pp semi small yes Wiktionarypar polarization TOCright Polarization or polarisation can refer to In the physical sciences Polarization waves , the orientation of oscillations in the plane perpendicular to a transverse wave s direction of travel which may include Polarization antenna , the orientation of electromagnetic waves from e.g. a radio antenna Dielectric polarization, charge separation in insulating materials Polarization density , volume dielectric polarization Dipolar polarization , orientation of permanent dipoles Ionic polarization , displacement of ions in a crystal Maxwell Wagner Sillars polarization , slow long distance charge separation in dielectric spectroscopy on inhomogeneous soft matter Polarization corrosion , a change in the equilibrium potential of an electrochemical reaction Spin polarization , the degree by which the spin of elementary particles is aligned to a given ... of subatomic particles Photon polarization , the mathematical link between wave polarization and spin polarization Vacuum polarization , a process in which a background electromagnetic field produces ... an animal pole and a vegetal pole In mathematics Polarization of an Abelian variety , in the mathematics of complex manifolds Polarization of an algebraic form , a technique for expressing a homogeneous polynomial in a simpler fashion by adjoining more variables Polarization identity expresses an inner product in terms of its associated norm In the social sciences Polarization politics , the process by which the public opinion divides and goes to the extremes Polarization psychology , the process whereby a social or political group is divided into opposing sub groups Social polarization Group polarization Attitude polarization Racial polarization , the process whereby a population with varyingly ... Polarization, in many disciplines, suggests the tendency to be located close to, or attracted ... potentials in neuroscience . Category Polarization , for articles about polarization of light and other ... more details
Degree of polarization DOP is a quantity used to describe the portion of an electromagnetic wave which is Polarization waves polarized . A perfectly polarized wave has a DOP of 100 , whereas an unpolarized wave has a DOP of 0 . A wave which is partially polarized, and therefore can be represented by a superposition of a polarized and unpolarized component, will have a DOP somewhere in between 0 and 100 , calculated as fraction of the polarized component power with respect to the total power. DOP can be used to map the Strain materials science strain field in materials when considering the DOP of the photoluminescence . The polarization of the photoluminescence is related to the strain in a material by way of the given material s photoelasticity tensor . DOP is also visualized using the Polarization waves Parameterization Poincar sphere representation of a polarized beam. In this representation, DOP is equal to the length of the Vector geometric vector measured from the center of the sphere. See also Linear polarization Circular polarization Elliptical polarization Stokes parameters Category Polarization ... more details
Polarization in corrosion refers to any changes in the equilibrium potential of an electrochemical reaction. See also corrosion Reference fa Persian wikipedia DEFAULTSORT Polarization Corrosion Category Corrosion chemistry stub fa ... more details
Other uses Polarization disambiguation Unreferenced date October 2008 Confusing date February 2008 In communication s and psychology , polarization is the process whereby a social or political group is divided into two opposing sub groups with fewer and fewer members of the group remaining neutral or holding an intermediate position. When polarization occurs, there is a tendency for the opposing sides of an Logical argument argument to make increasingly disagreeable statements, via the pendulum effect . Thus, it is commonly observed in polarized groups, that judgments made after group discussion will be more extreme on a given subject than the average of individual judgments made prior to discussion. Also called group polarization used to be called the risky shift phenomenon , with particular reference to jury decision making. seealso Paul Watzlawick Richard Schwartz See also Polarization politics Group polarization Risky shift Category Sociological terms psych stub socio stub ... more details
Technical date February 2010 In electrodynamics , elliptical polarization is the Polarization waves polarization of electromagnetic radiation such that the tip of the electric field vector geometry vector describes an ellipse in any fixed plane intersecting, and Surface normal normal to, the direction of propagation. An elliptically polarized wave may be resolved into two linear polarization linearly polarized wave s in Quadrature phase phase quadrature , with their polarization planes at right angles to each other. Since the electric field can rotate clockwise or counterclockwise as it propagates, elliptically polarized waves exhibit chirality physics chirality . Other forms of polarization, such as circular polarization circular and linear polarization , can be considered to be special cases of elliptical polarization. Image Elliptical polarization schematic.png right Elliptical polarization diagram Mathematical description of elliptical polarization The Classical physics classical sinusoidal plane wave solution of the electromagnetic wave equation for the Electric field electric and Magnetic field magnetic fields is Centimeter gram second system of units cgs units math mathbf E mathbf r , t mid mathbf E mid mathrm Re left psi rangle exp left i left kz omega t right right right math math mathbf B mathbf r , t hat mathbf z times mathbf E mathbf r , t math for the magnetic field, where k is the wavenumber , math omega c k math is the angular frequency of the wave, and math c math is the speed of light . Here math mid mathbf E mid math is the amplitude of the field and math psi ... 2008 If math alpha x math and math alpha y math are equal the wave is linear polarization linearly polarized . If they differ by math pi 2 , math the wave is circular polarization circularly polarized . See also Polarization of classical electromagnetic waves References FS1037C MS188 DEFAULTSORT Elliptical Polarization Category Polarization ja ... more details
Rotary polarization is an optical phenomenon occurring in certain crystalline materials. The Polarization waves vibrational direction of light passing through such a crystal or sometimes liquids is rotated so that it varies in a circular manner. The amount of polarization rotation depends on the thickness of the crystal. The rotation may be either to the right dextrorotary d rotary or left levorotary l rotary depending, for example, in quartz on the spiral structure of linked silicon oxygen tetrahedra. Sucrose and camphor are d rotary whereas cholesterol is l rotary. Rotary polarization occurs in molecules and crystals that have no Crystallography crystallographic mirror planes or inversion centers. Such crystals are enantiomorphous the existence of two chemically identical crystal forms as mirror images of each other . Crystalline quartz SiO sub 2 sub exhibits rotary polarization whereas the amorphous forms of silica do not. Quartz plates are used in optical crystallographic microscopy. Fran ois Arago is credited with the discovery of rotary polarization of quartz in 1811. See also Optical rotation Specific rotation References http fluffah.phy.uncwil.edu phy black AdvancedLab lab400 f2004 opticalactivity.pdf Timothy C. Black, 2004, Polarization Phenomenon http capsicum.me.utexas.edu ChE386K html rotary polarization.htm The University of Texas Rotary Polarization http www.thespectroscopynet.com Educational Fraunhofer.htm Jean Charles Lefebvre, et al., 1999, The Spectroscopy Net, Early 19th Century http www.rockhounds.com rockshop quartz3.html Smokey quartz Rockhounds.com Category Optics ... more details
Light Polarization is an important phenomenon in astronomy . The polarization of star Radiation starlight was first observed by the astronomer s William Hiltner and John S. Hall in 1949. Subsequently, Jesse Greenstein and Leverett Davis, Jr. developed theories allowing the use of polarization data to trace ... appreciably polarized at source, scattering by interstellar dust can impose polarization on starlight over long distances. Net polarization at the source can occur if the photosphere itself is asymmetric, due to limb polarization . Plane polarization of starlight generated at the star itself is observed ... eas0928.html Both circular and linear polarization of light from the Sun has been measured. Circular polarization is mainly due to transmission and absorption effects in strongly magnetic regions of the Sun s surface. Another mechanism that gives rise to circular polarization is the so called alignment ... the face of the Sun limb polarization though taken as a whole, this polarization cancels. Linear polarization in spectral lines is usually created by anisotropic scattering of photons on atoms and ions ... is often called the second solar spectrum . Atomic polarization can be modified in weak magnetic fields by the Hanle effect . As a result, polarization of the scattered photons is also modified providing ... Egidio Landi Degl Innocenti title Polarization in Spectral Lines publisher Kluwer Academic Publishers location Dordrecht year 2004 isbn 1402024142 ref Polarization is also present in radiation from ... on sources of radiation and scattering, polarization also probes the interstellar magnetic field ... by comparing the candidate source and the reference source, the results can be untangled. The polarization ... to study the physics of the very early universe. See also Reflection polarization This article hasn t been written yet Transmission polarization This article hasn t been written yet References references ... Category Polarization Category Astrophysics astronomy stub ... more details
Polarization spectroscopy comprises a set of spectroscopic techniques based on polarization properties of light not necessarily visible one Ultraviolet UV , X ray , infrared , or in any other frequency range of the electromagnetic radiation . By analyzing the polarization properties of light, decisions can be made about the media that emitted the light or the media the light passes scatters through . Alternatively, a source of polarized light may be used to probe a media in this case, the changes in the light polarization comparing to the incidental one allow to infer the media properties. In general, any kind of anisotropy in the media results in some sort of light polarization. Such an anisotropy can be either inherent to the media e.g., in the case of a crystal substance , or imposed externally e.g., in the presence of magnetic field in plasma physics plasma . See also Zeeman effect Faraday effect Stark effect Plasma diagnostics References reflist physics stub Category Spectroscopy ... more details
A polarization rotator is an optical device that rotates the polarization waves polarization axis of a Linear polarization linearly polarized light beam by an angle of choice. These rotators are either based on the principle of birefringence or on total internal reflection . Half wave plate s and quarter wave plate s these rotators work due to the principle of birefringence . Their performance is wavelength specific a fact that may be a limitation. Double Fresnel rhomb rotates the linear polarization axis by 90 degrees. Works on total internal reflection and it uses four internal reflections. A disadvantage may be a low ratio of useful optical aperture to length. ref Jean M. Bennett J. M. Bennett and H. E. Bennett, Polarization, in Handbook of Optics , W. G. Driscoll and W. Vaughan, Eds. McGraw Hill, New York, 1978 Chapter 10. ref Broadband prismatic rotator rotates the linear polarization by 90 degrees. Works on total internal reflection and it uses seven internal reflections to induce collinear rotation. ref http www.patentgenius.com patent 4822150.html F. J. Duarte, Optical device for rotating the polarization of a light beam, US Patent 4822150 18th of April, 1989 . ref The term broadband indicates that the rotation is independent of wavelength, or achromatic. ref name TLO F. J. Duarte , Tunable Laser Optics Elsevier Academic, New York, 2003 Chapter 5. ref Rotators of linearly polarized light have found widespread applications in modern optics since laser beams tend to be linearly polarized and it is often necessary to rotate the original polarization to its orthogonal alternative. ref name TLO See also Optical rotation References reflist External link http www.opticsjournal.com opticspatents.htm Schematics of broadband prismatic polarization rotator Category Optics Category Polarization optics stub ... more details
Image Linear polarization schematic.png 162px thumb right Diagram of the electric field of a light wave blue , linear polarized along a plane purple line , and consisting of two orthogonal, in phase components red and green waves In electrodynamics , linear polarization or plane polarization of electromagnetic radiation is a confinement of the electric field vector or magnetic field vector to a given plane along the direction of propagation. See Polarization waves polarization for more information. Historically, the orientation of a polarized electromagnetic wave has been defined in the optical regime by the orientation of the electric vector, and in the radio regime, by the orientation of the magnetic vector. Mathematical description of linear polarization The Classical physics classical sinusoidal plane wave solution of the electromagnetic wave equation for the Electric field electric and Magnetic field magnetic fields is cgs units math mathbf E mathbf r , t mid mathbf E mid mathrm Re left psi rangle exp left i left kz omega t right right right math math mathbf B mathbf r , t hat mathbf z times mathbf E mathbf r , t c math for the magnetic field, where k is the wavenumber , math omega c k math is the angular frequency of the wave, and math c math is the speed of light . Here math mid mathbf E mid math is the amplitude of the field and math psi rangle stackrel mathrm def begin pmatrix psi x psi y end pmatrix begin pmatrix cos theta exp left i alpha x right sin theta exp left i alpha y right end pmatrix math is the Jones vector in the x y plane. The wave is linearly polarized ... end pmatrix exp left i alpha right math . The state vectors for linear polarization in x or y are special ... pmatrix math then the polarization state can written in the x y basis as math psi rangle cos theta ... year 1998 isbn 0 471 30932 X See also Polarization of classical electromagnetic waves Polarization waves Polarization Circular polarization Elliptical polarization FS1037C Category Polarization ja ... more details
A beam of light has radial polarization if at every position in the beam the polarization waves electric field vector points towards the centre of the beam. In practice, an array of waveplate s may be used to provide an approximation to a radially polarized beam. In this case the beam is divided into segments eight, for example , and the average polarization vector of each segment is directed towards the beam centre. ref name Saito cite journal title z Polarization sensitive detection in micro Raman spectroscopy by radially polarized incident light first Y. last Saito coauthors Kobayashi, M. Hiraga, D. Fujita, K. Kawano, S. Smith, N. I. Inouye, Y. Kawata, S. journal Journal of Raman Spectroscopy month March year 2008 doi 10.1002 jrs.1953 volume 39 pages 1643 ref File Radial and Azimuthal Polarisation.svg thumb 180px right Alt Azimuthal polarisation vector is tangential to the beam, radial points towards the beam centre Azimuthal upper and Radial lower polarised laser beams Radial polarization can be produced in a variety of ways. It is possible to use a liquid crystal device to convert the polarization of a beam to a radial state, ref name Arcoptix cite web url http www.arcoptix.com radial polarization converter.htm title Radial Azimuthal Polarization Converter accessdate 2008 09 30 ref or a radially polarized beam can be produced by a laser in which the Brewster window is replaced by a cone at Brewster s angle . ref name Kozawa cite journal title Generation of a radially polarized laser beam by use of a conical Brewster prism first Yuichi last Kozawa coauthors Sato, Shunichi ... and azimuthal polarizations focus at different planes. A spatial filter can be used to select the polarization ... linearly or circularly polarized beam ref name Quabis Cite book title Radial polarization minimizes ... metallic Rayleigh particles with radial polarization, author Qiwen Zhan journal Optics Express ... Polarization waves Axial polarisation References reflist Category Polarization Optics stub ... more details
Polarization American and British English spelling differences also polarisation is a property of certain ... , and gravitational waves exhibit polarization acoustic waves sound waves in a gas or liquid do not have polarization because the direction of vibration and direction of propagation are the same. PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE UNTIL READING THE DISCUSSION ON THE TALK PAGE. POLARIZATION DOES NOT ALWAYS HAVE TO BE PERPENDICULAR TO THE DIRECTION OF PROPAGATION By convention, the polarization of light ... wave the polarization is perpendicular to the wave s direction of travel. In this case, the electric field may be oriented in a single direction linear polarization , or it may rotate as the wave travels circular polarization circular or elliptical polarization . In the latter cases, the oscillations ... or handedness. In general the polarization of an electromagnetic EM wave is a complex issue. For instance ... of the wave s polarization is more complicated, as the fields can have longitudinal as well ... the direction of travel, so there is no polarization. In a solid medium, however, sound waves can be transverse. In this case, the polarization is associated with the direction of the shear stress in the plane perpendicular to the propagation direction. This is important in seismology . Polarization ... , seismology , telecommunications and radar science. The polarization of light can be measured with a polarimeter ... of polarization see http www.dsusd.k12.ca.us users phealy physics Ebook htm chp29sec29 4.htm ... manifestation of polarization to visualize is that of a plane wave , which is a good approximation ... of propagation and to each other. Conventionally, when considering polarization, the electric .... Polarization state The shape traced out in a fixed plane by the electric vector as such a plane wave passes over it a Lissajous curve Lissajous figure is a description of the polarization state ... Linear .svg center 180px Linear polarization diagram center Linear center div div style float left ... more details
Social polarization is associated with the segregation within a society that may emerge from income inequality, real estate fluctuations, economic displacements etc. and result in such differentiation that would consist of various social groups, from high income to low income. One of the earlier stimulating research works on social polarization is from R.E. Pahl on Isle of Sheppey ref R. E. Pahl, Divisions of Labour, Oxford Blackwell, 1984, ISBN 0 631 13273 2 ref , wherein he provides a comparison between the Pre capitalist society and capitalist society . More recently, a number of research projects have been increasingly addressing the issues of social polarization within the developed economies. ref Frank Moulaert , Erik Swyngedouw and Arantxa Rodriguez. The Globalized City Economic Restructuring and Social Polarization in European Cities . Oxford University Press , 2003, ISBN 978 0199260409 ref See also Balkanization Sectarian violence Social exclusion URSPIC Protracted social conflict Notes reflist Category Civil society Category Sociology Category Social issues ko ... more details
In quantum field theory , and specifically quantum electrodynamics , vacuum polarization describes a process in which a background electromagnetic field produces virtual particle virtual electron positron pairs that change the distribution of charges and currents that generated the original electromagnetic field. It is also sometimes referred to as the self energy of the gauge boson photon . Vacuum polarization was observed experimentally in 1997 using the TRISTAN particle accelerator in Japan. ref cite journal last Levine first I. coauthors TOPAZ Collaboration title Measurement of the Electromagnetic Coupling at Large Momentum Transfer journal Physical Review Letters year 1997 volume 78 pages 424 427 doi 10.1103 PhysRevLett.78.424 ref Explanation According to quantum field theory , the ground state of a system with interacting particles is not simply empty space. Rather, it contains short lived virtual particle virtual particle antiparticle pairs which are created out of the vacuum and then annihilate each other. Some of these particle antiparticle pairs are charged e.g., virtual electron positron pairs. Such charged pairs act as an electric dipole . In the presence of an electric field, e.g., the electromagnetic field around an electron, these particle antiparticle pairs reposition ... of the short lived particle antiparticle pairs is referred to as vacuum polarization . The one loop contribution of a fermion antifermion pair to the vacuum polarization is represented by the following diagram Image Vacuum polarization.svg Vacuum polarization tensor The vacuum polarization is quantified by the vacuum polarization tensor sup sup p which describes the dielectric effect as a function of the four momentum p carried by the photon. Thus the vacuum polarization ... sup sup p is fixed by the Ward identity . Note Vacuum polarization affecting spin interactions has ... Further reading For a derivation of the vacuum polarization in QED, see section 7.5 of M.E. Peskin ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Spin polarization is the degree to which the spin physics spin , i.e. the intrinsic angular momentum of elementary particles, is aligned with a given direction ref name Kessler cite book author J. Kessler title Polarized Electrons publisher Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg year 1976 pages 7 19 isbn 0387076786 ref . This property may pertain to the spin, hence to the magnetic moment , of conduction electrons in ferromagnet ic metals , such as iron , giving rise to spin polarized current electricity currents . It may refer to static spin waves , preferential correlation of spin orientation with ordered lattices semiconductors or insulators . It may also pertain to beams of particles, produced for particular aims, such as polarized neutron scattering or muon spin spectroscopy . Spin polarization of electrons or of nuclei, often called simply magnetization , is also produced by the application of a magnetic field , thanks to the Curie law and it is used to produce an induction signal in Electron spin resonance ESR or EPR and in Nuclear magnetic resonance NMR . Spin polarization is also important for spintronics , a branch of electronics . Magnetic semiconductor s are being researched as possible spintronics materials. The spin of free electrons is measured either by a Low energy electron diffraction LEED image from a clean Tungsten wolfram crystal SPLEED ... title Spin Polarization in Double Diffraction of Low Energy Electrons from W 001 Experiment and Theory .... Dunning, and G. K. Walters title Electron spin polarization in low energy electron diffraction from ... Feder cite journal doi 10.1103 PhysRevLett.36.598 author R. Feder title Spin Polarization in Low ... work due to spin orbit coupling. The circular polarization of electromagnetic fields is due to spin polarization of their constituent photons . In the most generic context, spin polarization is any ... Spin Polarization Category Spectroscopy Category Spintronics de Spinpolarisation ja vi ph n ... more details
Charge polarization is often a stationary polarization of charge induced by a dc electric field , where the switch on and switch off time of the dc field is usually very slow. ref name Matos cite journal author A. Matos Abiague and J. Berakdar title Field free charge polarization of mesoscopic rings journal Physical Review B month November year 2004 volume 70 issue 19 pages 195338 47 url http www.mpi halle.mpg.de mpi publi pdf 5865 04.pdf doi 10.1103 PhysRevB.70.195338 ref Such a stationary charge polarization is the action or process or state of having either positive or negative electric charge separated to opposite parts or directions with reference to two or more poles or to electrification . Polarization voltage main Polarization voltage A polarization voltage is a voltage that produces an electric field which in turn polarizes the material of an object within the electric field. The polarization ... the polarization, the greater the likelihood of electron transfer. ref name Young This holds true ... Young Spontaneous charge polarization A system of two coupled nanowire s exhibits a spontaneous polarization .... M. Xu, M. Moskovits title Spontaneous charge polarization in single electron tunneling through coupled ... charge polarization in the transverse direction oscillates stochastically in time but depends periodically on the applied voltage. ref name Tager Both the average polarization and the polarization ... polarization structures or polarization waves in nanowire arrays. ref name Tager Duration of charge polarization For electron dynamics in a one dimensional mesoscopic ring under the influence ... coherent population of electronic state s such that a time dependent charge polarization of the ring ... diminished. ref name Matos The overall duration of the charge polarization can be controlled by applying ... as the deuteron approaches the positively charged target nucleus, it experiences a charge polarization ... System to Control the Polarization Voltage of Silicon Detectors journal IEEE Transactions on Nuclear ... more details
, circular polarization ref Polarization is also spelt http en.wiktionary.org wiki polarization polarisation with an s talk circular polarization British spelling of polarization British spelling of polarization discussion . ref of an electromagnetic wave is a Polarization waves polarization ... field vectors of the wave describe a helix along the direction of propagation. Circular polarization is a limiting case of the more general condition of elliptical polarization . The other special case is the easier to understand linear polarization . General description multiple image direction ... field vectors would trace out a second helix if displayed. br Circular polarization is often ... to as light . The nature of circular polarization and its relationship to other polarizations ... polarized wave as defined from the point of view of the source. Circular polarization may be referred ... exist. First convention From the point of view of the source Using this convention, polarization ... , sec. 11.1, p. 61. the sense of polarization, or handedness ... is called right handed ... straight toward us, goes around in a counterclockwise direction, we call it right hand circular polarization. ... Our convention for labeling left hand and right hand circular polarization is consistent with that which is used today for all the other particles in physics which exhibit polarization e.g. ..., such as electrons. ref Introduction to Quantum Theory 2ED David Park Sec 2.2 Pg32 ...the polarization ... astronomers also use this convention. ref name Polarization in Spectral Lines Section 1.2 Second convention From the point of view of the receiver In this alternative convention, polarization is defined .... br Many optics textbooks use this second convention. ref name Polarization in Spectral Lines Section 1.2 Polarization in Spectral Lines. 2004 E. Landi Degl innocenti , M Landolfi Section 1.2 When ..., ... it will be considered ... positive or righthanded circular polarization , Our convention, ... agrees ... more details
A polarization voltage is a voltage that produces an electric field which in turn polarizes the material of an object within the electric field. Charge polarization main Charge polarization Charge polarization is often a stationary polarization of charge induced by a dc electric field , where the switch on and switch off time of the dc field is usually very slow. ref name Matos cite journal author A. Matos Abiague and J. Berakdar title Field free charge polarization of mesoscopic rings journal Physical Review B month November year 2004 volume 70 issue 19 pages 195338 47 url http www.mpi halle.mpg.de mpi publi pdf 5865 04.pdf doi 10.1103 PhysRevB.70.195338 ref Such a stationary charge polarization is the action or process or state of having either positive or negative electric charge separated to opposite parts or directions with reference to two or more poles or to electrification . Chemical reaction main Chemical reaction The polarization voltage of an electrode determines in part the intensity of a chemical reaction at the electrode surface. ref name Adams cite book author Adams RN title Electrochemistry at Solid Electrodes publisher Marcel Dekker, Inc. location New York year 1969 pages bibcode doi ref Even at zero voltage, some negative or positive current may be generated. ref name Young cite journal author Young W title H sub 2 sub clearance measurement of blood flow a review of technique and polarographic principles journal Stroke month September October year 1980 volume 11 issue 5 pages 552 64 url http stroke.ahajournals.org cgi content abstract 11 5 552 doi pmid 6999671 ref For some reactions, the more positve the polarization, the greater the likelihood of electron ... to maintain a polarization voltage across an object within a user defined window. ref name Altieri Cite journal author Altieri S, Fossati F, Lanza A, Pinelli T title An Automated System to Control the Polarization ... Altieri S, Fossati F, Lanza A, Pinelli T title An Automated System to Control the Polarization Voltage ... more details
In politics , polarization or polarisation is the process by which the public opinion divides and goes ... of polarization The term polarization comes from political science . There, it is a measure of the electorate ... Hetherington.pdf title The Discounted Voter Polarization at the Congressional District Level publisher ... 1012&context polborn title Political Polarization and the Electoral Effects of Media Bias work ... f r Wirtschaftsforschung date January 2008 ref Political scientists principally measure polarization in two ways. ref Jacobson, A Divider, Not a Uniter , pp. 35 36. ref One is plain or generic polarization, often referred to as popular polarization , ref name heth paper which happens when opinions diverge ... kinds of metrics to measure popular polarization, such as the American National Election Studies ... polarization , which happens when support for a political figure or position differentiates itself along political party lines. ref name jacob book Popular media definitions and uses of polarization tend to be looser. Polarization by country United States In recent times, some Americans, such as American Demographics magazine editor John McManus , have seen increasing polarization in the Politics ... in polarization. Others, such as Constitution Party United States Constitution Party analyst Michael ... about the nature and cause of polarization in the US electorate. One side e.g., Fiorina ... that polarization is almost purely an elite, or top down driven. ref name fiorina book cite journal ... title Polarization in the American Public Misconceptions and Misreadings url http www.accessmylibrary.com ... Kyle L. Saunders year 2008 month September title Is Polarization a Myth? journal Journal of Politics ... title The Disappearing Center Engaged Citizens, Polarization, and American Democracy publisher Yale University Press year 2010 isbn 9780300141627 ref Canada Polarization has had drastic consequences ... and Eastern Canada. Polarization in other national politics Expand section date December 2009 ... more details
. Bound charge Electric polarization corresponds to a rearrangement of the bound electrons in the material ... charge is the only bound charge. When the polarization density changes with time, the time dependent bound charge density creates a polarization current density of math mathbf J p frac partial ... and isotropic dielectric medium, the polarization is aligned with and Proportionality mathematics proportional ..., the polarization and the field are not necessarily in the same direction. Then, the i sup th sup component of the polarization is related to the j sup th sup component of the electric field according ... and polarization density by the Clausius Mossotti relation . In general, the susceptibility is a function of the frequency of the applied field. When the field is an arbitrary function of time t , the polarization ... field, and causality considerations lead to the Kramers Kronig relation s. If the polarization ... P and E at all because of hysteresis . Lorentzian Model See also Polarization disambiguation References ... more details
Refimprove date November 2007 wikify date July 2010 Group polarization is the tendency of people to make ... high prejudice individuals after group discussion. Group polarization has been used to explain ..., discussion would make it even harsher. Developments in the study of group polarization The study of group polarization began with an unpublished 1961 Master s thesis by MIT student James Stoner ... to term the overall phenomenon group polarization . Thus began a decade long period of examination of the applicability of group polarization to a number of fields, ranging from political attitudes to religion, in both lab and field settings. Basic studies of group polarization tapered off, but research on the topic continued. Group polarization has been widely considered as a fundamental group ... mechanisms were not fully understood. Mechanisms of polarization Almost as soon as the phenomenon of group polarization was discovered, a variety of hypotheses was suggested for the mechanisms for its ... for polarization, group discussion shifts the weight of evidence as each individual exposes ... for group polarization. Daniel Isenberg s 1986 meta analysis of the data gathered by both the persuasive ... Groupthink group serving bias list of cognitive biases Group polarization in online discussions Group polarization has also been found to occur with online computer mediated discussions e.g. Sia et ... lead to even higher levels of group polarization compared to traditional meetings. This is attributed ... to group polarization. It was used to describe how officers and the enlisted personnel in the army ... Spy . ref Risky shift A type of group polarization, risky shift is defined as the difference between ... encounter or formulate on their own. ref Rothwell, D. J. 1986 . Risk Taking and Polarization ... War III. See also Adversarial process Attitude polarizationPolarization psychology Confirmation ..., A. M. 1978 . Authoritarianism and decisions of mock juries Evidence of jury bias and group polarization ... more details
Attitude polarization , also known as belief polarization , is a phenomenon in which a disagreement becomes more extreme as the different parties consider evidence on the issue. It is one of the effects of confirmation bias the tendency of people to search for and interpret evidence selectively, to reinforce their current beliefs or attitudes. ref Reference idFine2006a Fine 2006a ref When people encounter ambiguous evidence, this bias can potentially result in each of them interpreting it as in support of their existing attitudes, widening rather than narrowing the disagreement between them. ref name ReferenceB Reference idLord1979 Lord, et al. 1979 ref The effect is observed with issues that activate ... 5853 ref For most issues, new evidence does not produce a polarization effect. ref name kuhn lao cite ... 1996 title Effects of Evidence on Attitudes Is Polarization the Norm? journal Psychological Science ... polarization is found, mere thinking about the issue, without contemplating new evidence, produces ... Gliner year 1995 title The effects of repeated expressions on attitude polarization during group ... polarization. The effects of prior theories on subsequently considered evidence In 1979, Charles Lord , Lee Ross and Mark Lepper carried out an important piece of research on attitude polarization ... idLord1979 Lord, et al. 1979 , pp. 2105 6. ref Role of group membership See Group polarization ... 2008 see also Philosophy of war The tendency for attitude polarization to affect people s decisions ... papers 2006 07.html Dynamics of Political Polarization . Working Paper No. 2006 07. ISERP, Columbia ... Disagreement, Dogmatism, and Belief Polarization , forthcoming in The Journal ... 20& 20lepper 20 1979 .pdf Biased Assimilation and Attitude Polarization The Effects of Prior Theories .... wikicite id idMackie1984 reference Mackie, D.M. and Cooper, J. 1984 . Group polarization The effects ... reference Sunstein, Cass 2002 . The Law of Group Polarization , The Journal of Political ... more details
Photon polarization is the Quantum mechanics quantum mechanical description of the Classical physics ... polarized. Their polarization state can be elliptical, circular, or linear Dubious date July 2010 ... s equations in the description. The quantum polarization state vector for the photon, for instance, is identical with the Jones vector , usually used to describe the polarization of a classical wave ... wave propagating through media that alter the polarization state of the wave. Hermitian operators then follow for infinitesimal transformations of a classical polarization state. Many of the implications ... physics spin , as well as energy, with the photon. Polarization of classical electromagnetic waves Main Sinusoidal plane wave solutions of the electromagnetic wave equation A polarization state vector Main Polarization waves Jones vector The polarization of a classical sinusoidal plane wave traveling ... in x and the wave polarized in y . The Jones vector contains all the polarization information for a plane ... rangle begin pmatrix psi x & psi y end pmatrix begin pmatrix psi x psi y end pmatrix 1. math Polarization states Linear polarization Main Linear polarization Image Mudflats polariser.jpg right thumb ... exp left i alpha right math . The state vectors for linear polarization in x or y are special cases ... then the polarization state can written in the x y basis as math psi rangle cos theta exp left i ... polarization Main Circular polarization If math alpha y math is rotated by math pi 2 math radians ... polarization circularly polarized . The Jones vector is math psi rangle begin pmatrix cos theta ... polarization and the minus sign indicates left circular polarization. In the case of circular polarization ... polarization state can written in the R L basis as math c rangle psi R R rangle psi L L rangle ... math where math 1 mid a R mid 2 mid a L mid 2 . math Elliptical polarization Main Elliptical polarization ... is called elliptical polarization . The state vector is given by math psi rangle stackrel mathrm ... more details
textbf u textbf v 2 textbf u textbf v 2. math The polarization identity can be generalized to various ... with real scalars If V is a real vector space, then the inner product is defined by the polarization ... spaces with complex scalars If V is a complex vector space the inner product is given by the polarization ... form of the polarization identity can be written as math textbf u textbf v 2 textbf u 2 textbf ... 1 and 2 of the polarization identity now follow by solving these equations for u · ... gives the parallelogram law. Generalizations Norms In linear algebra , the polarization identity ... is used to make a Banach space into a Hilbert space . Symmetric bilinear forms The polarization ... form defines a quadratic form, and the polarization identity without a factor of 2 from a quadratic ... u &rang is the complex conjugate of &lang u , v &rang . In this case the standard polarization ... it is known as the polarization formula , and is reviewed in greater detail in the article on the polarization of an algebraic form . The polarization identity can be stated in the following way math ... more details
Induced polarization IP is a geophysical imaging technique used to identify subsurface materials, such as ore . The method is similar to electrical resistivity tomography , in that an electric current is Electromagnetic induction induced into the subsurface through two electrode s, and voltage is monitored through two other electrodes. Time domain IP methods measure the voltage decay or chargeability over a specified time interval after the induced voltage is removed. The Antiderivative integrated voltage is used as the measurement. Frequency domain IP methods see Spectral induced polarisation Spectral Induced Polarisation use alternating current s AC to induce electric charges in the subsurface, and the apparent resistivity is measured at different AC frequencies. References cite book last Kearey first Philip coauthors Michael Brooks title An Introduction to Geophysical Exploration year 1991 edition Second edition publisher Blackwell Science isbn 0 632 02923 4 External links Remove this commercial link if a better non commercial link e.g., Gov t or academic is found http www.l gm.de English Resistivity Meters resistivity meters.html Example IP equipment and image results Category Geophysical imaging geol stub maryam Geophysics stub ru ... more details
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