refimprove date January 2009 Photographicprocessing is the chemical means by which photographic film and photographic paper paper is treated after photographic exposure to produce a negative or positive image . Photographicprocessing transforms the latent image into a visible image, makes this permanent ... to as a negative. The next step in photographicprocessing is to enlarge the negative ..., and reduces the number of processing steps. ref Photographic Almanac, 1956, p. 429 423 ref Transparency ... used aldehydes, such as formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde . In modern processing, these hardening steps are unnecessary because the film emulsion is sufficiently hardened to withstand the processing chemicals. Further processing see also photographic print toning Black and white emulsions both negative ... processing establishments, exhausted fixer is collected for silver recovery and disposal. Many photographic ... K 14 process. Kodachrome film production ceased in 2009, and K 14 processing is no longer ... sensitive. Black and white negative processing The film may be soaked in water to swell the gelatin layer. The photographic developer developer converts the latent image to metallic silver. ref Wall ... the action of the developer. A rinse with clean water may be substituted. In modern automatic processing ... to reduce the contamination of the fixing bath with the developer. The photographic fixer fixer ... techniques are dodging and burning . Black and white reversal processing This process has three ... image. Finally, the film is fixed, washed, dried and cut. ref Photographic Almanac, 1956, p. 149 155 ref Colour processing Chromogenic materials use dye couplers to form colour images. Modern colour negative ... is known as Photographic print toning toning . In selenium toning, the image silver is changed .... fact date January 2009 Processing apparatus Before processing, the film must be removed from the camera and from its cassette, spool or holder in a light proof room or container. Small scale processing ... more details
Photographic fixer is a chemical or a mix of chemicals used in the final step in the photographicprocessing of film or paper. The fixer stabilises the image, removing the unexposed silver halide remaining on the photographic film or photographic paper , leaving behind the reduced metallic silver that forms the image, making it insensitive to further action by light. Without fixing, the remaining silver halide would quickly darken and cause fogging of the image. The most common salts used are sodium thiosulfate commonly called hypo and Thiosulfate ammonium thiosulfate commonly used in modern rapid fixer formulae. ref name Sowerby cite book last Sowerby Ed. first A.L.M. title Dictionary of Photography A Reference Book for Amateur and Professional Photographers publisher Illife Books Ltd. date 1961 location London pages 324 326 ref Fixer is used for processing all commonly used films, including black and white films, Kodachrome , and chromogenic films. In chromogenic films, the remaining silver must be removed by a chemical called a bleach fix, sometimes shortened to blix . This contains a mixture of ammonium thiosulphate and ferrous EDTA , a powerful Chelate chelating agent. After fixation, Washing photography washing is important to remove the exhausted chemicals from the emulsion, which cause image deterioration if left in place. References reflist See also Film developing photography subject Category Photographic chemicals Category Photographic processes bg cs Ustalova de Fixiermittel es Fijador fr Fixateur nl Fixeer ru sv Fixeringsv tska pl Utrwalacz ... more details
refimprove date November 2008 Photographic printing is the process of producing a final image on paper for viewing, using photographic paper chemically sensitized paper . The paper is exposed to a photographic Negative photography negative , a positive reversal film transparency or slide , or a digital image file projected using an enlarger or digital exposure unit such as a LightJet printer. Alternatively, the negative or transparency may be placed atop the paper and directly exposed, creating a contact print . Following exposure, the paper is Photographicprocessing processed to reveal and make permanent the latent image . Printing on black and white paper The process consists of four major steps, performed in a photographic darkroom or within an automated photo printing machine. These steps are Exposure of the image onto the sensitized paper using a contact print contact printer or enlarger PhotographicprocessingProcessing of the latent image using the following chemical process Development ... processing chemicals protects the finished print from fading and deterioration. Optionally, after fixing ... colouring hand coloured after processing. ref Citation last Hughes first Andrew title Basic Darkroom ... black and white photographic printing paper. Panalure was developed to facilitate the printing of full ... chemical processing in proprietary chemicals. Today s processes are called RA 4 , which is for printing ... and blue light. Upon processing, colour couplers produce cyan , magenta and yellow dyes, representing the true colours of the subject. The processing sequence is very similar to the C 41 process . ref http shutterbug.com techniques film processing 0902sb ever RA 4 paper ref Rollei make a film called .... The colour dyes are incorporated into the paper and bleached during processing. ref http ... silver process List of photographic processes Photographic paper Photographic print toning Standard photographic print sizes photography subject Category Photographic processes Category Non impact ... more details
respond to 2 of light received. Glass plates were far superior to Photographic film film for research ... famous astronomical survey s were taken using photographic plates, including the first Palomar Observatory ... Observatory , maintain large archives of photographic plates, which are used primarily for historical research on variable star s. Many solar system objects were discovered by using photographic plates, superseding earlier visual methods. Discovery of minor planet s using photographic plates was pioneered ... using photographic plates was Phoebe moon Phoebe in 1898. Pluto was discovered using photographic ... examining a bulge in Pluto s image on a plate. Physics Photographic plates were also an important ..., Victor Franz Hess discovered, in the 1910s, cosmic radiation as it left traces on stacks of photographic ... using balloon s. Medical imaging The sensitivity of certain types of photographic plates to ionizing ... and other types of X ray detector s. Decline Use of photographic plates has declined significantly since ... and Digital image processingprocessing . However, even the largest format CCDs e.g., 8192x8192 pixels still do not have the detecting area and Image resolution resolution of most photographic plates ... am Main 1999 , ISBN 3 8171 1599 7 Wayne Osborn, Lee Robbins Preserving Astronomy s Photographic Legacy ... tdc www.harvard.edu plates The Harvard College Observatory Plate Stacks DEFAULTSORT Photographic ... more details
Unreferenced date September 2008 Photographic emulsion is a light sensitive colloid , such as gelatin , coated onto a Substrate materials science substrate . In Gelatin silver process silver gelatin photography , the emulsion consists of silver halide crystals suspended in gelatin , and the substrate may be glass, plastic film, paper or fabric. Photographic emulsion is not a true emulsion , but is a suspension chemistry suspension of solid particles in a fluid. The word emulsion is established usage in photography and photographic science. Sensitizing solutions for non silver gelatin processes, such as Chromate and dichromate dichromated colloid processes, cyanotype and kallitype are sometimes called emulsions . Components Photographic emulsion is fine suspension of insoluble light sensitive crystals in a colloid sol colloid sol , usually containing gelatin. The light sensitive component is one or a mixture of silver halide s silver bromide, chloride and iodide. The gelatin is used as a binder since it acts as a semi permeable membrane, allowing processing agents e.g., developer, fixer, toners, etc. in aqueous solution to enter the colloid without dislodging the crystals. Other polymer macromolecules are often blended, but gelatin has not been entirely replaced. The light exposed crystals are reduced by the photographic developer developer to black metallic silver particles that form the image. Colour film s and papers usually have multiple layers of emulsion, with dye couplers added. Layers of dye are coated between emulsion layers to act as optical filter s. Manufacture A solution of silver nitrate is mixed into a warm gelatin solution containing potassium bromide, sodium chloride or other alkali metal halides. A reaction precipitates fine crystals of insoluble silver ... silver gelatin emulsions DEFAULTSORT Photographic Emulsion Category Science of photography Processes, photographic Category Photographic chemicals ca Emulsi fotogr fica de Fotoemulsion es Emulsi n ... more details
during processing or by the use of bleaches or Photographic print toning toners . fact date ... upon the processing, display and storage conditions of the print. Black and white prints Photographic ...about light sensitive photographic media digital printing media Photo printer and Inkjet paper Refimprove date September 2008 Photographic paper is coated paper paper coated with light sensitive chemicals, used for making photographic print s. Photographic paper is exposed to light in a controlled manner ... a contact print , by using an photographic enlarger enlarger in order to create a latent image , by exposing in some types of camera to produce a photographic Negative photography negative , by scanning a modulated light source over the paper, or by placing objects upon it to produce photogram s. Photographic ... ref Photographic papers have been used since the beginning of all negative photography negative positive Photography photographic processes as developed and popularised by Fox Talbot William Fox Talbot Great Britain 1841 calotype . Traditional photographic papers are still sold commercially today. Types of photographic papers Image Photopapers 1.jpg right thumb 250px Photographic papers fall into one ... a photographic paper, for example the Ilfochrome process. Structure All photographic papers consist of a light sensitive Photographic emulsion emulsion , consisting of silver halide salts Suspension ... processing. Base materials Black and white papers Modern black and white papers are coated on a small ... used as a base material. ref name Langford Fiber based papers FB Fiber based FB or Baryta photographic ... it from physical damage, especially during processing. This is called a supercoating. Papers ... and archiving purposes. These papers require careful processing and handling, especially when wet. However, they are easier to Photographic print toning tone , Hand coloring hand color and Spotting .... Since no chemicals or water are absorbed into the paper base, the time needed for processing, washing ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Photographic quantity also known as photoquantity is a measure of the amount of light received by a sensor , such as a camera , in dimensionless units that account for information lost by integration over the optical spectrum spectral response of the sensor, while otherwise preserving the linear relationship involved in the interaction of light through one or more Exposure photography exposures . The photoquantity is neither radiometric nor Photometry optics photometric . The photoquantity is not radiometric because the sensor, camera, or the like, is not an ideal receiving antenna. Rather, the sensor has some non flat spectral response. The photoquantity is not photometric, because the sensor s spectral response does not necessarily match the spectral response of the human eye. Photoquantities are often involved in the solutions to comparametric equation s, appear in research papers dealing with image processing , and are also used in the production of visual art made from multiple differently illuminated pictures of the same subject matter. External links http wearcam.org dusting Gallery of Lightvector paintings http iul.eng.fiu.edu candocia Publications Publications.htm Research papers Category Imaging Category Science of photography ... more details
Arista black and white film, Film speed ISO 125 22 . Photographic film is a sheet of plastic polyester ... image, in a process called film developing . In black and white photographic film there is usually ... around one trillion pictures on photographic film or photographic paper in the world, ref ... of photographic film, including Print film, when developed, turns into a Negative photography negative ... shines through it onto photographic paper which in turn is itself developed in order to be viewed ... separation s for mass market printing . Photographic prints can be produced from reversal film, but the process ... to enable B&W reversal processing to be done by home processors, but most are discontinued. B&W transparencies can be produced from almost all B&W films. ref name Haist Haist, Grant, Modern PhotographicProcessing . ref In order to produce a usable image, the film needs to be exposure photography ... processing pushed to behave like a film with a higher ISO. In order to do this, the film must be developed ... flexible photographic film in 1885. This original film was coated on paper. The first transparent plastic film was produced in 1889. Before this, glass photographic plate s were used, which were far more expensive and cumbersome, albeit also of better quality. The first photographic film was made ... film until 1951. Spectral sensitivity Early photographic plates and films were sensitive to blue ... and equipment design Photographic lenses and equipment are designed around the film to be used. The earliest .... The photographic filter filters used were different for the different film types. The progression ... designs. While color processing is more complex and temperature sensitive than for monochromatic film ... generally require special equipment for example, most photographic lens es are made of glass and will therefore ... and processed. Against this, photographic film can be made with a higher spatial resolution than ... APUG List of photographic equipment makers List of photographic films Sensitometry References references ... more details
refimprove date February 2009 cleanup date February 2009 In the Photographicprocessingprocessing of photographic films , plates or papers, the photographic developer or just developer is a chemical that makes the latent image on the film or print visible. It does this by Redox reducing the silver halide s that have been exposed to light to elemental silver in the gelatine matrix. As a generalisation, the longer a developer is allowed to work, the greater the degree of reduction of the silver halide crystals to silver and therefore the darker the image. History At the start of photography a wide range of developing agents were experimented with including human urine. Very soon more successful agents came into use such as salts of iron such as iron oxalate , iron sulfate and iron lactate as in the ferrotype , Collodion process wet plate and ambrotype processes. The daguerreotype was developed with mercury vapour. Formula For black and white photography, the developer is typically a mixture of Metol monomethyl p aminophenol hemisulfate , Phenidone 1 phenyl 3 pyrazolidinone or Dimezone 4,4 dimethyl 1 phenylpyrazolidin 3 one and hydroquinone ref Dictionary of Photography, 1890, p115 ref benzene 1,4 diol . These are made up in aqueous solution with a suitable alkaline agent such as sodium ... is removed by dissolving it in a thiosulfate solution, a process called photographic fixer fixing ... diamine . In colour negative films, ref Photographic Almanac, 1956, p429 423 ref there are 3 types ... F 38 Celsius C , with more time yielding push processing to increase the apparent film speed by reducing ... fixing, and final wash. The most common processing chemistry for such films is E 6 process E6 , derived ... London cite book first last The British Journal title Photographic Almanac publisher Henry Greenwood ... publisher Focal Press year 1980 location London photography subject DEFAULTSORT Photographic Developer Category Photographic chemicals Category Photographic processes bg cs V vojka ... more details
Before the advent of photometer s which accurately measure the brightness of astronomical objects, the apparent magnitude of an object was obtained by taking a picture of it with a camera . These images, made on Photographic film photoemulsive film , were more sensitive to the blue end of the electromagnetic spectrum visual spectrum than the human eye or modern photometers. As a result, bluer stars have a lower i.e. brighter photographic magnitude than their modern visual magnitude , because they appear brighter on the photograph than they do to modern photometers. Conversely, redder stars have a higher i.e. fainter photographic magnitude than visual magnitude, because they appear dimmer. For example, the red supergiant star KW Sagittarii has a photographic magnitude of 11.0 to 13.2 but a visual magnitude of about 8.5 to 11. It is also common for star charts to list a blue magnitude B such as with S Doradus and WZ Sagittae . The symbol for apparent photographic magnitude is m sub pg sub and the symbol for absolute magnitude absolute photographic magnitude is M sub pg sub . ref name Nor cite book last Norton first Arthur P. title Norton s Star Atlas year 1973 page 29 isbn 0 85248 900 5 quote apparent photographic magnitude ref The photographic magnitude scale is now considered obsolete . clarifyme date April 2009 as of when, 2000 maybe? Expand this to show movement to photometric or other magnitude scales? See also Absolute magnitude Apparent magnitude Magnitude astronomy Notes Reflist astronomy stub Category Astrophysics ru sr uk ... more details
A photographic studio is both a workspace and a corporation corporate body. As a workspace it is much like an studio artist s studio , but providing space to take, develop, print and duplicate photography photographs . Photographic training and the display of finished photographs may also be accommodated in a photographic studio. Accordingly, the workspace may possess a darkroom , storage space, a studio proper where photographs are taken, and a display room, as well as space for other related work. As a corporate entity, a photographic studio is a business owned and represented by one or more photographers, possibly accompanied by assistants and pupils, who create and sell their own and sometimes others photographs. Since the early years of the 20th century the corporate functions of a photographic studio have increasingly been called a photographic agency, leaving the term photographic studio to refer almost exclusively to the workspace. References http www.getty.edu vow AATFullDisplay?find studio&logic AND¬e &english N&prev page 1&subjectid 300157460 Art & Architecture Thesaurus, s.v. studios organizations . Accessed 31 January 2008. http www.getty.edu vow AATFullDisplay?find studio&logic AND¬e &english N&prev page 1&subjectid 300007725 Art & Architecture Thesaurus, s.v. studios work spaces . Accessed 31 January 2008. commonscat Photographic studios Category Photography ca Estudi fotogr fic cs Fotografick ateli r de Fotostudio es Estudio fotogr fico fr Studio photographique hu F nyk p szeti st di ja ru sv Fotostudio zh ... more details
colours provided poor levels of detail with the Photographic plate glass plate camera technology ... locomotive in one shot. Early photographic emulsion film emulsion s were orthochromatic , insensitive ... grey . This light colour reproduced well on the photographic plates and picked out the shadows and shading ... of Cambrian Railways painted in two shades of photographic grey to further pick out detail ... painted in a full livery. Decline When photographic film of a suitable sensitivity became commonplace in the 1920s the use of photographic grey for railway photography began to decline, as photographs ... livery. With colour photography , the exact opposite of photographic grey was used. Locomotives ... in photographic grey. This was not primarily down to photographic requirements, but to allow ... have been painted in photographic grey in order to allow the maximum amount of detail to be recorded ... Britannic was painted photographic grey during her construction and launching. The first ship of the class ... Museum locomotive collection pages. DEFAULTSORT Photographic Grey Category Photographic techniques ... more details
general aspects of photographic seeing The first is one s conscious intention in making ... said The camera has ideas of its own . By this he meant that photographic accidents, amateur handling ... in meaning to photographic seeing , and which is used among photographers not educated in photographic ... a good photographic eye . Category Photography ... more details
Infobox television show name Photographic Horizons image caption format Discussion runtime 30 minutes creator starring country USA network DuMont Television Network DuMont first aired January 12, 1949 last aired March 7, 1949 num episodes Photographic Horizons was a United States television series where panelists discussed the art and science of photography . The show aired on Wednesdays at 8 30pm on the now defunct DuMont Television Network . ref http www.imdb.com title tt0320919 IMDB entry ref ref http www.dumonthistory.tv a2.html DuMont History website ref Episode status A single kinescope recording of this series survives at the Paley Center for Media , dating from August 25, 1948 when the show was still on a local DuMont station. Ref http www.paleycenter.org collection item ?q Photographic Horizons&p 1&item B 05450 Paley Center for Media ref This in fact is one of the oldest surviving records of a live television program and runs a total of 55 minutes, and may represent two episodes. See also List of programs broadcast by the DuMont Television Network List of surviving DuMont Television Network broadcasts References reflist Bibliography David Weinstein, The Forgotten Network DuMont and the Birth of American Television Philadelphia Temple University Press , 2004 ISBN 1 59213 245 6 Alex McNeil, Total Television , Fourth edition New York Penguin Books , 1980 ISBN 0 14 024916 8 Tim Brooks and Earle Marsh, The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network TV Shows , Third edition New York Ballantine Books , 1964 ISBN 0 345 31864 1 External links http www.imdb.com title tt0320919 Photographic Horizons at IMDb http www.dumonthistory.tv a2.html DuMont historical website Category Black and white television programs Category 1940s American television series Category DuMont network shows Nonfiction tv prog stub ... more details
Refimprove date October 2010 A photographic assistant , also known as an assistant photographer or a photographer s assistant , is an individual with both photographic and related skills who assists a professional photographer . ref cite book last Kieffer first John title The Photographer s Assistant year 2001 publisher Allworth Press location New York url http books.google.com books?id OW7rL20sdKUC ref The work of an assistant photographer is often referred to simply as assisting . The photo assistant is most often employed on a freelance basis, but in some instances photo assistants are full time employees primarily in major markets and with big name photographers. The latter will often involve assisting a studio or location photographer, not just helping out on shoots but also carrying out the mundane day to day running of the studio. A freelance assistant, on the other hand, will typically assist a number of different photographers on a shoot by shoot basis. Previously, the main tasks of the photographic assistant would be loading and developing film 35mm, 120, 220, roll films & 4x5, 8x10, 11x14 sheet film , setting up lights, doing meter reading, and color temperature readings, shooting lighting test Polaroid s, and basically presenting the photographer with a set that is ready for the photographer to simply press the button and create the images. With the onset of digital photography , the task of the assistant increasingly involves digital work, be it downloading compactflash cards, setting up the computer for digital capture. However, the traditional onset skills of lighting and metering are still the basis of the assistants duties. An important ongoing task of the assistant photographer, whether working with digital or film, is setting up lighting , taking light meter readings and, generally speaking, doing all of the manual setup on a shoot. Equipment Professional ..., Linhof, Cambo camera Cambo , Toyo, Graflex, Speedgraphic References reflist DEFAULTSORT Photographic ... more details
File Filters 6187.jpg thumb 250px right Four photographic filters. Clockwise, from top left, an infrared hot mirror filter, a Polarizer polarising filter , and a UV filter . The larger filter is a polariser for Photographic filter Square filters Cokin style filter mounts . In photography and videography , a filter is a camera accessory consisting of an filter optics optical filter that can be inserted in the optical path. The filter can be a square or oblong shape mounted in a holder accessory, or, more commonly, a glass or plastic disk with a metal or plastic ring frame, which can be screwed in front of the Lens optics lens or clipped onto the lens. Filters allow the photographer to have more control of the images being produced. Sometimes they are used to make only subtle changes to images other times the image would simply not be possible without them. The negative aspects of using filters, though often negligible, include the possibility of loss of image definition if using dirty or scratched filters, and increased Exposure photography exposure required by the reduction in light transmitted. The former is best avoided by careful use and maintenance of filters, while the latter is a matter of technique it usually will not be a problem if planned out properly, but in some situations filter use is impractical. Circular polarizer s are specifically designed for use with auto focus SLR cameras, but they will also work on manual systems without problems. Linear polarizer s are used with most video and manual focus photo cameras. They are not recommended for auto focus SLR cameras ..., which post processing cannot compensate for, so contrast reduction at the time of image capture ... Filter optics List of photographic equipment makers References reflist External links http www.photo96.com ... photography filters Photography Filters commonscat Photographic filters photography subject Category ... ja pl Filtr fotografia pt Filtro fotogr fico simple Photographic filter fi Suodin valokuvaus ... more details
Distinguish color filter mosaic Image Mosaicr seagull.jpg thumb 200px A photographic mosaic of a sea gull made from pictures of bird s and other nature photos using hexagon al tiles In the field of photographic imaging, a photographic mosaic , also known under the term Photomosaic , a portmanteau of photo and mosaic , is a picture usually a photograph that has been divided into usually equal sized rectangular sections, each of which is replaced with another photograph that matches the target photo. ref name Cartwright07 Cartwright 2007 p.102 quote quotation Photographic mosaic, also known as Photomosaic, a portmanteau of photo and mosaic, is a picture that is divided into small sections. When viewed as a whole, it appears to be one image, when in fact the image is made up of hundreds or even thousands of smaller images. ref When viewed at low magnifications, the individual pixel s appear as the primary image, while close examination reveals that the image is in fact made up of many hundreds or thousands of smaller images. ref name Cartwright07 Most of the times they are a computer created ... whose average color matches that pixel. In the more advanced kind of photographic mosaic, the target ... large photographic mosaic, using photographs of 10,062 people from 110 countries .... Image Andrej olejnik albert hall mosaic 2000.jpg thumb right 2000 Puzzle photographic mosaic of the Royal ... creates the first pattern based photographic mosaics rendered with http www.aolej.com mosaic Mosaic Creator software . 2003 Doubletake Images creates the world s largest photographic mosaic over convert ... title ref . Video mosaic Photographic mosaics are typically formed from a collection of still images ...?id vmLbiL8txKwC Mixed Emulsions Altered Art Techniques for Photographic Imagery Francis, Joseph http ... History of PhotoTiled Pictures includes a sample of Dave McKean s 1994 DC Comics photographic mosaic. DEFAULTSORT Photographic Mosaic Category Computer art Category Digital art Category Mosaic ... more details
refimprove date June 2009 Push processing in photography , sometimes called uprating , refers to a Photographicprocessing film developing technique that increases the effective film speed sensitivity of the film being processed. ref name Langford cite book title Basic Photography 7th Edition. author Michael Langford year 2000 publisher Focal Press location Oxford ISBN 0 240 51592 7 ref Push processing involves developing the film for more time, possibly in combination with a higher temperature, than the manufacturer s recommendations. This technique results in effective over development of the film, compensating for under exposure in the camera. Push processing allows relatively insensitive films to be used under lighting conditions that would ordinarily be too low for adequate exposure at the required shutter speed and aperture combination. This technique alters the visual characteristics of the film, such as higher contrast, increased film grain grain and lower resolution. ref name Langford Saturated and distorted colours are often visible on film that has been push processed. Pull processing involves over exposure and under development, effectively decreasing the sensitivity of the processed film. It is achieved by developing the film for a shorter time, and possibly at a lower temperature. Film that has been pull processed will display the opposite change in visual characteristics. This may be deliberately exploited for artistic effect. When a film s effective sensitivity ... by Phil Davis, p373. ISBN 0 697 00300 0 See also Photographicprocessing Film speed Latent image External links http www.ilfordphoto.com applications page.asp?n 88 Push processing and http www.ilfordphoto.com applications page.asp?n 89 pull processing at Ilford Photo http motion.kodak.com US en motion Support Technical Information Processing Information push.htm Push Pull Processing at Kodak photography subject Category Photographic techniques photo stub de Push Entwicklung ... more details
Cross processing in Gimp tutorial http bild bearbeitung.net crossentwicklung mit the gimp Cross processing in Gimp tutorial German http www.jesusda.com blog index.php?id 375 Cross processing in Gimp tutorial Spanish http registry.gimp.org node 25007 Gimp script for cross processing Alternative photography Photography DEFAULTSORT Cross Processing Category Photographic film processes de Crossentwicklung ... Cross processing usually involves one of the two following methods Citation needed date July 2009 Processing positive color reversal film in C 41 process C 41 chemicals, resulting in a negative image on a colorless base Processing negative color print film in E 6 process E 6 chemicals, resulting in a positive ... black areas now have a blue ish hue. The effect of cross processing has been well known since ... processing color slide film in C 41 process chemicals is most common. Some commercial level photography darkroom merchants will perform this developing process. However, cross processing can take place ... and high contrast. The results of cross processing differ from case to case, as the results are determined ... onto the film and the chemical used to develop the film. Cross processing effects can be simulated ... even have a cross process function. Examples of cross processing Tony Scott s 2005 film Domino movie .... ref http www.imdb.com title tt0359398 trivia ref See also Redscale Photographic processes References reflist External links http www.photoshopsupport.com tutorials or cross processing.html Cross processing ... more details
Unreferenced date March 2007 Orphan date February 2009 Data processing modes or computing modes Interactive computing or Interactive processing , historically introduced as Time sharing Transaction processing Batch processing DEFAULTSORT Processing Modes Category Computing terminology computer stub ... more details
Post processing may refer to Differential GPS post processing Video post processing , methods used in video processing and 3D graphics Finite element model data post processing disambig Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Orphan date November 2006 Native processing is used to describe digital audio processing done by the computer s CPU vs DSP or outboard processing, which is done by additional 3rd party DSP chips located on extension cards or external hardware boxes or racks . A lot of Digital Audio Workstation s such as Logic Pro , Cubase , Digital Performer and Pro Tools LE use native processing. Others, such as Pro Tools HD, Universal Audio s UAD 1 and TC Electronic s Powercore use DSP processing. DEFAULTSORT Native Processing Category Digital signal processing Category Digital audio de Native Processing ... more details
Wood processing is an engineering discipline comprising the production of forest products, such as pulp and paper , construction materials, and tall oil . Paper engineering is a subfield of wood processing. Wood processing produces additives for further processing of timber, wood chips, cellulose and other prefabricated material. Processing strategies Typical products in wood processing are from pulp craftliner cellulose paper , as engineered wood plywood Medium density fibreboard MDF Oriented strand board as chemicals tar tall oil wood fuel phenoles pinene s pine soap as timber of residuals from timber processing or as first step of mass processing wood chips bark chips wood pellets wood shavings See also International Wood Products Journal References references Category Wood Industry stub Forestry stub de Holzbearbeitung no Treforedling ru ... more details
Array processing is signal processing of the outputs of an array of sensor s to Enhance the signal to interference plus noise ratio SINR compared to that of a single sensor using conventional or adaptive beamforming . Determine the number of emitting sources, the locations of these sources, their waveforms , and other signal parameters. Track multiple moving sources. Array processing is used in radar , sonar , seismic exploration, anti jamming and wireless communications. One of the main advantages of using array processing along with an array of sensors is a smaller foot print. The problems associated with array processing include the number of sources used, their direction of arrival direction of arrivals , and their signal waveforms . ref Torlak, M. http users.ece.utexas.edu bevans courses ee381k lectures 13 Array Processing lecture13 lecture13.pdf Spatial Array Processing . Signal and Image Processing Seminar. University of Texas at Austin. ref See also Phased Array Space Time Adaptive Processing References reflist cite book title Array Signal Processing last1 Johnson first1 D. H. last2 Dudgeon first2 D. E. year 1993 publisher Prentice Hall cite book first1 H. L. last1 Van Trees title Optimum Array Processing publisher Wiley location New York year 2002 cite journal first1 H. last1 Krim first2 M. last2 Viberg url http www.vissta.ncsu.edu publications ahk spm1996.pdf title Two Decades of Array Signal Processing Research journal IEEE Signal Processing Magazine pages 67 94 month July year 1996 accessdate 8 December 2010 S. Haykin and K.J.R. Liu Editors , Handbook on Array Processing and Sensor Networks , Adaptive and Learning Systems for Signal Processing, Communications, and Control Series, 2010. E. Tuncer and B. Friedlander Editors , Classical and Modern Direction of Arrival Estimation , Academic Press, 2010. A.B. Gershman, http www.nts.tu darmstadt.de nt fileadmin nas lehre SS 08 PS Smart Antennas slides proj sem.pdf array processing courseware DEFAULTSORT Array Processing ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 In industrial engineering , a gaseous, vaporous, fluid or shapeless solid material that plays an active role in manufacturing processes comparable to that of a tool. Examples A processing medium for washing is a soap solution, a processing medium for steel melting is a plasma, and a processing medium for steam drying is superheated steam . Synonyms Operating medium Working medium. DEFAULTSORT Processing Medium Category Engineering concepts Mech engineering stub ... more details
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