wiktionary pluralityPlurality can refer to Plural , in linguistics Plurality voting , the most votes for any choice in an election, but not necessarily a majority Plurality voting system , also called first past the post Plurality at large voting , commonly referred to as block voting or bloc voting Plurality company , Israeli startup Plurality church governance , a type of Christian church polity Plurality, ancient Greek pluralist philosophers in ontological pluralism Plurality, one of the twelve pure concepts of the understanding proposed by Kant in his Critique of Pure Reason Plurality, the holding of more than one Benefice See also Pluralism political theory Pluralism disambiguation disambig ... more details
Plurality criterion is a voting system criterion devised by Douglas R. Woodall for ranked voting methods with incomplete ballots. It is stated as follows If the number of ballots ranking A as the first preference is greater than the number of ballots on which another candidate B is given any preference, then A s probability of winning must be no less than B s. This criterion is trivially satisfied by preferential voting rank ballot methods which require voters to strictly rank all the candidates and so do not allow truncation . The Borda count is usually defined in this way. Woodall has called the Plurality criterion a rather weak property that surely must hold in any real election , and noted that every reasonable electoral system seems to satisfy it. Most proposed methods do satisfy it, including Plurality voting , Instant runoff voting IRV , Bucklin voting , and approval voting . Among Condorcet method s which permit truncation, whether the Plurality criterion is satisfied depends often on the measure of Condorcet method Defeat strength defeat strength . When winning votes is used as the measure of defeat strength in methods such as the Schulze method , Ranked Pairs , or Minimax Condorcet Minimax , Plurality is satisfied. Plurality is failed when margins is used. Minimax Condorcet Minimax using pairwise opposition also fails Plurality. When truncation is permitted under Borda count, Plurality is satisfied when no points are scored to truncated candidates, and ranked candidates receive no fewer votes than if the truncated candidates had been ranked. If truncated candidates are instead scored the average number of points that would have been awarded to those candidates had they been strictly ranked, or if Nauru s modified Borda count is used, the Plurality criterion is failed. References D R Woodall, http www.votingmatters.org.uk ISSUE3 P5.HTM Properties of Preferential Election Rules , Voting matters , Issue 3 1994 , pp. 8 15. D R Woodall, http www.votingmatters.org.uk ... more details
In North American English , the term plurality , used in the context of voting, refers to the largest number of voting votes to be received by any candidate or referendum . ref name Robert Robert, Henry M. http www.rulesonline.com rror 04.htm def Plurality Introduction to Robert s Rules Robert s Rules of Order Robert s Rules of Order Revised . 4th ed. 1915. RulesOnline.com ref It is contrasted with a majority , which is more than half of the votes. ref name Robert For example, in a multiple contested race, plurality voting system plurality is the candidate with the most votes, while in a majority election a candidate can only win if they also receive over half of the votes. When no candidate receives a majority in the first round of voting, a two round system or preferential voting system can be used to choose a winner. When there are only two choices, the plurality choice is also the majority choice. Systems allowing plurality election are more vulnerable to corruption using the spoiler effect than systems which require a majority. ref Poundstone, William 2008 . Gaming the vote why elections aren t fair and what we can do about it . Hill and Wang. ISBN 978 0809048939. ref In British English In UK constituency elections, which typically feature three or more candidates representing major parties, the word majority is used for this concept, with the term overall or absolute majority being used to refer to the narrower North American meaning of majority. ref As Fowler 1965 notes With three cornered contests as common as they now are, we may have occasion to find a convenient single ..., is called a plurality. It might be useful to borrow this distinction... Fowler, H.W. 1965 A Dictionary ... sentiment would say Alice won with a plurality. The Canadian would only describe Alice as winning with a majority if Alice won with at least 51 votes. The term relative majority is a synonym for plurality .... See also Plurality voting system Plurality at large voting References reflist Majorities Category ... more details
Infobox Company company name Plurality Ltd. company logo Image Small plurality logo.png company type Private foundation 2004 ref http www.plurality.com profile.html Plurality s Profile ref location Israel industry Semiconductors products Multi core homepage http www.plurality.com Plurality.com Plurality Ltd. is an Israeli semiconductor company, the developer of the HyperCore technology and the HAL HyperCore Architecture Line multi core processor. The company is a member of the Multicore Association . ref http www.multicore association.org member memberlist.php Multicore Association member list ref HyperCore Plurality develops the HyperCore CPU technology, which is a MIMD 32 bit RISC based multi processor on a single chip, ref http www.dspdesignline.com howto 199904672 jsessionid 25HXGXGMUGQVQQSNDLQSKHSCJUNN2JVN?pgno 3 Massively parallel processors for DSP ref and contains from 16 to 256 cores. ref http www.calcalist.co.il Ext Comp ArticleLayout CdaArticlePrintPreview 1,2506,L 3096809,00.html Breaking Moore s law Hebrew ref HyperCore technology supports executing both fine grained and granularity coarse grain parallelism due to its special hardware Synchronizer Scheduler, shared memory and task based programming model. The HyperCore technology s synchronizer scheduler patented, ref http www.insidedsp.com Articles tabid 64 articleType ArticleView articleId 206 Pluralitys Hypercore Joins the MultiCore Fray.aspx Plurality s Hypercore Joins the Multi Core Fray ref see below also eliminates the need of repeatedly executing a special Kernel computer science kernel program controlling .... Patents Synchronizer scheduler Dr. Nimrod Bayer and Dr. Ran Ginosar, two of Plurality s founders ... model Speedup Task parallelism References reflist External links Commonscat Plurality http www.plurality.com Plurality s website http rebelscience.blogspot.com 2008 04 pluralitys hal kicking ass on core.html Plurality s HAL Kicking Ass on Core Street Category Companies established in 2004 Category ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Judicial opinions A plurality opinion is the opinion from a group of judge justice s, often in an appellate court , in which no single opinion received the support of a majority of the court. The plurality opinion did not receive the support of more than half the justices, but received more support than any other opinion. In Marks v. United States , 430 U.S. 188 1977 , the Supreme Court of the United States explained how the holding of a case should be viewed where there is no majority supporting the rationale of any opinion When a fragmented Court decides a case and no single rationale explaining the result enjoys the assent of the majority , the holding of the Court may be viewed as that position taken by those Members who concurred in the judgments on the narrowest grounds. Marks , 430 U.S. at 193. The Marks Rule has raised the following schools of thought regarding the appropriate basis for determining the holding in such fractured cases a the narrowest analysis essential to the result derived from a combination of all concurring opinions b the concurring opinion offering the narrowest rationale or c only those parts of the concurring opinions which overlap and arrive at the same result. For example, if one follows the first interpretation, then the holding in the case should be viewed as the narrowest rationale supported by all of the concurring opinions read together as though it were a single majority opinion, and where there is a conflict, the opinion based on the narrowest ground governs. Followers of the second rationale would find the concurring opinion offering the narrowest analysis to be the holding. Whereas, under the third interpretation, only the rationale s common to all concurring opinions which arrive at the same result s and to the exclusion of all other rationales is considered the holding. DEFAULTSORT Plurality Opinion Category Case law Case law stub zh ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 For a general article on the Plurality of Worlds concept, see Cosmic pluralism . On the Plurality of Worlds 1986 ref Lewis, David K On the Plurality of Worlds Blackwell, Oxford 1986. ISBN 0 631 22496 3 ref is a book by the philosopher David Lewis philosopher David Lewis that defends the thesis of modal realism , The thesis states that the world we are part of is but one of a plurality of worlds, as he writes in the Preface, and that we who inhabit this world are only a few out of all the inhabitants of all the worlds. It is not to be confused with the work of Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle . The book is divided into four chapters. Chapter 1 A Philosopher s Paradise Chapter 1 begins with an exposition of modal realism . Lewis proposes that possible worlds , including ours, are real concrete philosophy concrete things that are isolated from each other. There are no spatiotemporal relations at all between things that belong to different worlds, and adds, Nor does anything that happens at one world cause anything to happen at another. He recommends a plural ity of worlds because hypothesizing it is serviceable, the familiar analysis of necessity as truth at all possible worlds being only the beginning. Lewis shows that modal realism can be used to give coherent accounts of, among other things, modal logic and counterfactual conditional s. Modality turns into quantification Possibly there are blue swans if and only if , for some world W, at W there are blue swans , and counterfactual conditional sentence conditionals turn into statements of fact about possible worlds If it were that A, then it would be that C is true if and only if C is true at the selected ... it as true, drawing a parallel to the fruitfulness of set theory in mathematics. Of both the plurality of sets and the plurality of worlds, Lewis holds that t he price is right the benefits in theoretical ... it in important respects. reflist DEFAULTSORT On The Plurality Of Worlds Category 1986 ... more details
search.ldslibrary.com article view 283515?q Plurality 20of 20Gods 283534 Sermon by the Prophet The Christian Godhead Plurality of Gods , History of the Church , Vol. 6, p. 473 479 ref The Godhead as three ... References Reflist Latter day Saints hide show DEFAULTSORT Plurality Of Gods Category Latter Day ... more details
Image Plurality of Worlds.jpg thumb 120px right Front page of 1701 edition Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds lang fr Entretiens sur la pluralit des mondes is a popular science book by French author Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle , published in 1686. It offered an explanation of the heliocentric model of the Universe, suggested by Nicolaus Copernicus in his 1543 work De revolutionibus orbium coelestium . The book is Fontenelle s most famous work and is considered to be one of the first major works of the Age of Enlightenment . Background Unlike many scientific works of its time, Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds was written not in Latin , but in French and is notable as one of the first books to attempt an explanation of science scientific theories in Popular science popular language. In the preface, Fontenelle addresses female readers and suggests that the offered explanation should be easily understood even by those without scientific knowledge. This move has been praised by some of modern feminist critics as admitting women s intelligence in scientific matters. ref Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds . By Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle. Translated by H. A. Hargreaves. Edited by Nina Rattner Gelbart. Berkeley University of California Press. 1990. ref Plot summary The book itself is presented as a series of conversations between a gallant philosopher and a marquise , who walk in the latter s garden at night and gaze at star s. The philosopher explains the heliocentric model and also muses on the possibility of extraterrestrial life . At the same time, Fontenelle avoided challenging the Catholic Church and its view of the world. Translations The first English translation was compounded by John Glanvill in 1687, followed by another translation by Aphra Behn in 1688, under the title A Discovery of New Worlds . Antiokh Kantemir translated it into Russian ... at Google Books in English http openlibrary.org b OL6981190M Conversations on the plurality of worlds ... more details
Electoral systems Plurality at large voting is a non proportional representation proportional voting ... of check boxes and tallying votes similar to a plurality voting system plurality election . Although ... means simple plurality election in multimember districts. In such a system, each party introduces a list of candidates and the party winning a plurality of votes wins all the seats. In contrast to such a system ... obtained a majority of the maximum 1,500 votes available per candidate Bernie obtained only a plurality. Tactical voting and strategic nomination Plurality block voting, like single winner plurality voting system plurality voting , is particularly vulnerable to tactical voting . Supporters of relatively ... minority of voters electing an entire slate of candidates by merely constituting a Plurality voting plurality . previous is less true in preferential bloc voting Some uses of this system have ... similarly to plurality at large voting, however in partial block voting each voter receives fewer ... to achieve some representation, as it becomes impossible for a simple plurality to sweep every seat ... is the Droop Quota . Block voting, or plurality block voting , is often compared with preferential block ... local elections . It is also used for elections in Jersey and elections in Guernsey . Plurality block voting is also used in the election of the Senate of Poland , of the Parliament of Lebanon , the plurality ... legislative and presidential election, 1996 Palestinian election of 1996 there were only plurality seats, while in Palestinian legislative election, 2006 2006 , half the seats were elected by plurality, half by proportional representation nationwide. A form of plurality block voting was used ... . In some constituencies there was only one seat to be filled. Plurality block voting is also ... City of Vancouver Vancouver , plurality at large block voting is used in local election s, in place ... voting is also popular. The Bah Faith uses a form of plurality at large voting to Bah ... more details
In Christianity , the term plurality refers to a system of church government or ecclesiastical polity wherein the local church s decisions are made by a committee, typically called Elder Christianity elders . The system is in contrast to the singularity and hierarchy of the episcopal polity system as used in Roman Catholic , Eastern Orthodox , and Anglican churches, or the pastor president system of many Protestant churches. Plurality of elders is commonly encouraged, with variation of practice, among Presbyterian s who employ Presbyterian polity , Jehovah s Witnesses , some Pentecostal churches, and Churches of Christ , Disciples of Christ and Plymouth Brethren who employ congregational polity . The practice is drawn from Biblical precedent, acknowledging that churches in the time of the New Testament appear to all have had multiple elders. ref Frank Viola author Viola, F. and George Barna Barna, G. http www.scribd.com doc 32724382 Pagan Christianity Pagan Christianity exploring the roots of our church practices 2008 Carol Stream Tyndale ref ref Strauch, A. Biblical Eldership an urgent call to restore biblical church leadership 1995 Dayspring ref reflist Christianity stub JehovahsWitnesses stub Category Christian group structuring Category Presbyterianism Category Jehovah s Witnesses Category Churches of Christ Category Plymouth Brethren Category Charismatic and Pentecostal Christianity Category Christian Church Disciples of Christ ... more details
unreferenced date December 2007 Anti plurality voting describes a voting method in which each voter votes against a single candidate, and the candidate with the fewest votes against wins. Anti plurality voting is an example of a positional voting method . An Example Tenn voting example In this voting system, each voter would mark a vote against his or her fourth preference. In this case, it would be a tie between Nashville and Chattanooga, both received zero votes. Characteristics As can be seen from the example, in the absence of tactical voting , this system tends to favor middle of the road candidates. However, it is very sensitive to tactical voting, as any candidate perceived beforehand as a potential winner will attract more countervotes from partisans of their opponents. This creates the paradoxical situation for the candidates that, in order to win, you need to appear not to be winning. For this reason, few would advocate this system for general high stakes use, though for its simplicity it can be useful in specific situations where voters are not motivated to use tactical voting . Voting method criteria evaluation APV satisfies the monotonicity criterion , the participation criterion and the consistency criterion . It does not satisfy the Condorcet loser criterion , the strategic nomination independence of irrelevant alternatives criterion , the strategic nomination independence of clones criterion or reversal symmetry . See also Plurality voting Approval voting Disapproval voting Coombs method uses antiplurality counts with sequential elimination References http www.ingentaconnect.com content klu 355 2004 00000022 00000003 art00007 Approval voting and positional voting methods Inference, relationship, examples, Social Choice and Welfare, Volume 22, Number 3, June 2004 , pp. 539 566 28 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Category Voting systems ... more details
First past the post date September 2010 The plurality voting system is a single winner voting system ... in Canada , India , the United Kingdom , and some United States elections, is simple plurality , first ... a poll greater than that of any other candidate, but less than half the votes cast is called a plurality ... system two rounds the two ballot or runoff election plurality system. If any candidate in the first ... science , the use of the plurality voting system alongside multiple, single winner constituencies to elect a multi member body is often referred to as single member district plurality or SMDP . ref Cite web url http www.mtholyoke.edu acad polit damy BeginnningReading plurality.htm title Plurality Majority Systems publisher Mtholyoke.edu date accessdate 2010 05 08 ref Plurality voting is also variously ... also refer to elections for multiple winners in a particular constituency using Plurality at large voting bloc voting . Terminology The terms Highest vote, Majority vote and Plurality voting are often ... a particular point the post on the track in this case a plurality voting plurality of voting votes ... an iteration of the counting of Plurality votes. Historically, FPTP has been a contentious electoral ... system s intended to address perceived weaknesses of plurality voting. Voting Plurality voting is used ... of China Taiwan . Plurality voting is particularly prevalent in the United Kingdom ... date 2008 05 20 accessdate 2010 05 08 ref See Westminster system . In single winner plurality voting ... candidate represents a plurality voting plurality of voters, that is, whoever received the largest number of votes. This makes the plurality voting system among the simplest of all voting systems ... in this system . contrast with Plurality at large voting bloc voting and single non transferable ... to represent that district. Under the plurality system, the winner of the election acts as representative .... In a multiple member Plurality election the counting of the ballot uses an exhaustive iteration process ... more details
orphan date April 2009 singlesource date August 2009 In the United States, Presidential plurality victories are those elections in which the winning candidate received less than 50 of the popular votes cast. Background The popular vote in an American United States presidential election presidential election was first fully recorded and reported in the election of 1824 ref name McPherson2001 . Since then, 16 presidential elections have occurred in which a candidate was elected or reelected without gaining a majority of the popular vote. ref name McPherson2001 McPherson, J. 2001 . To the Best of My Ability The American Presidents . Dorling Kindersly Publishing. ref The following is a list and description of those elections in which a candidate won the election with a plurality of the popular vote. The elections of 1824, 1876, 1888, and 2000 are not on this list because in those elections the winning candidate actually received less than a plurality. ref name Diller2001 Diller, D., & Robertson, S. 2001 . The Presidents, First Ladies, and Vice Presidents . CQ Press. ref . Elections Election of 1844 James K. Polk In the election of 1844, James K. Polk was a the dark horse unanticipated nominee of the Democratic Party United States Democratic Party . ref name McPherson2001 ref name Diller2001 . Polk faced two opponents in this election. The Whig Party United States Whig Party nominated Henry Clay and the Liberty Party 1840s Liberty Party nominated James G. Birney ref name McPherson2001 . In the general election Polk received 1,339,494 votes, Clay received 1,300,004 votes, and Birney received 62,103 votes ref name McPherson2001 . Overall, Polk won 49.6 of the popular vote. In several large cities, Democrats fraudulently registered thousands of immigrant voters to stuff the ballot box for Polk ref name McPherson2001 . Despite the fraudulent votes, the most important factor in Clay s defeat was Birney s candidacy, as anti slavery Whigs in New York voted for Birney ref name McPherson2001 ... more details
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Licensing PD self date April 2007 User Staeckerbot Duplicate file info otheraddress Image 463px Plurality ballot.png othertext big Summary big Created by User Rspeer using Inkscape. Modified by Jack. big Licensing big Template PD self end Staeckerbot template Orphan image Copy to Wikimedia Commons bot Fbot ... more details
Simple majority may refer to In American and Canadian usage Majority , a voting requirement of more than half of all ballots cast Usage elsewhere Plurality voting Plurality , a voting requirement of more ballots cast for a proposition than for any other option disambig Category Elections Category Voting de Mehrheit Einfache Mehrheit ... more details
Summary Information Description October 21, 1995 Louisiana Gubernatorial Election results by parish. http www400.sos.louisiana.gov 8090 cgibin ?rqstyp elcmp&rqsdta 10219510012919 br Red &ndash Parishes in which candidate Mike Foster obtained a plurality or majority of the votes cast. Blue &ndash Parishes in which candidate Cleo Fields obtained a plurality or majority of the votes cast. Light Blue &ndash Parishes in which candidate Mary Landrieu obtained a plurality or majority of the votes cast. Light Green &ndash Parishes in which candidate Buddy Roemer obtained a plurality or majority of the votes cast. Orange &ndash Parishes in which candidate Phil Preis obtained a plurality of majority or the votes cast. Source I created this work entirely by myself. Date October 27, 2008 Author User Acntx Acntx User talk Acntx talk other versions Licensing GFDL self migration relicense Copy to Wikimedia Commons bot Fbot priority true ... more details
Summary A map of Canada, showing the largest self identified ancestry in each province territory. font color Red Red font signifies that a plurality of the population reported Canadian ancestry. font color Salmon Salmon font signifies that a plurality of the population reported English ancestry. font color DodgerBlue Dark Blue font signifies that a plurality of the population reported Scottish ancestry. font color BlueViolet Purple font signifies that a plurality of the population reported French ancestry. font color LemonChiffon Tan font signifies that a plurality of the population reported German ancestry. font color LightBlue Light Blue font signifies that a plurality of the population reported Inuit or First Nations ancestry. Information Description A chloropleth map of Canada showing the dominant ancestry group of each province. Date November 15, 2007 source Author Author User Whytecypress other versions Licensing GFDL self no disclaimers migration relicense Copy to Wikimedia Commons bot Fbot priority true ... more details
Summary Information Description October 4, 2003 Louisiana Gubernatorial Election results by parish. http www400.sos.louisiana.gov 8090 cgibin ?rqstyp elcmp&rqsdta 10040310012919 br Red &ndash Parishes in which candidate Bobby Jindal obtained a plurality of majority of the votes cast. Blue &ndash Parishes in which candidate Kathleen Blanco obtained a plurality of majority of the votes cast. Light Green &ndash Parishes in which candidate Richard leyoub obtained a plurality of majority of the votes cast. Light Purple &ndash Parishes in which candidate Buddy Leach obtained a plurality of majority of the votes cast. Orange &ndash Parishes in which candidate Randy Ewing obtained a plurality of majority of the votes cast. Light Blue &ndash Parishes in which candidate Hunt Downer obtained a plurality of majority of the votes cast. Source I created this work entirely by myself. Date October 27, 2008 Author User Acntx Acntx User talk Acntx talk other versions Licensing GFDL self migration relicense Copy to Wikimedia Commons bot Fbot priority true ... more details
SMPS may refer to Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer Single member plurality system Society for Marketing Professional Services Switched mode power supply disambig Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages ... more details
Summary Information Description October 20, 2007 Louisiana Gubernatorial Election results by parish. http www400.sos.louisiana.gov 8090 cgibin ?rqstyp elcmp&rqsdta 10200710012919 br Red &ndash Parishes in which candidate Bobby Jindal obtained a plurality of majority of the votes cast. Orange &ndash Parishes in which candidate Walter Boasso obtained a plurality of majority of the votes cast. Light Green &ndash Parishes in which candidate John Georges obtained a plurality of majority of the votes cast. Blue &ndash Parishes in which candidate Foster Campbell obtained a plurality of majority of the votes cast. Source I created this work entirely by myself. Date October 27, 2008 Author User Acntx Acntx User talk Acntx talk other versions Licensing GFDL self migration relicense Copy to Wikimedia Commons bot Fbot priority true ... more details
Summary Information Description October 24, 1987 Louisiana Gubernatorial Election results by parish. http www400.sos.louisiana.gov 8090 cgibin ?rqstyp elcmp&rqsdta 10248710012919 br Red &ndash Parishes in which candidate Buddy Roemer obtained a plurality of majority of the votes cast. Blue &ndash Parishes in which candidate Edwin Edwards obtained a plurality of majority of the votes cast. Light Green &ndash Parishes in which candidate Bob Livingston obtained a plurality of majority of the votes cast. Orange &ndash Parishes in which candidate Billy Tauzin obtained a plurality of majority of the votes cast. Source I created this work entirely by myself. Date October 27, 2008 Author User Acntx Acntx User talk Acntx talk other versions Licensing GFDL self migration relicense Copy to Wikimedia Commons bot Fbot priority true ... more details
Summary Information Description October 19, 1991 Louisiana Gubernatorial Election results by parish. The red highlighted parishes are those in which candidate David Duke obtained a plurality or majority of the votes cast. The blue highlighted parishes are those in which candidate Edwin Edwards obtained a plurality or majority of the votes cast, and Buddy Roemer obtained a plurality or majority of votes cast in the green highlighted parishes. http www400.sos.louisiana.gov 8090 cgibin ?rqstyp elcmp&rqsdta 10199110012919 Source I created this work entirely by myself. Date October 26, 2008 Author User Acntx Acntx User talk Acntx talk other versions Licensing GFDL self migration relicense Copy to Wikimedia Commons bot Fbot priority true ... more details
PD ineligible Candidate sheet for Spanish Senate elections 2004 in Madrid. The voter can cast up to 3 votes, in this case, for the 3 People s Party Spain PP candidates. This is a form of Plurality at large voting partial block voting , as there are 4 seats up for election. ... more details
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