- Pliocene
This article is in Commonwealth English Neogene The Pliocene IPAc en icon p l a . s i n archaically ... See the 2009 version of the ICS geologic time scale ref million years before present. The Pliocene is the second and youngest epoch of the Neogene Period in the Cenozoic Cenozoic Era . The Pliocene follows the Miocene Epoch and is followed by the Pleistocene Epoch. The Pliocene was named by Sir Charles ... defining the onset of the Pliocene are not set at an easily identified worldwide event but rather at regional boundaries between the warmer Miocene and the relatively cooler Pliocene. The upper ... of the International Commission on Stratigraphy ICS , the Pliocene is subdivided into two stage ... Ma The Piacenzian is sometimes referred to as the Late Pliocene, whereas the Zanclean is referred to as the Early Pliocene. In the system of North American Land Mammal Ages the Pliocene overlaps with two ... Mammal Ages , the Pliocene overlaps with the Montehermosan 6.8 4.0 Ma , Chapadmalalan 4.0 3.0 Ma and Uquian 3.0 1.2 Ma . In the Paratethys area central Europe and parts of western Asia the Pliocene ... regional and local subdivisions in use. Climate Main Pliocene climate File Pliocene sst anomaly.png thumb 200px Mid Pliocene reconstructed annual sea surface temperature anomaly During the Pliocene ... in the mid Pliocene 3.3 mya 3 mya was 2 3 C higher than today, ref Robinson, M., H.J. Dowsett, and M.A. Chandler, 2008 Pliocene role in assessing future climate impacts. Eos Trans. Amer. Geophys ... 25 m higher ref Dwyer, G.S., and M.A. Chandler, 2009 Mid Pliocene sea level and continental ice volume ... ice sheet Greenland that occurred in the late Pliocene around 3 Ma. ref Bartoli, G. et al. Final ... of the epoch. The global cooling that occurred during the Pliocene may have spurred on the disappearance ... tertiary pli.html title The Pliocene epoch accessdate 2008 03 25 work University of California ... of Panama during the Pliocene, making possible the Great American Interchange and bringing a nearly ... more details
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- Pliocene climate
multiple image align right direction vertical width 300 image1 Pliocene sst anomaly.png caption1 Mid Pliocene reconstructed annual sea surface temperature anomaly image2 Pliocene benthic carbonate 18O.png caption2 sup 18 sup O Benthic foraminifera 0 7 Ma During the Pliocene epoch 5.3 Ma to 2.6 Ma climate ... in the mid Pliocene 3.3 Ma 3 Ma was 2 3 C higher than today ref cite journal author Robinson M., Dowsett H.J., Chandler M.A. title Pliocene role in assessing future climate impacts journal Eos Trans ... author Dwyer G.S., Chandler M.A. title Mid Pliocene sea level and continental ice volume based on coupled ... glaciation over Greenland that occurred in the late Pliocene around 3 Ma. ref cite journal ... during the Pliocene may have spurred on the disappearance of forests and the spread of grasslands and savannas. ref cite web url http www.ucmp.berkeley.edu tertiary pli.html title The Pliocene epoch accessdate 2008 03 25 work University of California Museum of Paleontology date ref During the Pliocene ... M.A., Cronin T.M., Dwyer G.S. title Middle Pliocene sea surface temperature variability journal Paleoceanography ... A.C., deMenocal P.B., Barreiro M., Pacanowski R.C., Philander S.G. title The Pliocene paradox mechanisms ..., Foster G.L., Haywood A.M., Stone E.J. title Late Pliocene Greenland glaciation controlled by a decline ... El Ni o state existed in the early mid Pliocene , warmer temperature in the eastern equatorial pacific ... Pliocene has been estimated at around 400 ppmv from sup 13 sup C sup 12 sup C ratio in organic marine matter ref cite journal author Raymo M.E., Grant B., Horowitz M., Rau G.H. title Mid Pliocene ... carbon dioxide levels during late Pliocene may have contributed substantially to global cooling and the onset of northern hemisphere glaciation. ref name Lunt08 West antarctic ice sheet File Pliocene topography ice.png thumb 200px Mid Pliocene reconstructed terrain and ice sheet elevation West Antarctic ... Obliquity paced Pliocene West Antarctic ice sheet oscillations journal Nature volume 458 issue 7236 ... more details
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- Saga of Pliocene Exile
2009 The Saga of Pliocene Exile or the Saga of the Exiles is a series of science fiction science ... of Pliocene Exile known as the Saga of the Exiles in some markets is a narrative surrounding ... way time gate to Earth s Pliocene epoch, in the hopes of finding a simple utopia where they can ... the Pliocene is already inhabited by a Dimorphism dimorphic race of aliens exotics , the Tanu ... on Pliocene Earth as well. The Tanu exotics have difficulty reproducing on Earth due to the high ... metapsychic powers . Pliocene races Tanu and Firvulag The exotics inhabiting the Pliocene Epoch, despite ... one member of the race which inhabits Lene appears in the Saga of Pliocene Exile. She is Brede Shipspouse ... s crystal body. Humans Humans in the Pliocene Epoch play a variety of different roles and are difficult .... Nevertheless, there are some humans born in the Pliocene ie. Sunny Jim Quigley and Calistro, a goat ... trauma. Lowlives The Lowlives is a term referring to humans in Pliocene Europe. The Firvulag call all humans Lowlives, while the Tanu and humanity reserve the term for those humans in Pliocene Europe ... Milieu the Lylmik, Gi, Krondaku, Poltroyans, and Simbiari and the Tanu and Firvulag of the Pliocene ... use them. In the Pliocene Epoch, the Firvulag were naturally operant. They did not require torcs or other ... Milieu are not allowed to enter Exile, so most humans in the Pliocene are latent at most. The few who ... PK Tanu used this ability to levitate a number of Tanu and their chaliko steeds as a Pliocene Wild ... of Pliocene Exile and explored a little in the Galactic Milieu trilogy. May does not clarify whether ... also by Julian May. For the purposes of the Saga of Pliocene Exile only Brede, Felice and later Marc ... this material. The Many Colored Land is the first book in the Saga of Pliocene Exile. It climaxes ... Tanu city of Finiah. The Golden Torc is the second book of the Saga of Pliocene Exile. Although the idea ... in the Saga of Pliocene Exile, and it introduces the character of Marc Remillard, the Angel of the Abyss ... more details
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- Pliohyrax
unreferenced date February 2009 Taxobox name Pliohyrax fossil range Fossil range Pliocene regnum Animal ia phylum Chordata classis Mammalia ordo Hyracoidea familia Pliohyracidae genus Pliohyrax genus authority Henry Fairfield Osborn Osborn , 1899 Pliohyrax , a genus believed extinct since the Pliocene , is one of the larger hyracoids the cavy like group of animals most closely related to elephants and manatees . It grew to sizes greatly exceeding those of any living hyrax , though it was by no means the largest member of this family. paleo mammal stub Category Prehistoric hyraxes Category Hyraxes Category Pliocene mammals Category Pliocene extinctions zh ... more details
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- File:Coral bivalve Yorktown Fm.jpg
movetocommons Summary Coral growing on a Crepidula sp. slipper snail collected from the Pliocene Yorktown Formation Licensing PD self date March 2010 ... more details
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- File:Balanus Yorktown Fm.jpg
movetocommons Summary Balanus sp. from Carters Grove Bluffs outcrop of the Pliocene Yorktown Formation , growing on a bivalve. Licensing PD self date April 2010 ... more details
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- Dinopithecus
Orphan date February 2009 Unreferenced date February 2009 Taxobox name Dinopithecus fossil range Pliocene regnum Animal ia phylum Chordata classis Mammal ia ordo Primate s familia Cercopithecidae genus Dinopithecus Dinopithecus was an extinct giant baboon as big as a grown man that lived during the Pliocene . portal Paleontology Paleo primate stub Category Pliocene mammals Category Prehistoric mammals of Africa Category Prehistoric primates ... more details
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- Ceratotherium mauritanicum
Wikify date November 2010 Ceratotherium mauritanicum Pomel, 1888 , is a fossil African Rhinoceros thought to be the ancestor of the extant White rhinoceros Ceratotherium simum , with transitional forms being found in East Africa ref PLIOCENE RHINOCEROTIDAE MAMMALIA FROM HADAR AND DIKIKA LOWER AWASH, ETHIOPIA . AND REVISION OF THE ORIGIN OF MODERN AFRICAN RHINOS, Denis Geraads, 2005 ref References references Category Prehistoric mammals of Africa Category Pliocene mammals Category Prehistoric rhinoceroses Category Pliocene paleo oddtoedungulate stub ... more details
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- Josephoartigasia
italictitle Automatic taxobox image Josephoartigasia BW.jpg fossil range Early Pliocene Early to Late Pliocene Late Pliocene image caption Josephoartigasia monesi reconstruction taxon Josephoartigasia authority Mones, 2007 subdivision ranks Species subdivision Josephoartigasia monesi Josephoartigasia magna Josephoartigasia is an extinct genus of rodent from the Early to Late Pliocene that is related to the living pacarana . The genus includes the largest known rodent, Josephoartigasia monesi . ref cite web url http news.bbc.co.uk 2 hi science nature 7408743.stm title Biggest rodent shrinks in size publisher BBC News date 2008 05 21 ref It resembles a modern capybara . References reflist portal Paleontology Category Hystricognath rodents Category Prehistoric pacaranas Category Pliocene mammals Category Megafauna of South America paleo rodent stub es Josephoartigasia hu Josephoartigasia pt Josephoartigasia ... more details
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- Hinasuri
Italic title Taxobox name Hinasuri image image width 250px image caption fossil range Pliocene regnum Animal ia phylum Chordate Chordata classis bird Aves ordo Rheiformes familia Rheidae genus Hinasuri genus authority Florentino Ameghino Ameghino , 1891 subdivision ranks Species subdivision H. nehuensis Hinasuri is an extinct genus of Rhea bird rhea from the Pliocene . Its fossils have been found in Argentina . Sources The Origin and Evolution of Birds by Alan Feduccia Category Ratites Category Prehistoric birds Category Pliocene birds Category Prehistoric birds of South America paleo bird stub hr Hinasuri ... more details
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- Paratetralophodon
unreferenced date February 2009 Taxobox fossil range Fossil range Early Miocene Late Pliocene regnum Animal ia phylum Chordate Chordata classis Mammalia ordo Proboscidea familia Gomphotheriidae genus Paratetralophodon subdivision ranks Species subdivision P. hasnotensis Paratetralophodon is an extinct genus of gomphothere . Paratetralophodon may be an ancestor of Tetralophodon . The elephant like animal lived through the Miocene and Pliocene epochs. It had four tusk s and a Elephant Trunk trunk . Category Pliocene mammals Category Miocene mammals Category Gomphotheres paleo mammal stub portal Paleontology ... more details
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- Kvabebihyrax
Taxobox name Kvabebihyrax fossil range Late Pliocene regnum Animal ia phylum Chordata classis Mammalia ordo Hyracoidea familia Pliohyracidae genus Kvabebihyrax genus authority Gabunia & Vekua, 1966 Kvabebihyrax is an extinct genus of hyrax from the Europe an Pliocene . With a length of 1.6 metres 5 ft 4 in , Kvabebihyrax was much larger than modern hyraxes. Its robust body and eyes placed high on the skull gave it a hippopotamus like appearance. It also had large incisors in both jaw s ref cite book editor Palmer, D. year 1999 title The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals publisher Marshall Editions location London isbn 1 84028 152 9 page 237 ref . References reflist Category Prehistoric hyraxes Category Hyraxes Category Pliocene mammals Category Pliocene extinctions paleo mammal stub portal Paleontology la Kvabebihyrax mt Kvabebihyrax pl Kvabebihyrax ... more details
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- Mammuthus africanavus
unreferenced date February 2009 italictitle Taxobox name African Mammoth fossil range Early Pliocene image Mammuthus africanavus.JPG regnum Animal ia phylum Chordate Chordata classis Mammal ia ordo Proboscidea familia Elephantidae genus Mammuthus species M. africanavus binomial Mammuthus africanavus binomial authority Camille Arambourg Arambourg , 1952 The Africa n Mammoth , Mammuthus africanavus , literally, African Ancestor Mammoth , is among the oldest of mammoth species , having first appeared around 4.8 million years ago during the Pliocene . Its fossils have been found in Pliocene deposits in Chad , Libya , Morocco and Tunisia . Category Prehistoric elephants Category Pliocene mammals paleo mammal stub portal Paleontology ca Mamut afric es Mammuthus africanavus fr Mammuthus africanavus it Mammuthus africanavus hu Afrikai mamut pl Mammuthus africanavus ... more details
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- Eumegamys
Taxobox name Eumegamys fossil range Late Miocene Pliocene image image width image caption regnum Animal ia phylum Chordate Chordata classis Mammal ia ordo Rodent ia familia Dinomyidae subfamilia Eumegamyinae genus Eumegamys genus authority Kralievich, 1926 subdivision ranks Species subdivision Eumegamys is an extinct genus of Dinomyidae dinomyid rodent from the late Miocene and Pliocene of South America . Sources McKenna, Malcolm C., and Bell, Susan K. 1997. Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. Columbia University Press, New York, 631 pp. ISBN 0 231 11013 8 Category Hystricognath rodents Category Prehistoric pacaranas Category Miocene mammals Category Pliocene mammals Category Pliocene extinctions Category Prehistoric mammals of South America Category Megafauna of South America paleo rodent stub hu Eumegamys ... more details
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- File:Carters Grove Bluffs Yorktown Fm.jpg
Summary Outcop of Pliocene Yorktown Formation at Carters Grove Bluffs along the James River , Virginia. Taken 2001. Geologist s in foreground. Licensing PD self date March 2010 ... more details
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- File:Sunken Meadow Mbr Yorktown Fm.jpg
Summary Sunken Meadow Member of Pliocene Yorktown Formation at Carters Grove Bluffs along the James River , Virginia. Rock hammer for scale. Taken 2001. Licensing PD self date March 2010 ... more details
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- File:Rushmere Mbr Yorktown Fm.jpg
Summary Rushmere Member of Pliocene Yorktown Formation at Carters Grove Bluffs along the James River , Virginia. Rock hammer for scale. Taken 2001. Licensing PD self date March 2010 ... more details
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- M. compactus
M. compactus may refer to Metridiochoerus compactus , an extinct pig species indigenous to the Pliocene and Pleistocene of Africa Molophilus compactus , a crane fly species in the genus Molophilus See also Compactus Species Latin name abbreviation disambiguation ... more details
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- T. platensis
T. platensis may refer to Toxodon platensis , an extinct mammal species of the late Pliocene and Pleistocene epochs indigenous to South America Triatoma platensis , an assassin bug species See also Platensis Species Latin name abbreviation disambiguation ... more details
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- Heterorhea
italictitle Taxobox name Heterorhea fossil range fossil range Pliocene image image caption regnum Animal ia phylum Chordate Chordata classis Bird Aves ordo Struthioniformes familia Rheidae genus extinction Heterorhea genus authority Rovereto, 1914 Heterorhea is an extinct genus of ratite in the Rheidae rhea family . References The Origin and Evolution of Birds by Alan Feduccia Category Ratites Category Pliocene birds Category Fossil taxa described in 1914 paleo bird stub ... more details
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- Stegolophodon
unreferenced date February 2009 italic title File Stegolophodon latidens.JPG thumb Tooth Stegolophodon is an extinct genus of proboscidea n. Stegolophodon was a gomphothere with four tusks and a Elephant Trunk trunk . It lived in the Miocene and Pliocene Epochs, and may have evolved into Stegodon . paleo mammal stub Category Gomphotheres Category Miocene mammals Category Pliocene mammals Category Prehistoric elephants fr Stegolophodon it Stegolophodon ... more details
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- Meninatherium
Unreferenced date February 2009 Meninatherium is an extinct genus of the Asia n rhinoceros . Meninatherium had one horn anatomy horn on its snout and was covered in fur. It lived during the Pliocene and Pleistocene epochs. It was a prototype Vague date February 2009 of the woolly rhinoceros . Category Prehistoric rhinoceroses Category Pliocene mammals Category Pleistocene mammals Category Prehistoric mammals of Asia paleo oddtoedungulate stub fr Meninatherium telleri ... more details
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- Villanyian
Villanyian age is a period of geologic time 3.4 1.8 Mya unit Ma within the Pliocene used more specifically with European Land Mammal Ages . It precedes the Ruscinian age and overlaps the early Piacenzian and Zanclean ages. ref http paleodb.org cgi bin bridge.pl?action displayInterval&interval no 288 Paleo Database Villanyian ref reflist Category Pliocene Neogene Footer geochronology stub ... more details
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- Ruscinian
Notability date April 2009 The Ruscian age is a period of geologic time 5.3 3.4 Mya unit Ma within the Pliocene used more specifically with European Land Mammal Ages . It precedes the Villanyian age and follows the Turolian age. The Ruscian overlaps the early Piacenzian and Zanclean ages. ref http paleodb.org cgi bin bridge.pl?action displayInterval&interval no 289 Paleo Database Ruscinian ref Notes and references reflist Neogene Footer Category Pliocene geochronology stub ... more details
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- Chapadmalalan
The Chapadmalalan age is a period of geologic time 4.0 3.0 Mya unit Ma within the Pliocene epoch of the Neogene used more specifically with South American Land Mammal Ages . It follows the Montehermosan and precedes the Uquian age. ref http paleodb.org cgi bin bridge.pl?action displayInterval&interval no 721 Paleo Database Chapadmalalan ref References reflist Category Pliocene Neogene Footer geochronology stub ... more details
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