POV date January 2011 In linguistics , the poverty of the stimulus POTS is the assertion that natural language grammar is underdetermination unlearnable given the relatively limited data available to children learning a language, and therefore that this knowledge is supplemented with some sort of innate linguistic capacity. As such, the argument strikes against Empiricism empiricist accounts of language acquisition and is usually construed as being in favor of linguistics linguistic psychological nativism nativism . Nativists claim that humans are born with a specific representational adaptation for language that both funds and limits their linguistic competence competence to acquire specific ... part of a poverty of stimulus argument , ref name Pullum1 Cite journal doi 10.1515 tlir.19.1 2.9 ... of stimuluspoverty arguments url http idiom.ucsd.edu boyd pullum&scholz2002.pdf journal The Linguistic ..., Geoffrey K. 1996 . Learnability, hyperlearning, and the poverty of the stimulus. In Proceedings ... the argument The soundness of the poverty of stimulus argument is widely questioned. Indeed, every one ..., hyperlearning, and the poverty of the stimulus. In Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Meeting of the Berkley ... to be learned. However, in many cases, Poverty of Stimulus arguments do not in fact depend on the assumption .... For example, the Poverty of Stimulus argument from question formation depends only on the assumption ... first2 Eric year 2001 title The Poverty of the Stimulus Argument journal The British Journal for the Philosophy ... re assessment of stimuluspoverty arguments journal The Linguistic Review issue 19 pages 151 162 url ... boyd pullum&scholz2002.pdf Essay critiquing the poverty of stimulus argument dead link date ... Encyclopedia Entry on Poverty of the Stimulus Arguments DEFAULTSORT Poverty Of The Stimulus Category Psycholinguistics Category Language acquisition Category Generative linguistics de Poverty of the Stimulus ... cite journal year 2002 title On the Poverty of the Challenge location The Linguistic Review issue ... more details
wiktionarypar stimuli Stimulus may refer to Stimulus physiology , something external that influences an activity Stimulus psychology , a concept in behaviorism and perception Input output Input to a system in other fields Economic stimulus For government spending as stimulus see Fiscal policy For an increase in money designed to speed growth see Monetary policy For general information about economic stimulus see Stimulus economic See also Economic stimulus bill disambiguation stimulus bill Economic Stimulus Act of 2008 , a US stimulus package passed during George W. Bush s administration. 2008 Chinese economic stimulus plan 2008 European Union stimulus plan American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 , a US stimulus package passed at the beginning of Barack Obama s administration. Modern Warfare 2 Downloadable content Stimulus Package , a downloadable content DLC map pack add on for Modern Warfare 2 . disambig id Stimulus he pl Bodziec pt Est mulo ... more details
Jacob Riis photo New York City New York , United States 1890 Poverty is the lack of a certain amount ... EBchecked topic 473136 poverty title Poverty sociology publisher britannica.com accessdate 2010 10 24 ref Poverty threshold Absolute poverty or destitution is inability to afford basic needs basic ... , education , clothing and shelter. About 1.7 billion people are estimated to live in absolute poverty today. Relative poverty refers to lacking a usual or socially acceptable level of resources or income ... poverty had been mostly accepted as inevitable as traditional modes of production were insufficient ... financial services . Today, povertyPoverty reduction poverty reduction is a major goal and issue ... language English word poverty came from Latin pauper poor , via Anglo Norman language Anglo Norman povert. There are many definitions of poverty depending on the context of the situation and the views of the person giving the definition. Measuring poverty Image Percentage population living on less ... also List of countries by percentage of population living in povertyPoverty threshold Definitions quote Fundamentally, poverty is a denial of choices and opportunities, a violation of human dignity ... poverty.pdf title Indicators of Poverty & Hunger publisher un.org accessdate 2011 05 27 ref quote Poverty is pronounced deprivation in well being, and comprises many dimensions. It includes low .... Poverty also encompasses low levels of health and education, poor access to clean water and sanitation ... 0,,contentMDK 22569747 pagePK 148956 piPK 216618 theSitePK 336992,00.html title Poverty and Inequality Analysis publisher worldbank.org accessdate 2011 05 27 ref Absolute povertyPoverty is usually measured as either absolute poverty absolute or relative poverty the latter being actually an index of income inequality . Absolute poverty refers to a set standard which is consistent over time and between countries. The World Bank Group World Bank defines extreme poverty as living on less than US ... more details
For other uses Stimulus disambiguation Unreferenced date June 2009 In physiology , a stimulus pl. stimuli is a detectable change in the internal or external Environment systems environment . The ability of an organism or Organ anatomy organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity . When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor , it elicits or influences a Reflex action reflex via Transduction physiology stimulus transduction . A stimulus is often the first component of a Homeostasis homeostatic control system . See also Stimulation Stimulus psychology Category Neurophysiology neuroscience stub da Stimulus de Reiz et Stiimul eo Stimulo fr Stimulus he ur id Stimulus fisiologi nl Stimulus no Stimulus pt Est mulo fisiologia ru simple Stimulus sv Stimulus zh ... more details
For general stimulus packages, see Fiscal policy . For the American emergency package, see American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 The first downloadable map pack for the popular video game, Call of Duty Modern Warfare 2 named, the Stimulus map pack , or Stimulus Package The Stimulus Package , album from rapper Freeway disambig ... more details
Stimulus Outro 5 34 Deluxe edition African Drums small bonus track small 3 07 Always N Forever small bonus track small 2 44 Samples Stimulus Intro How Love Hurts by The Sylvers Money Poverty s Paradise ...Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name The Stimulus Package Cover Freeway stimuluspackage jakeone.jpg Type studio Longtype Artist Freeway rapper Freeway and Jake One Released February 16, 2010 ... rapper Freeway Type studio Last album Philadelphia Freeway 2 2009 This album The Stimulus Package ... This album The Stimulus Package br 2010 Next album Singles Name The Stimulus Package Type studio ... index reviews id.1374 title.freeway jake one the stimulus package HipHopDX review ref rev4 ... 32034917 review 32254532 the stimulus package Rolling Stone review ref rev6 Pitchfork Media rev6score 6.5 10 ref http pitchfork.com reviews albums 13930 the stimulus package Pitchfork Media review ref rev7 Spin magazine Spin rev7score Rating 3 5 ref http www.spin.com reviews freeway stimulus package ... music review Freeway and Jake One The Stimulus Package Tiny Mix Tapes review ref rev9 URB magazine URB rev9score Rating 4 5 ref http www.urb.com 2010 02 26 freeway jake one the stimulus package URB ... and jake one the stimulus package 02151001 DJBooth.net review ref rev11 Robert Christgau rev11score ... The Stimulus Package is a collaboration album from rapper Freeway rapper Freeway and producer ... , ref http www.billboard.com news news freeway stimulus package album preview 1004058403.story album freeway jake one the stimulus package 1315296 Information Not Found . Billboard.com. Retrieved on 2011 ... http www.metacritic.com music artists freewayandjakeone stimuluspackage The Stimulus Package Reviews ... Chris , Omillio Sparks , Bun B and Birdman rapper Birdman . Tracklist Standard edition Stimulus Intro ... Four Stimulus Outro When I Found You by Patrice Rushen Chart positions class wikitable sortable align ... left U.S. Billboard Top Rap Albums style text align center 7 References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Stimulus ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 A neutral stimulus is a stimulus physiology stimulus which initially produces no specific response other than focusing attention . In classical conditioning , when used together with an unconditioned stimulus, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus. See also Behavior modification Ivan Pavlov DEFAULTSORT Neutral Stimulus Category Experimental psychology Category Behavioral concepts Category History of psychology Category Behaviorism Category Learning in pavlov experiment three phases are found very important phase 1 which is known as before conditioning in this phase unconditional stimulus and unconditional responses are found 2nd phase is known as during conditioning in which a conditioned stimulus is added with the unconditioned stimulus and give unconditioned response. in this pairing are found third phase is known as after conditioning in which awe found conditioned stimulus and conditioned response Med stub ar ... more details
Federal stimulus may refer to Economic Stimulus Act of 2008 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 2009 Canadian federal budget disambiguation ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Stimulus modality also sensory modality is one aspect of a stimulus physiology stimulus or what we percieve after a stimulus. For example the temperature modality is registered after heat or cold stimulate a receptor. There are many modalities temperature , taste , pressure . The type and location of the sensory receptor activated by a stimulus plays the primary role in coding the stimulus modality. Classes Cutaneous sensation See also Sensory system Sense s Synesthesia Modality semiotics DEFAULTSORT Stimulus Modality Category Sensory system Category Perception Biology stub de Sinnesmodalit t ru uk ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Orphan date December 2009 The adequate stimulus is a property of a sensory receptor that determines the type of energy to which a sensory receptor responds to with the initiation of sensory transduction . A sensory receptor s adequate stimulus is determined by the signal transduction mechanisms and ion channels incorporated in the sensory receptor s plasma membrane. Classes Light When the adequate stimulus of a sensory receptor is light, the sensory receptors contain pigment molecules whose shape is transformed by light. Changes in these molecules activate ion channels which initiate sensory transduction . Sound When the adequate stimulus of a sensory receptor is sound, the sensory receptors are hair cell s mechanoreceptor s . These hair cells contain stereocilia , which when bent, trigger the opening of ion channels. Thus hair cells transform the pressure waves of the sound into receptor potentials to initiate sensory transduction . Although Muller proposed in his doctrine that any stimulus to a sensory receptor will invoke the same perception, we have now built on that theory by adding that an adequate stimulus is a type of stimulus for which a given sensory organ is particularly adapted towards. DEFAULTSORT Adequate Stimulus Category Neurophysiology ... more details
In economics, stimulus refers to attempts to use monetary policy monetary or fiscal policy or stabilization policy in general to stimulate the economy. Recently stimulus has become particularly associated with Keynesian economics and the theory that government spending projects can generate economic growth in a recession . Stimulus can also refer to monetary policies like lowering interest rates and quantitative easing . Econ stub Category Economic policy Category Fiscal policy Category Keynesian economics sv Stimulans tg rd ... more details
For other uses Stimulus disambiguation In psychology , stimuli are energy patterns e.g. light or sound which are registered by the senses. In behaviorism and related stimulus response theories , stimuli constitute the basis for behavior , whereas in perceptual psychology they constitute the basis for perception . ref Stimulus . In Richard L. Gregory Ed. , The Oxford Companion to the Mind , Oxford, N.Y. Oxford University Press. ref In the second half of the 19th century, the conception had been established by psychophysics , the scientific study of the relation between stimulus and sensation , ref name GescheiderpIX cite book author Gescheider, G. year 1997 title Psychophysics the fundamentals edition 3rd publisher Lawrence Erlbaum Associates page ix isbn 080582281X ref together with the notion of the reflex arc constituting a foundational concept of scientific psychology. ref name Gibson, James J. 1960 pp. 694 Gibson, James J. 1960 The Concept of the Stimulus in Psychology . American Psychologist , 15, pp. 694 703, here p.694. ref While at this time whatever could be controlled by an experimenter and applied to an observer could be thought of as a stimulus. ref name Gibson, James J. 1960 pp. 694 In the context of perception , a distinction is made between the distal stimulus the external, perceived object and the proximal stimulus the stimulation of sensory organs . ref http www.learner.org discoveringpsychology 07 e07glossary.html ref See also Psychophysics Sensory cue Stimulus physiology References reflist DEFAULTSORT Stimulus Psychology Category Behavioral concepts Psychology stub pl Bodziec psychologia ... more details
Cleanup date July 2008 Stimulus control is the phenomenon of a stimulus increasing the probability of a behavior operant response because of a history of that behavior being differentially reinforced in the presence of the stimulus. In other words, stimulus control is basically learning to pay attention to things that we identify in the environment discriminative stimuli that give us information about the effectiveness of our behavior what behavior is likely to be effective or ineffective, under ... in the presence of these two stimuli right key lit or dark . That is, the discriminative stimulus ... no choice it only refers to the probability of responding in the presence of the discriminative stimulus lit right key . The opposite of discrimination, in which a subject learns to respond to one stimulus and not to another stimulus e.g. the pigeon responds when the right key is lit and not when it is dark , is generalization. After behaving in a certain way in the presence of one stimulus, animals tend to behave similarly in the presence of a similar stimulus. That is, their behavior generalizes from one stimulus to another. For example, what would a pigeon do if, after being exposed to the procedure ... is highest to the original training stimulus in this experiment, the initial key lighting plan , and decreases .... In the quantitative analysis of behavior , stimulus control is examined from a number of perspectives ... comparison keys from the sample, shares some property e.g., shape . Responses to the similar stimulus are reinforced. In Oddity matching, a form of matching to sample, responses to the comparison stimulus that does not match the sample are reinforced. Characteristics Proper stimulus control is said to have four characteristics The behavior occurs immediately when the conditioned stimulus is given. The behavior never occurs in the absence of the stimulus. The behavior never occurs in response to some other stimulus. No other behavior occurs in response to this stimulus. ref cite book last Pryor ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Orphan date December 2009 In telephony , a stimulus protocol is a type of protocol that is used to carry event notifications between end points. Such a protocol is used to control the operation of devices at each end of the link. However a stimulus protocol is not sensitive to the system state. In a typical application such a protocol will carry keystroke information from a telephone set to a central call control . It may also carry control information for simple types of text displays. MiNET from Mitel is a typical protocol of this sort. Stimulus protocols are most suited to networks with dumb peripherals and intelligent centralized applications see intelligent network . This is in contrast to functional protocols which are best suited to a network with an intelligent periphery and a dumb core see dumb network . Because these architectures share core hardware over large numbers of peripherals, large and expensive computing capabilities in terms of both hardware and software may be supplied. These centralized architectures excel in solving the problems of complexity for large scale applications since the investment in hardware and software may be amortized across a great many users. However the same virtue of large scale sharing prevents these architectures from providing any significant degree of customization to the preferences of the individual user. The most that can be supplied is a degree of parameterization of service operation. With their suitability tied to the virtues of centralized network architectures, stimulus protocols are being deprecated in favor of functional protocols with the rise of the Internet. A functional protocol such as Session Initiation Protocol SIP from the IETF is more suited for Internet applications. DEFAULTSORT Stimulus Protocol Category Communication Category Network protocols Category Telephony ... more details
Wikify date July 2011 Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name A Stimulus for Reason Type studio Artist Alpha Galates Cover Released Mar 25, 2008 Recorded Genre Progressive Metal Length Label EMI Music Distribution Producer Reviews Last album This album Next album A Stimulus for Reason is the first full length album released by Alpha Galates . It was released on EMI records. It was produced by Matthew von Wagner, mixed by Joe Barresi, and Mastered by Bob Ludwig. Track listing Conformity 1 28 2 Months In 7 57 Standing 3 47 Natio 5 08 Obitus 4 34 The Darkest Eyes 3 50 Passion 5 18 Stop Programming 1 08 Love Despair 11 25 Time Out 3 34 Subliminal 9 00 Entropy and Chaos 10 44 DEFAULTSORT Stimulus for Reason Category 2008 albums Category Alpha Galates albums 2000s metal album stub ... more details
an artificial stimulus consisting of a red knitting needle with three white bands painted round it this elicited ... for the supernormal stimulus effect in terms of the concept of the innate releasing mechanism ... junk food as an exaggerated stimulus to cravings for salt, sugar, and fats and television as an exaggeration ... more details
Wikify date April 2010 Orphan date December 2008 A random stimulus is any of a class of creativity techniques that explore randomization. Most of their names start with word random random word, random heuristic, random picture, random sound, etc. In each random creativity technique the user is presented with a random stimulus and explores associations that has a potential to bring novel ideas. The power of random stimulus is that it can lead you to explore some useful associations that could never be explored intentionally. Random Word technique is the simplest technique of this class where a randomly picked word is used to generate new associations. By getting a random word and thinking how you can use it to solve your problem you are practically guaranteed to attack the problem from a different direction from that you would normally. ref Ray, 1989 ref Low tech implementations of the random word technique often use a pile of index cards and shuffling as a mechanism of randomization. For example, The oblique strategies created by Brian Eno and Peter Schmidt in 1975 is a set of 100 cards, each of which is a suggestion of a course of action or thinking to assist in creative situations, where standard logical solutions do not produce a desired result. High tech implementations of these techniques use computers, random number generators, and availabiliy of internet resources to extend the potential of this technique. Simple random techniques are classified by modality of association Verbal, Visual, Audial, Kinesthetic . Multi modal techniques combine different modalities, e.g. random article, website, or video. ref Kosorukoff, 2000 ref Random article link is an example of this kind ... Kosorukoff, 2000 Goldberg, 2002 ref views random stimulus creativity techniques as mutation operators ... tutorials methodsofextraction.html Processes for extracting ideas from a stimulus ... the Moby word list 2010 DEFAULTSORT Random Stimulus Category Randomness ... more details
A noxious stimulus is an actually or potentially tissue damaging event. ref name pmid18583048 cite journal author Loeser JD, Treede RD. title The Kyoto protocol of IASP Basic Pain Terminology. journal Pain volume 137 issue 3 pages 473 7 year 2008 pmid 18583048 doi 10.1016 j.pain.2008.04.025 ref It is a prerequisite for nociception , which itself is a prerequisite for Pain Nociceptive nociceptive pain ref name pmid18583048 Noxious stimuli can either be Mechanics mechanical e.g. pinching or other tissue deformation engineering deformation , chemical e.g. exposure to acid or irritation irritant , or thermal e.g. high or low temperature s . There are some types of tissue damage that are not detected by any sensory receptors, and thus cannot cause pain. Therefore, not all noxious stimuli are adequate stimuli of nociceptors . The adequate stimuli of nociceptors are termed nociceptive stimuli . A nociceptive stimulus is defined as an actually or potentially tissue damaging event transduced and encoded by nociceptors. ref name pmid18583048 References reflist Pain Category Pain Category Nociception Category Sensory system ... more details
Unreferenced date March 2010 Secondary poverty is a description of poverty created by Seebohm Rowntree after his investigations into poverty in York . Secondary poverty was the term he coined for those living below his poverty line whose income was sufficient for them to live above the line, but was spent on things other than the necessities of life. See also Primary poverty Sources www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk RErowntreeS.htm web.mac.com mikereddin ...files Poverty 20Notes.htm Further reading Briggs, Asa A Study of the Work of Seebohm Rowntree 1871 1954 , Longmans, 1961 Rowntree, B S Poverty A Study in Town Life , page 298. Macmillian and CO., 1901 http www2.arts.gla.ac.uk History ESH rowntree contents.html University of Glasgow, Extracts from B. Seebohm Rowntree, Poverty A Study of Town Life Category Measurements and definitions of poverty ... more details
Chronic poverty is a term used to describe poverty with an extended duration. Both the implicit poverty line and the duration needed to allow such a classification are arbitrary and debated. And the purpose of the literature is to argue that the identification of this kind of poverty is important because it may require different policies than those needed for addressing transient poverty. ref Moore, Karen and Hulme, David 2005 Chronic poverty , Entry in Encyclopedia of International Development , ed. Forsyth, Tim, Routledge. p75 76 ref ref Hulme, D. and Shephard, A. eds 2003 Chronic Povery and Development Policy, A Special Issue of World Development , Vol. 31 , 3. ref ref Yaqub, S. 2003 Chronic poverty scrutinizing patterns, correlates, and explanations. Manchester IPDM, University of Manchester. ref ref Gaiha, R. 1989 Are the chronically poor also the poorest in rural India. Development and Change Vol. 20 2, pp. 295 322. ref ref http www.cprc.abrc.co.uk pubfiles Foster CPRC2006 Draft.pdf Foster, J. 2007 A Class of Chronic Poverty Measures, mimeo. Accessed August 2011 ref ref Gibson, John 2001 Measuring chronic poverty without a panel, Journal of Development Economics Volume 65, Issue 2, August, Pages 243 266 ref See also Poverty Chronic Poverty Research Centre References Reflist Category Poverty ... more details
Unreferenced date March 2010 Primary poverty is a categorization of poverty created by Seebohm Rowntree . Primary poverty is the name given to a group of people who live below Seebohm Rowntree s poverty line . To live in primary poverty is to have insufficient income to afford basic needs. According to his study in York 10 of the city s population live in primary poverty. Rowntree describes this group as consistently having insufficient financial resources to obtain the minimum necessities for the maintenance of mere physical existence . Citation needed September 2011 date September 2011 The poverty line shows points where an individual might find themselves above or below the poverty line an idea Seebohm Rowntree developed from Charles Booth, the poverty line Rowntree drew has the age of the individual along the bottom, showing main events in the persons life that would effect whether or not they were above or below the poverty line. These events include becoming married their children beginning to earn when the children leave home and marry finally when the individual is above the age where they can work. The three main areas on the line where the individual is said to be below the poverty line are from the ages 5 15, 30 40, and 65 . See also Poverty line secondary poverty Further reading Briggs, Asa A Study of the Work of Seebohm Rowntree 1871 1954 , Longmans, 1961 Rowntree, B S Poverty A Study in Town Life , page 298. Macmillian and CO., 1901 http www2.arts.gla.ac.uk History ESH rowntree contents.html University of Glasgow, Extracts from B. Seebohm Rowntree, Poverty A Study of Town Life Category Measurements and definitions of poverty ... more details
Poverty in Australia is a contentious political issue. There is little doubt there is absolute poverty ... of Australian politics argue that relative poverty ought to be the appropriate measure. Citation needed ... because it hides the existence of absolute poverty in Australia by looking only at those who, for whatever reason, earn relatively little. Citation needed date May 2009 Poverty in Australia during the post ... with the emergence of the affluent society had finally put an end to poverty in the lucky country . The mid to late Sixties, however, saw a rediscovery of poverty, as it was found that many Australians ... the persistence of poverty in Australia. According to one academic in 1960, Helen Hughes, about ... by social workers to be living in poverty. In 1959, another academic by the name of James Jupp wrote ..., and no hopers . Research into the extent of poverty in Australia was also undertaken by the Victorian ... of Australians lived in chronic poverty, with articles published in the radical magazine Dissent by David ... of poverty was further extended by the publication of John Stubb s The Hidden People , where he estimated that half a million Australians lived in poverty. ref name Mendes Other studies on poverty carried out by the International Labour Office in Geneva also revealed high incidences of poverty in Australia. In 1973, using a national poverty line, it was estimated that 20.8 of Australians lived in poverty before benefits were taken into account, and 11.0 after benefits were taken into account. By contrast, using a standard poverty line, it was estimated that 24.3 of Australians lived in poverty ... Introduction title Poverty and the Impact of Income Maintenance Programmes pages 1 5 url http books.google.com ... work on poverty would galvanise both public and political opinion was that of Professor Ronald Henderson ... Economic and Social Research, carried out the first systematic attempt to estimate the extent of poverty in Australia . ref name c03 cite book chapter Poverty and inequality in Australia chapterurl http ... more details
orphan date July 2009 The End of Poverty? is a 2008 documentary film directed by Philippe Diaz . It is narrated by Martin Sheen and was produced in association with the non profit Robert Schalkenbach Foundation . The film was selected for the international critic s week award at the 2008 Cannes Festival . External links http theendofpoverty.com Film Site imdb title id 0903943 title The end of poverty? http www.democracynow.org 2009 11 10 filmmaker philippe diaz on the end Filmmaker Philippe Diaz on The End of Poverty? video report by Democracy Now DEFAULTSORT End of Poverty Category 2008 films Category American films Category American documentary films Category English language films Category Documentary films about poverty Category 2000s documentary films poli documentary film stub ... more details
Poverty in Indonesia is a widespread issue though in recent years the official numbers show a declining trend. Due to the dense rural nature of parts of the Java, Bali, Lombok, and parts of Sumatra, poverty can be classified into rural and urban poverty. Urban poverty is prevalent in not only in Jabotabek , but also in Medan and Surabaya . As a sprawling archipelago, poverty characteristics and implications vary widely from island to island and culture to culture. There a multitude of mutually unintelligible Languages of Indonesia languages in Indonesia . West Papua region Papua has serious poverty issues of its own due to economic, cultural, linguistic and physical isolation which set it apart from the rest of Indonesia. Figures In February 1999, as much as 47.97 million people were classified as poor, representing 23.43 of the nation s population. ref name bpsmis http sumut.bps.go.id f brs Miskin 010807.pdf BPS Miskin ref However, this figure must take into account the slide of the rupiah in the Asian financial crisis . By July 2005, that number had been reduced to 35.10 million, representing 15.97 of the total population. ref name bpsmis Latest available figures, March 2007, show that 37.17 million people are under the poverty line representing 16.58 of the entire population. ref name bpsmis While the total number of people officially classified as poor in Indonesia is less than that of the officially classified poor in the Poverty in the United States United States with 39.1 million ref http www.census.gov prod 2009pubs acsbr08 1.pdf Census Bureau Poverty 2007 and 2008 American Community Surveys ref , the measures are calculated differently and problems with methodology exist in both nations. TV Shows Jika aku menjadi If I become , on Trans TV References reflist Indonesia topics Asia topic Poverty in indonesia stub Category Economy of Indonesia Category Indonesian society Category Poverty by country Indonesia ... more details
The term poverty industry refers to a wide range of money making activities that attract a large portion of their business from the poverty poor . Businesses in the poverty industry often include payday loan centers, pawnbroker pawnshops , casinos, liquor stores, tobacco stores, and credit card companies. ref cite web title EXPOS on THE JOURNAL The Business of Poverty url http www.pbs.org moyers journal 08082008 profile.html publisher Bill Moyers Journal accessdate 4 June 2010 ref ref cite web last Grow first Brian title The Poverty Business url http www.businessweek.com magazine content 07 21 b4035001.htm?chan search publisher Business Week accessdate 4 June 2010 ref Illegal ventures such as loansharking or drug dealing or prostitution might also be included. The poverty industry makes roughly US 33 billion a year. ref Cite book last Rivlin first Gary authorlink title Broke USA From Pawnshops to Poverty, Inc. &mdash How the Working Poor Became Big Business publisher HarperBusiness date June 8, 2010 location pages 368 url doi id isbn 978 0061733215 ref While the ethics of the poverty industry are frequently debated, this is not to say that a business does offer a legitimate service or that all businesses of some type should be considered part of the industry. While businesses and organizations in the poverty industry may serve as a barrier for social progress, they are not a direct cause of poverty. Rather, they are usually considered symptoms of other social problems. Citation needed date June 2010 References Reflist Literature Edited by Michael Hudson, Merchants of Misery , Common Courage Press 1993 Category Industries Category Poverty econ stub ja ... more details
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