Phototrophic may refer to Phototrophic may refer to Phototroph type plants and bacteria Phototrophic by Desert rock band Kyuss from their album ...And the Circus Leaves Town disambig ... more details
Multiple issues orphan February 2009 context October 2009 unreferenced July 2007 A retinalophototroph is a phototroph that uses either bacteriorhodopsin or proteorhodopsin for the light driven production of proton motive force. Category Botanical nomenclature science stub ... more details
Image biosphere2 1.jpg thumb right 300px Biosphere 2 Closed ecological systems CES are ecosystems that do not rely on matter exchange with any part outside the system. Although the Earth itself fits this definition fact date February 2011 , the term is most often used to describe much smaller wikt manmade manmade ecosystems. Such systems are scientifically interesting and can potentially serve as a life support system during space flight s, in space stations or space habitat s. In a closed ecological system, any waste products produced by one species must be used by at least one other species. If the purpose is to maintain a higher life form, such as a mouse or a human , waste products such as carbon dioxide , faeces and urine must eventually be converted into oxygen , food , and water . A closed ecological system must contain at least one autotroph ic organism. While both chemotroph ic and phototroph ic organisms are plausible, almost all closed ecological systems to date are based on a phototroph such as green algae . Examples Major large scale closed ecological systems include Biosphere 2 , MELiSSA , and the BIOS 1 , BIOS 2 , and BIOS 3 projects. An Ecosphere aquarium ecosphere is a glass enclosed, self contained and self sustaining closed ecosystem sold primarily as a gift or experiment. It can include tiny shrimp , algae , gravel , decorative Animal shell shell s, and gorgonia . Also bottle garden s can act as a closed ecological system. See also Biosphere Controlled Ecological Life Support System Ecology Eden Project Space colonization Spome Terraforming Sources Manmade Closed Ecological Systems. I. I. Gitelson, G. M. Lisovsky and R. D. MacElroy. Taylor & Francis 2003 ISBN 0 415 29998 5. Category Ecological processes Ecology stub Space stub Category Systems ecology es Sistema ecol gico cerrado eo Fermita ekologia sistemo fr Syst me cologique ferm pl Zamkni ty system ekologiczny zh ... more details
File Bacteriochlorophyll a.mol.svg thumb Bacteriochlorophyll a . R is phytyl or geranylgeranyl . Bacteriochlorophylls are photosynthetic pigment s that occur in various phototroph ic bacterium bacteria . They are related to chlorophyll s, which are the primary pigments in plant s, alga e, and cyanobacteria . Groups that contain bacteriochlorophyll conduct photosynthesis, but do not produce oxygen . They use wavelengths of light not absorbed by plants or Cyanobacteria . Different groups contain different types of bacteriochlorophyll class wikitable width 70 Pigment Bacterial group in vivo infrared absorption maximum nm Bacteriochlorophyll a Purple bacteria Proteobacteria , Chloracidobacterium thermophilum ref Citation last1 Bryant first1 Donald A. et al. title Candidatus Chloracidobacterium thermophilum An Aerobic Phototrophic Acidobacterium journal Science volume 317 issue 5837 pages 523 526 date 2007 07 27 year 2007 url http www.sciencemag.org cgi content abstract 317 5837 523 doi 10.1126 science.1143236 pmid 17656724 last2 Costas first2 AM last3 Maresca first3 JA last4 Chew first4 AG last5 Klatt first5 CG last6 Bateson first6 MM last7 Tallon first7 LJ last8 Hostetler first8 J last9 Nelson first9 WC ref 805, 830 890 Bacteriochlorophyll b Purple bacteria 835 850, 1020 1040 Bacteriochlorophyll c Green sulfur bacteria , Chloroflexi , Cab. thermophilum 745 755 Bacteriochlorophyll c sub s sub Green nonsulfur bacteria 740 Bacteriochlorophyll d Green sulfur bacteria 705 740 Bacteriochlorophyll e Green sulfur bacteria 719 726 Bacteriochlorophyll g Heliobacteria 670, 788 Bacteriochlorophylls a , b are bacteriochlorin s, with two reduced pyrrole rings B and D , bacteriochlorophylls c , d and e are chlorin s, with one Redox reduced pyrrole ring D , whereas bacteriochlorophyll g is unique. References Reflist Tetrapyrroles photolithotrophic bacteria Category Photosynthetic pigments Category Tetrapyrroles cs Bakteriochlorofyl de Chlorophyl ... more details
Unreferenced stub type bacteria auto yes date December 2009 Taxobox color lightgrey name Rhodocyclaceae regnum Bacterium Bacteria phylum Proteobacteria classis Beta Proteobacteria ordo Rhodocyclales familia Rhodocyclaceae subdivision ranks Genus Genera and species subdivision Azoarcus Azoarcus anaerobius Azoarcus buckelii Azoarcus communis Azoarcus evansii Azoarcus indigens Azoarcus toluclasticus Azoarcus tolulyticus Azoarcus toluvorans Azonexus Azonexus fungiphilus Azospira Azospira oryzae Azovibrio Azovibrio restrictus Dechloromonas Dechloromonas agitata Dechloromonas aromatica Ferribacterium Ferribacterium limneticum Petrobacter Petrobacter succinatimandens Propionivibrio Propionivibrio dicarboxylicus Propionivibrio limicola Propionivibrio pelophilus Quadricoccus Quadricoccus australiensis Rhodocyclus Rhodocyclus purpureus Rhodocyclus tenuis Sterolibacterium Sterolibacterium denitrificans Thauera Zoogloea Zoogloea ramigera Zoogloea resiniphila The Rhodocyclaceae are a family of gram negative bacterium bacteria . They are given their own order in the beta subgroup of Proteobacteria , and include many genera previously assigned to the family Pseudomonadaceae . The family contains mainly aerobic or denitrifying rod shaped bacteria, which exhibit very versatile metabolic capabilities. Most species live in aquatic habitats and prefer oligotrophic conditions. Many occur in waste water and play an important role in biological remediation in waste water treatment. The name giving genus Rhodocyclus is rather atypical for the group, being the only phototroph among them. Rhodocyclus sp. are performing anoxygenic photosynthesis under anoxic conditions in a similar way as other bacterial genera among the alpha Proteobacteria. The species Rhodocyclus purpureus also deviates from the other known members of the family including other Rhodocyclus species in its ring shaped cell form, which brings the two cell poles close to each other and has inspired the genus name. Category Pro ... more details
expert date September 2008 Photofermentation is the Fermentative hydrogen production fermentative conversion of organic substrate to biohydrogen manifested by a diverse group of photosynthesis photosynthetic bacteria by a series of biochemical reactions involving three steps similar to Anaerobic digestion anaerobic conversion . Photofermentation differs from dark fermentation because it only proceeds in the presence of light . For example photo fermentation with Rhodobacter sphaeroides SH2C or many other purple non sulfur bacteria ref Redwood MD, Paterson Beedle M & Macaskie LE 2008 . Integrating dark and light biohydrogen production strategies towards the hydrogen economy . Rev Environ Sci Bio Technol in press. doi 10.1007 s11157 008 9144 9 ref can be employed to convert small molecular fatty acids into hydrogen ref http cat.inist.fr ?aModele afficheN&cpsidt 18477081 High hydrogen yield from a two step process of dark and photo fermentation of sucrose ref and other products. See also Dark fermentation Fermentative hydrogen production Biohydrogen Fermentation biochemistry Hydrogen production Photochemistry Photochemical reaction Photohydrogen Phototroph Photobiology Electrohydrogenesis Microbial fuel cell References Reflist External links Wiktionary photofermentation http www.liebertonline.com doi abs 10.1089 ind.2006.2.44 Photo fermentation http www.sciencedirect.com science? ob ArticleURL& udi B6THB 4K4WMXF 1& user 10& rdoc 1& fmt & orig search& sort d&view c& version 1& urlVersion 0& userid 10&md5 4000b749160c23c893dd4d1e1410d6cf Enhancing phototropic hydrogen production by solid carrier assisted fermentation and internal optical fiber illumination Category Catalysis Category Hydrogen production Category Hydrogen biology Category Environmental engineering Category Biofuels renewable energy stub ... more details
CHU 13 medium is a culture medium used in microbiology for the growth of certain algal species, first published by S.P. Chu in 1942 ref S.P. Chu Aug., 1942 The Journal of Ecology, Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 284 325. ref . It is used as growth medium for the biofuel candidate alga Botryococcus braunii . ref C. Largeau, E. Casadevall, C. Berkaloff and P. Dhamelincout 1980 Phytochemistry, 19, 1943. ref CHU 13 includes essential minerals and trace Chemical element elements that are required by algae for growth, but does not include a carbon source and so is only appropriate for growth of phototroph s. It can be prepared as either a liquid medium or as an agar medium. class wikitable Modified CHU13 Medium, one liter ref name Yamaguchi cite journal author K. Yamaguchi et al. journal Agric. Biol. Chem. volume 51 year 1987 pages 493 498 issue 2 ref Compound mg L Potassium nitrate KNO sub 3 sub align right 400 K sub 2 sub HPO sub 4 sub align right 80 Calcium chloride CaCl sub 2 sub dihydrate align right 107 Magnesium sulfate MgSO sub 4 sub heptahydrate align right 200 Ferric Citrate align right 20 Citric acid align right 100 CoCl2 CoCl sub 2 sub align right 0.02 Boric acid H sub 3 sub BO sub 3 sub align right 5.72 MnCl2 MnCl sub 2 sub tetrahydrate align right 3.62 ZnSO4 ZnSO sub 4 sub heptahydrate align right 0.44 CuSO4 CuSO sub 4 sub pentahydrate align right 0.16 Na sub 2 sub MoO sub 4 sub align right 0.084 0.072 N Sulfuric acid H sub 2 sub SO sub 4 sub align right 1 drop The remaining volume is pure, de ionized water. Because it is difficult to weigh out some of the trace minerals, it is advisable to create a mixture of all components at a large concentration, such as a thousand times these measures, and then mix with the appropriate amount of pure, de ionized water. Correct pH to 7.5, and then autoclave. External links http answers.yahoo.com question index?qid 20081217192542AAkM62U A recipe for 2X CHU 13 media References reflist Category Microbiological media Microbiology stub ... more details
Purple bacteria or purple photosynthetic bacteria are proteobacteria that are phototroph ic, that is capable of producing energy through photosynthesis . ref name bryantfrigaard cite journal author D.A. Bryant & N. U. Frigaard month November year 2006 title Prokaryotic photosynthesis and phototrophy illuminated journal Trends Microbiol. volume 14 issue 11 pages 488 doi 10.1016 j.tim.2006.09.001 pmid 16997562 ref They are pigmented with bacteriochlorophyll a or b , together with various carotenoid s. These give them colours ranging between purple, red, brown, and orange. Metabolism Photosynthesis takes place at reaction centers on the cell membrane , which is folded into the cell to form sacs, tubes, or sheets, increasing the available surface area. Like most other photosynthetic bacteria, purple bacteria do not produce oxygen , because the reducing agent electron donor involved in photosynthesis is not water. In some, called purple sulfur bacteria , it is either sulfide or elemental sulfur . The others, called purple non sulfur bacteria aka PNSB , typically use hydrogen although some may use other compounds in small amounts. At one point these were considered families, but RNA trees show the purple bacteria make up a variety of separate groups, each closer relatives of non photosynthetic proteobacteria than one another. History Purple bacteria were the first bacteria discovered to photosynthesize without having an oxygen byproduct. Instead, their byproduct is sulfur. This was proved by first establishing the bacteria s reactions to different concentrations of oxygen. What was found was that the bacteria moved quickly away from even the slightest trace of oxygen. Then a dish of the bacteria was taken, and a light was focused on one part of the dish leaving the rest dark. As the bacteria cannot survive without light, all the bacteria moved into the circle of light, becoming very crowded. If the bacteria s byproduct was oxygen, the distances between individuals would become ... more details
Taxobox color lightgrey name Alphaproteobacteria image Wolbachia.png image caption Transmission electron micrograph of Wolbachia within an insect cell. br small Credit Public Library of Science Scott O Neill small domain Bacteria phylum Proteobacteria classis Alphaproteobacteria subdivision ranks Order biology Order s subdivision Caulobacteraceae Caulobacterales e.g. Caulobacter crescentus Caulobacter Kiloniellales Kopriimonadales Kordiimonas gwangyangensis Kordiimonadales Parvularcula Parvularculales Rhizobiales e.g. Rhizobia Rhodobacteraceae Rhodobacterales Rhodospirillales e.g. Acetobacter br Rickettsiales e.g. Rickettsia br Sneathiellales Sphingomonadaceae Sphingomonadales e.g. Sphingomonas Alphaproteobacteria is a class of Proteobacteria . ref name urlwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov cite web url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Taxonomy Browser wwwtax.cgi?mode Info&id 28211 title www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov format work accessdate 2009 03 19 ref Like all Proteobacteria, they are Gram negative . Characteristics The Alphaproteobacteria comprise most phototroph ic genera, but also several genera metabolising C1 compounds e.g. Methylobacterium spp. , symbionts of plants e.g. Rhizobium spp. and animals, and a group of pathogens, the Rickettsiaceae . Moreover the precursors of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells are thought to have originated from Rickettsia spp. in this class See endosymbiotic theory . . Because of their symbiotic properties scientists often use Alphaproteobacteria of the genus Agrobacterium to transfer foreign DNA into plant genomes and they also have many other biotechnological properties. ref http www.heribert hirt.info labtimes.htm ref Aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria are alphaproteobacteria that are a widely distributed marine plankton which may constitute over 10 of the open ocean microbial community. Classification Families, most of which belong to the Rhizobiales order, incl ... more details
image Bioreaktor quer2.jpg thumb upright Moss photobioreactor with Physcomitrella patens A photobioreactor is a bioreactor which incorporates some type of light source to provide photon ic Energy Electromagnetic Energy energy input into the reactor. Also, an open pond could be seen as photobioreactor, but mostly the term photobioreactor only refers to closed systems, systems closed to the environment having no direct exchange of gases and contaminants with the environment ref cite encyclopedia unused data Publisher John Wiley & Sons, Inc. title Photobioreactors encyclopedia Encyclopedia of bioprocess technology fermentation, biocatalysis and bioseparation author Tredici. M.R. year 1999 pages 395 419 isbn 0 471 13822 3 ref . Nowadays, some extremophilic organisms organisms that can grow under extreme conditions are grown into open ponds. However, many other microalgae are promising for the production of an enormous variety of compounds ref cite journal title Commercial Applications of Microalgae author Spolaore. P. et al. year 2006 journal Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering volume 102 pages 87 96 ref . To cultivate also these algae and their products, monocultures have to be maintained and for that, enclosed photobioreactors have to be used. ref cite book title Handbook of microalgal culture volume 1 date 2004 publisher Blackwell Science Ltd isbn 0 632 05953 2 ref ref cite journal title Photobioreactors for mass cultivation of algae author Ugwu, C. U. et al. year 2008 journal Bioresource Technology volume 99 pages 4021 4028 doi 10.1016 j.biortech.2007.01.046 pmid 17379512 issue 10 ref . A photobioreactor can be described as an enclosed, ref cite journal title Photobioreactors production systems for phototrophic microorganisms author Pulz. O. year 2001 volume 57 pages 287 293 ref illuminated culture vessel designed for controlled biomass production of phototroph ic liquid cell suspension cultures. Photobioreactors, despite their costs, have several major advanta ... more details
File Cryptococcus neoformans using a light India ink staining preparation PHIL 3771 lores.jpg thumb right Cryptococcus neoformans stained with light India ink Radiotrophic fungi are fungi which appear to use the pigment melanin to convert Gamma rays gamma radiation r sciencenews 20070526 into chemical energy for growth. r Dadachova This proposed mechanism may be similar to metabolism anabolic pathways for the biosynthesis synthesis of reduced organic carbon e.g., carbohydrates in phototroph ic organisms, which capture photons from visible light with pigments such as chlorophyll whose energy is then used in photolysis of water to generate usable chemical energy as Adenosine triphosphate ATP in photophosphorylation of photosynthesis . However, whether melanin containing fungi employ a similar multi step pathway as photosynthesis, or some chemosynthesis pathways, is unknown. These were first discovered in 2007 as black molds growing inside and around the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant . r sciencenews 20070526 Research at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine showed that three melanin containing fungi, Cladosporium sphaerospermum , Wangiella dermatitidis , and Cryptococcus neoformans , increased in biomass and accumulated acetate faster in an environment in which the radiation level was 500 times higher than in the normal environment. Exposure of C. neoformans Cell biology cells to these radiation levels rapidly within 20 40 minutes of exposure altered the chemical properties of its melanin and increased melanin mediated rates of electron transfer measured as reduction of ferricyanide by NADH 3 to 4 fold compared with unexposed cells. ref name Dadachova Similar effects on melanin electron transport capability were observed by the authors after exposure to non ionizing radiation, suggesting that melanotic fungi might also be able to use light or heat radiation for growth. However, melanization may come at some metabolic cost to the fungal cells in the absence of radiati ... more details
File Auto and heterotrophs.png thumb 300px Overview of cycle between autotrophs and heterotroph s. Photosynthesis is the main means by which plants, algae and many bacteria produce organic compounds and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water font color green green arrow font . An autotroph Ref label A none , or producer , is an organism that produces complex organic compound s such as carbohydrate s, fat s, and protein s from simple inorganic compound inorganic molecules using energy from light by photosynthesis or inorganic chemical reactions chemosynthesis . They are the primary production producers in a food chain , such as plant s on land or algae in water. They are able to make their own food and can carbon fixation fix carbon . Therefore, they do not utilize organic compounds as an energy source or a carbon source. Autotrophs can reduce carbon dioxide add hydrogen to it to make organic compounds. The reduction of carbon dioxide, a low energy compound, creates a store of chemical energy. Most autotrophs use water as the reducing agent , but some can use other hydrogen compounds such as hydrogen sulfide. An autotroph converts physical energy from sun light in case of green plants into chemical energy in the form of reduced carbon. Autotroph can be phototroph s or lithotroph s chemoautotrophs . Phototrophs use light as an energy source, while lithotrophs oxidize inorganic compounds, such as hydrogen sulfide , elemental sulfur , ammonium and Iron II oxide ferrous iron . Phototrophs and lithotrophs use a portion of the Adenosine triphosphate ATP produced during photosynthesis or the oxidation of inorganic compounds to reduce Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate NADP sup sup to NADPH in order to form organic compounds. ref cite book last Mauseth first James D. title Botany An Introduction to Plant Biology year 2008 edition 4 publisher Jones & Bartlett Publishers page 252 url http books.google.com ?id xPLGdYW9t5kC&pg PA252&dq heterotroph fix carbon&cd 2 v onep ... more details
Image Blacksmoker in Atlantic Ocean.jpg right thumb A black smoker in the Atlantic Ocean providing energy and nutrients Chemotrophs are organisms that obtain energy by the oxidation of electron donor s in their environments. These molecules can be organic molecule organic chemoorganotroph s or inorganic compound inorganic chemolithotroph s . The chemotroph designation is in contrast to phototroph s, which utilize solar energy. Chemotrophs can be either autotroph ic or heterotroph ic. Chemoautotrophs or chemotrophic autotroph , Greek language Gk Chemo chemical, auto self, troph nourishment in addition to deriving energy from chemical reaction s, synthesize all necessary organic compounds from carbon dioxide . Chemoautotrophs use inorganic energy sources, such as hydrogen sulfide , elemental sulfur , iron II oxide ferrous iron , molecular hydrogen , and ammonia . Most are bacteria or archaea that live in extremophile hostile environments such as deep sea vent s and are the primary producer s in such ecosystem s. Evolutionary scientists believe that the first organisms to inhabit Earth were chemoautotrophs that produced oxygen as a by product and later evolved into both Aerobic organism aerobic , animal like organisms and photosynthetic , plant like organisms. Citation needed date November 2010 Chemoautotrophs generally fall into several groups methanogen s, halophile s, Microbial metabolism Sulfur oxidation sulfur oxidizers and Sulfur reducing bacteria reducer s, nitrification nitrifiers , anammox bacteria, and thermoacidophile s. Chemilothotrophic growth could be dramatically fast, such as Thiomicrospira crunogena with a doubling time around one hour. ref http dx.doi.org 10.1128 JB.187.16.5761 5766.2005 The Carbon Concentrating Mechanism of the Hydrothermal Vent Chemolithoautotroph Thiomicrospira crunogena J Bacteriol. 2005 August 187 16 5761 5766 ref Chemoheterotrophs or chemotrophic heterotrophs Greek language Gk Chemo chemical, hetero an other, troph nourishment a ... more details
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