Quaternary The Pleistocene IPAc en icon p l a s t s i n is the epoch geology epoch from 2,588,000 to 12,000 years BP that spans the world s recent period of repeated glaciation s. The name pleistocene is derived from the Greek Polytonic pleistos most and Polytonic kainos new . The Pleistocene ... Epoch . The Pleistocene is the first epoch of the Quaternary period geology Period or 6th epoch of the Cenozoic ... Gibbard, P. and van Kolfschoten, T. 2004 The Pleistocene and Holocene Epochs Chapter 22 ... The end of the Pleistocene corresponds with the retreat of the Last glacial period last continental ... timescale, the Pleistocene is divided into four stage stratigraphy stages or age geology ages , the Gelasian , Calabrian stage Calabrian , Middle Pleistocene Ionian and Tarantian . All of these stages ... subdivisions are often used. Dating The Pleistocene has been dated from 2.588 million 5,000 years to 12,000 ... Sciences IUGS confirmed a change in time period for the Pleistocene, changing the start date from 1.8 to 2.588 million years BP, and accepted the base of the Gelasian as the base of the Pleistocene ... on redefinition of Pleistocene and formal definition of base of Quaternary International Union of Geological ... and Point GSSP , for the upper Pleistocene Holocene boundary i.e. the upper boundary . The proposed ... period Journal of Geophysical Research 110 D02108 ref The lower boundary of the Pleistocene Series ... chronostratigraphic scale Episodes 21 pp. 82 87 ref The Pleistocene covers the recent period of repeated glaciations. The name Plio Pleistocene has in the past been used to mean the last ice age. The revised definition of the Quaternary , by pushing back the start date of the Pleistocene to 2.58 Ma, results in the inclusion within the Pleistocene of all the recent repeated glaciations. Paleogeography and climate Image Pleistocene north ice map.jpg thumb The maximum extent of ice age glacial ice in the north polar area during Pleistocene time. The modern continent s were essentially at their present ... more details
Quaternary The Early Pleistocene also known as Lower Pleistocene is a epoch geology subepoch in the international geologic timescale or a series stratigraphy subseries in chronostratigraphy , being the earliest or lowest subdivision of the Quaternary period system and Pleistocene epoch series. It spans the time between 2.588 0.005 annum Ma million years ago and 0.781 0.005 Ma. The Early Pleistocene consists of the Gelasian and the Calabrian stage Calabrian age geology ages . Notes references Geological history p c Category Pleistocene geochronology stub de Altpleistoz n it Pleistocene inferiore nds Ooltpleistoz n nn Tidleg pleistocen pt Pleistoceno Inferior sh Rani pleistocen vi Pleistocen s m ... more details
Quaternary The Middle Pleistocene , more specifically referred to as the Ionian stage , is a period of geologic time from ca. 781 to 126 thousand years ago. The base of the Ionian Stage succeeds the Calabrian Stage the beginning of the Brunhes Matuyama reversal and precedes the Tyrrhenian Stage or Upper Pleistocene , which in turn spans from the beginning of the last interglacial Marine isotopic stage 5 to the base of the Holocene 10.5 ka . Although experts are not yet in agreement on how to subdivide the stages of the Pleistocene epoch, a possible international consensus on one subdivision of the Pleistocene epoch called the Ionian Stage exists. The Ionian stage includes all of the European Sicilian Stage and the first part of the Tyrrhenian Stage . Origin Suitable sections for defining the base of the Ionian Stage are located in southern Italy. During Lower and Middle Pleistocene the Adriatic Ionian sea Ionian margin was characterized by high sedimentation rates, in response to intense differential tectonic subsidence and massive sedimentary yield. Specifically, candidate sections are the Montalbano Jonico Section Bradanic Trough, Basilicata Region and the Valle di Manche Nord Section San Mauro Marchesato , Crotone Basin, Calabria Region . In the former, a spectacular succession .... Presently, the Montalbano Ionico section is possibly the main candidate for defining the Lower Pleistocene Lower Middle Pleistocene boundary, when a reliable magnetostratigraphic record is found. Faunal stages North American Land Mammal Ages within the Middle Pleistocene South American Land Mammal Ages within the Middle Pleistocene Asian Land Mammal Ages within the Middle Pleistocene European Land Mammal Ages within the Middle Pleistocene References http www.stratigraphy.org geowhen stages Middle Pleistocene.html GeoWhen Database Middle Pleistocene Quaternary Footer Geological history p c Category Pleistocene de Mittelpleistoz n it Pleistocene medio nn Mellompleistocen nds Middelpleistoz n ... more details
Quaternary The Late Pleistocene also known as Upper Pleistocene or the Tarantian is a faunal stage stage of the Pleistocene epoch geology Epoch . The beginning of the stage is defined by the base of Eemian interglacial phase before final glacial episode of Pleistocene 126,000 5,000 years ago. The end of the stage is defined exactly at 10,000 Radiocarbon dating Carbon 14 years Before Present BP before present . The stage is followed by Holocene . Much of the Late Pleistocene Epoch was dominated by glaciation the Wisconsin glaciation in North America and corresponding glacial periods in Eurasia . Many megafauna became extinct over this period, a trend that continued into Holocene . Also, Homo genus human species other than the human modern human died out. Humanity spread to every continent except for Antarctica during the Late Pleistocene. Paleoclimatology stages Younger Dryas Aller d oscillation Aller d Older Dryas B lling oscillation B lling Oldest Dryas North American Land Mammal Ages within the Late Pleistocene Rancholabrean age 0.3 Ma. Upper boundary 0.011 Ma. Further reading Ehlers, J., and P.L. Gibbard, 2004a, Quaternary Glaciations Extent and Chronology 2 Part II North America. Elsevier, Amsterdam. ISBN 0 444 51462 7 Ehlers, J., and P L. Gibbard, 2004b, Quaternary Glaciations Extent and Chronology 3 Part III South America, Asia, Africa, Australia, Antarctica. ISBN 0 444 51593 3 Gillespie, A.R., S.C. Porter, and B.F. Atwater, 2004, The Quaternary Period in the United States. Developments in Quaternary Science no. 1. Elsevier, Amsterdam. ISBN 978 0 444 51471 4 Mangerud, J., J. Ehlers, and P. Gibbard, 2004, Quaternary Glaciations Extent and Chronology 1 Part I Europe. Elsevier, Amsterdam. ISBN 0 444 51462 7 Sibrava, V., Bowen, D.Q, and Richmond, G.M., 1986, Quaternary ... Geological history p c Category Pleistocene geochronology stub de Jungpleistoz n gl Pleistoceno Superior ko it Pleistocene superiore nn Sein pleistocen nds Jungpleistoz n pt Pleistoceno ... more details
The term Plio Pleistocene refers to the geological period more recent than circa 5 million years Ma ago, incorporating both the formally defined epochs of the Pliocene and the Pleistocene . Strictly, this would exclude the Holocene the last 12 thousand years but informally most Earth Scientists would probably consider the term to incorporate this period. ref e.g., Anderson, R.S., Molnar, P. and Kessler, M.A., 2006, Features of glacial valley profiles simply explained, J. Geophys. Res., v. 111, F01004, doi 10.1029 2005JF000344. ref The term is particularly useful since the Plio Pleistocene covers a period of gradual but prolonged long term atmospheric cooling from generally warmer temperatures in the earlier Neogene towards Late Pleistocene or indeed modern, if the present Holocene interglacial is considered as superimposed on the longer trend conditions. ref Lisiecki, L.E., and Raymo, M.E., 2005, A Plio Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic d18O records, Paleoceanography, v. 20, PA1003, doi 10.1029 2004PA001071. ref The mid Pliocene saw the initiation of Northern Hemisphere glaciation at around 3 Ma, ref Bartoli, G. et al., 2005, Final closure of Panama and the onset of northern hemisphere glaciation, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., v. 237, 3344. ref and many authors may informally use Plio Pleistocene as a synonym for the period in which the Northern Hemisphere has been glaciated. In a specifically archaeology archaeological context, Plio Pleistocene has been used to describe a long and continuous run of dated sedimentary layers in Jakarta, East Africa Fact date February 2007 . This archaeological pseudo period dates from about 2.5 annum Ma to 1.5 Ma, straddling the boundary between the Pliocene and Pleistocene . The contents of its layers give a clear view of the continuous development of recent vertebrates , especially hominin s. Category Pliocene Category Pleistocene References Reflist ... more details
rewilded in the Pleistocene Park as a closely related substitute for the Steppe Wisent , which flourished in the region during the last ice age , but is now extinct . Pleistocene Park Russian language ... title Pleistocene Park Underway Home for Reborn Mammoths? newspaper National Geographic date May 17 ... help from the Russian scientists who have established Pleistocene Park. ... ref Goals The effort is being ..., part of a Pleistocene Park. Work on the project has begun, and so far there are horses, moose ... the hypothesis that hunting, and not climate change, destroyed the wildlife. The aim of Pleistocene .... This argument is the justification for rewilding conservation biology rewilding Pleistocene Park ... are other forms of Pleistocene survivors which still reside in the local wilderness such as reindeer ... herbivore that was present in the Pleistocene and was recently saved from the brink of extinction ... niches in Siberia and regenerate the Pleistocene terrain with its different ecological habitats ... grasslands that covered the Beringia region in the late Pleistocene. This form of grassland which ... in the Pleistocene the area was populated by many species of grazers which assembled in large herds ... to the taiga . In this terrain there was to be found the browsing predation browsers of the Pleistocene ... going goats and deer. Some of these were Snow sheep , Llama and Mountain deer . Back in the Pleistocene ... originally evolved in North America before becoming extinct there at the end of the Pleistocene ... between central Asia and North America where Pleistocene park is situated. Other herbivores which were abundant during the Pleistocene in this region but which are now faced with possible extinction ... of more Pleistocene like carnivores as there is a need for large carnivores to keep control .... Paul s island and Wrangel island , both of which are situated very close to the location of Pleistocene ... and administration Pleistocene Park is a 160 km sup 2 sup scientific nature reserve zakaznik , owned ... more details
See also Rewilding Institute Copyedit date October 2009 Pleistocene Rewilding promotes the reintroduction of descendants of Pleistocene megafauna , or their close ecological equivalents. Toward the end of the Pleistocene era, from roughly 13,000 to 10,000 years ago, nearly all megafauna of South, Central, North America and Europe dwindled toward Pleistocene extinction extinction . With the loss of the large ... , the originator of the Pleistocene rewilding idea, claimed that present Ecosystem ecological communities ... ref Pleistocene rewilding is an extension of the conservation practice of rewilding conservation ... coauthors D.I. Rubenstein, P.W. Sherman, T.A. Gavin title Pleistocene Park Does re wilding North ... that Pleistocene rewilding is based upon the dynamics of ecosystems many thousands of years ago lends ... role in conservation efforts. Thus communities where species evolved in response to Pleistocene ... last Galetti first M. title Parks of the Pleistocene Recreating the cerrado and the Pantanal with megafauna ... journal last Donlan first C.J. coauthors et al. title Pleistocene Rewilding An Optimistic Agenda ... or endangered . If implemented, Pleistocene rewilding could serve as additional refugia to help ... asiatic cheetah end of a trail&cd 118&hl en&ct clnk&gl ca&client firefox a Pleistocene Rewilding ... ecological niches that have been vacant since the Pleistocene. ref name Donatti Cite book first ... Schupp, and D. Wescott ref Prospective taxa for reintroduction The Pleistocene rewilding project ... in the Pleistocene era and was common in the Holocene up until very recent times. Its reintroduction ... present in the Pleistocene in order to support grassland and extant shrubland . This is necessary ... is a major icon of American wildlife and was present in millions during the Pleistocene and up ... , a species of New World wild pig which was abundant in the Pleistocene in the form of many species ..., but went extinct in their evolutionary homeland alongside the mammoths and ground sloths. The Pleistocene ... more details
Quaternary Pleistocene megafauna is the set of species of large animals &mdash mammal s, bird s and reptile s &mdash that lived on Earth during the Pleistocene epoch geology epoch and became extinct in a Quaternary extinction event . These species appear to have died off as human s expanded out of Africa and southern Asia , the only continents that still retain a diversity of megafauna comparable to what was lost. The Americas, northern Eurasia, Australia and many larger Islands lost the vast majority of their larger and all of their largest mammals. Four theory theories have been given for these extinctions hunting by the spreading humans, ref Marc A. Carrasco, Anthony D. Barnosky, Russell W. Graham http www.plosone.org article info 3Adoi 2F10.1371 2Fjournal.pone.0008331 Quantifying the Extent of North American Mammal Extinction Relative to the Pre Anthropogenic Baseline plosone.org December 16, 2009 ref Climate change climatic change , spreading disease , and an impact from an asteroid or comet, ref name Globe9 25 07pA2 Citation last Nickerson first Colin title http www.boston.com news nation articles 2007 09 25 cosmic blast may have killed off megafauna Cosmic blast may have killed off megafauna Scientists say early humans doomed, too page A2. publisher The Boston Globe location Boston, MA date September 25, 2007 ref a combination of which is also possible. North America Image Dinornis1387.jpg thumb 200px Sir Richard Owen and a Dinornis Moa skeleton. Pleistocene fauna animals fauna in the Americas included giant sloth s Arctodus simus short faced bears Ursus maritimus tyrannus ... ref South America South American wildlife in the Pleistocene varied greatly, an example is the giant ... s, crocodilians, testudine s and monitors and numerous large flightless birds. Pleistocene ... recreations of Pleistocene mammals, including mammoths, woolly rhinos, and megaloceros. References reflist Category Prehistoric mammals Category Pleistocene animals Category Pleistocene extinctions ... more details
Copy to Wikimedia Commons Information description Iowa Pleistocene Snail , Endangered. source http www.iowadnr.com other images snail.jpg date author Original work Iowa Department of Natural Resources . Ruler was added by User Beao . permission Any person is hereby authorized to view, copy, print, and distribute documents on this site without condition. We ask you to extend the courtesy of crediting the material to the Iowa Department of Natural Resources . http www.iowadnr.gov policy.html other versions Licensing Attribution Iowa Department of Natural Resources ... more details
File Florida 2.5mya.png thumb 175px right Pleistocene Florida during glacial advancement approximately 2.5 million years ago. Leon County Pleistocene coastal terraces and shorelines were the geologic result of warming and cooling periods in what is now Leon County, Florida during the Pleistocene epoch . Overview Repeated growth and retreat of the Wisconsinian glaciation North American glacial sheet resulted in fluctuations of sea level over several thousand years. Florida submerged and emerged several times leaving behind established terrace geology terraces assigned by mineral deposits and maximum sea level relative to the current mean sea level . These marine terrace s and shorelines were named by various geologists, verified and mapped by the USGS . Each glacial retreat caused sea level to rise less than the previous warming event, giving an extremely accurate depiction of the appearance of Florida. Leon County was studied in detail by C. W. Hendry and C. Sproul in 1966. Hazelhurst File Coharie Leon County Florida01.png thumb right 175px Map depicting Leon County and the Coharie terrace and shorelines of 6 islands. The Hazelhurst terrace and shoreline formerly the Brandywine was assigned by C. W. Cooke ref Cooke, C. W., Seven coastal terraces in the Southeastern states, Washington ... . During the interstadial period of late Pliocene to early Pleistocene epoch, the Hazelhurst terrace ... the Early Pleistocene glacial retreat and left behind dry land in the form of six distinct islands ... during the Early Pleistocene glacial retreat. The Okefenokee is defined by sediments at 52 to 30.5 ... become Lake Lafayette is a Pleistocene river delta with the lake s eastern section accessing the sea ..., Bjorn, Anderson, Elaine. Pleistocene mammals of North America, Columbia University Press, October ..., M.S. 970 ref and was the fourth rise in sea level during the Early Pleistocene glacial retreat. The Wicomico .... Category Natural history of Florida Category Pleistocene Category Geography of Leon County, Florida ... more details
Summary User Tabdulla Tabdulla 13 50, 13 January 2007 UTC Licensing self2 GFDL with disclaimers cc by sa 2.5,2.0,1.0 migration relicense ... more details
Summary Pleistocene Extinction Model PEM Graph of model results of the Second Order Predation Hypothesis of Pleistocene Extinctions Licensing PD self date October 2006 ... more details
Moscovian , deriving from Moscow , the capital of Russia , can have the following meanings An inhabitant of Moscow. In stratigraphy Moscovian Carboniferous , an ICS stage in the Carboniferous Moscovian Pleistocene , a regional stage in the Pleistocene. disambig ... more details
Cyrnaonyx is an extinct genus of mustelidae from the Pleistocene . Sources Fossils Smithsonian Handbooks by David Ward Page 271 Category Prehistoric mustelids Category Pleistocene mammals fr Cyrnaonyx paleo carnivora stub ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Unreferenced date February 2009 Sardolutra ichnusae is an extinct genus of otter from the late Pleistocene of Sardinia. It was originally described as Nesolutra ichnusae. Portal Paleontology Category Pleistocene mammals Paleo mammal stub ... more details
Summary Graph comparing the Overkill Hypothesis of Pleistocene Extinciton with Second Order Predation Hypothesis of Extinction. Licensing PD self date October 2006 ... more details
Summary Pleistocene Extinction Model PEM Graph of the combination of exogenous Climate Change 13.1 and Overkill Licensing PD self date October 2006 ... more details
Summary Pleistocene Extinction Model PEM graph of the combination of exogenous Climate Change 13.1 and Second Order Predation Licensing PD self date October 2006 ... more details
Summary Alive relatives and extant proxies to rewild North America. Several samples of Pleistocene Rewilding Licensing GFDL self migration relicense ... more details
unreferenced date February 2009 italictitle Taxobox name Habanocnus image Habanocnus.JPG image caption Habanocnus hoffstetteri fossil range Pleistocene regnum Animal ia phylum Chordata classis Mammalia ordo Xenarthra familia Megalonychidae genus extinction Habanocnus subdivision ranks Species subdivision H. hoffstetteri H. paulacouto Habanocnus Havana sloth is an extinct genus of ground sloth indigenous to Late Pleistocene Cuba . It was related to the genus Megalocnus paleo mammal stub Category Prehistoric sloths Category Pleistocene extinctions es Habanocnus ... more details
unreferenced date December 2010 Taxobox fossil range Pleistocene regnum Animal ia phylum Chordata classis Mammalia ordo Primates familia Cercopithecidae subfamilia Cercopithecinae genus Macaque Macaca species M. majori binomial Macaca majori binomial authority Schaub and Azzaroli, 1946 Macaca majori was a prehistoric Macaque from the Pleistocene of Sardinia , Italy Category Fossil taxa described in 1946 Category Cercopithecine monkeys Category Prehistoric monkeys Category Prehistoric mammals of Europe Category Pleistocene mammals oldworld monkey stub ... more details
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