resolved to grant unto Your Majesty the sums hereinafter mentioned and do therefore most humbly beseech Your Majesty that it may be enacted and be it enacted by the Queen s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows blockquote If, as most of the acts do, the legislation covers two fiscal year s the legislation s first two sections will contain the amounts to be paid out of the Consolidated Fund for each particular ... more details
A transitional phrase , in United States patent law , is a phrase that links the preamble of a patent claim to the specific elements set forth in the claim which define what the invention itself actually is. The transitional phrase acts as a limitation on the claim, indicating whether a similar device, method, or composition patent infringement infringes the patent if it contains more or fewer elements than the claim in the patent. There are three kinds of transitional phrases open, closed, and hybrid. Closed transition A closed transition usually uses the words consisting of . Use of this phrase limits the preamble to exactly what follows and nothing more. An example would be a patent claim for a pencil , which might say in the preamble a writing device , followed by the closed transition consisting of , and concluding with a description such as a cylindrical piece of lead, graphite, or another material similarly capable of leaving a mark when drawn against a surface, and a second surrounding material encasing the first . A third party who sold pencils including both a cylinder of writing material and a casing material, but added to his pencils an eraser fixed to one end, would therefore not be in violation of the patent. Use of such a transition makes it easy for a competitor to compete with the patented product without infringing it, because it allows the competitor to sell a similar device so long as the competitor makes an addition to what is claimed. However, it also may assist the patent owner in avoiding prior art , which might otherwise block the patent from issuing. Open transition An open transition usually uses the word comprises or comprising . This is the broadest form of transition, as it does not limit the preamble to whatever elements are identified in the claim. If the above patent used the word comprising instead of consisting of , then the third party s pencil plus eraser would be infringing. Hybrid transition A third kind of transition, the hybrid ... more details
Refimprove date September 2009 The Companies Ordinance 1984 is a broad piece of Pakistan Pakistani legislation that, according to its own preamble , is An Ordinance to consolidate and amend the law relating to companies and certain other associations . It encompasses all legal rules and regulations for businesses registered with Security and Exchange Commission of Pakistan SECP and is enforced by that agency. ref http www.secp.gov.pk corporatelaws pdf Comp Ord1984.pdf ref The Ordinance also provides legal protection to the business community of Pakistan, with the SECP keeping a close check on financial and corporate entities to insure stakeholder s interest. ref http www.secp.gov.pk ref The previous Companies Act 1917 was in practice for the same purposes. Sources references Category Pakistani law ... more details
morerefs date October 2010 The Fairs Act 1871 empowered the secretary of state for the Home Department to, on petition, make orders for the abolition of fairs. Such provision was made at this time by parliament because many fairs traditionally held in early Victorian England were, according to the preamble to the act, held to be 1. unnecessary, 2. the cause of grievous immorality, and 3. very injurious to the inhabitants of the towns in which such fairs are held One such fair, subsequently abolished, was the St Matthew s Fair in Bury St Edmunds . References UK SLD 1051603 Category United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1871 Category Fairs in the United Kingdom ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 The Reunification clause was part of the preamble of the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany German Constitution . As a whole, it is known as the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany German Basic Law . The preamble was in force from 1949 until 1990. The preamble ended with the sentence Das gesamte Deutsche Volk bleibt aufgefordert, in freier Selbstbestimmung die Einheit und Freiheit Deutschlands zu vollenden. The whole German People remains compelled to fulfill the Unity and Freedom of Germany by virtue of its right to free self determination . The jurisprudence of the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany therefrom resulted in a constitutional prerogative, which was binding to all governmental entities, to regain German Unity and work toward achieving this objective. At the time, an attempt was made by oppositional parties to the Social liberalism social liberal administrative coalition headed by Chancellor of Germany Federal Republic German Chancellor Willy Brandt to block the ratification of the Basic Treaty Basic Treaty 1972 . The treaty was negotiated by Brandt s administration to establish good neighborly relations with the German Democratic Republic , while preserving the premise of the reunification clause. This attempt, however, was thwarted by a ruling of the German Supreme court Supreme Court , which cited the autonomous powers that are constitutionally vested in the political parties regarding how the reunification clause was to be implemented. Other Reunification Clauses Reunification clauses can be found in the constitution of the Swiss Cantons of Switzerland Cantons Basel Stadt A Exclusive mandate constitutional mandate for state sovereignty , on the other hand, exists for the Swiss Cantons of Switzerland Cantons Basel Land , by virtue of Austrian State Treaty of 1955 in the Republic of Austria Austria . German Wiedervereinigungsgebot 12 May 2006 DEFAULTSORT Reunification Clause Category 20th century ... more details
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