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Phonological history of English low back vowels
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Encyclopedia results for Phonological history of English low back vowels

Phonological history of English low back vowels





Encyclopedia results for Phonological history of English low back vowels

  1. Phonological history of English low back vowels

    the short o configuration of various American accents History of English DEFAULTSORT Phonological History Of English Low Back Vowels Category American English Category Scottish English Category Canadian ... merger IPA IPA IPA IPA Stages leading to some of the low back vowels of General American, summarized from Wells 1982 . The cot caught merger has been added See also Phonological history of the English language Phonological history of English vowels References Reflist Bibliography cite book ...contradict other Great Vowel Shift The phonology of the low back vowel s of the English language has undergone changes both overall and with regional variations, dating from Late Middle English c. 1400 to the present. The sound changes heard in modern English mostly begin with the Great Vowel Shift , and continue ... of soul was raised to IPA o , merging with boat see Phonological history of English diphthongs Tow .... 108 ref This left the language with three low back vowels IPA in dog and want . IPA in more ... merger cot caught merger . Late Middle English In Late Middle English c. 1400 the following low back vowels were present, distinguished by length ref Barber, pp. 108,111 ref IPA as in dog IPA ... of the Early Modern English vowels IPA and IPA that occurs in almost all varieties of North American English exceptions are accents in northeastern New England , such as the Boston accent , and in New ... caught merger also known as the low back merger is a phonemic differentiation phonemic merger , a sound ... , half , change , chamber , dance had become an open back diphthong IPA . The diphthong IPA found in low and soul had become IPA o . Before nonprevocalic IPA r , short IPA had become lowered to IPA , thus corn , IPA k rn . There were thus three low back monophthongs at this time IPA as in dog , IPA as in low and before IPA r , in more and IPA in corn . Seventeenth century changes ... was gradually replaced in the standard language by a variant with IPA e , derived from Middle English ...   more details



  1. Phonological history of English high back vowels

    . See also Phonological history of the English language Phonological history of English vowels Phonological history of English consonants English consonant cluster reductions English consonant cluster reductions Yod dropping Yod dropping References reflist History of English DEFAULTSORT Phonological History Of English High Back Vowels Category Splits and mergers in English phonology ...Most dialects of modern English language English have two high back vowels the close back rounded vowel IPA u found in words like goose , and the near close near back rounded vowel IPA found in words like foot . This article discusses the history of these vowels in various dialects of English, focusing ... History of the English Language iii 1476 1776 editor1 first Roger editor1 last Lass publisher Cambridge ... of this split is a less common feature of educated Northern English speech than the absence of the Phonological history of English short A Trap bath split trap bath split . ref Wells, ibid. , p. 354 ... vowels merged as IPA u , which has remained as such in some Welsh, northern English, and American ... goose merger The foot goose merger is a phenomenon that occurs in Scottish English , Ulster varieties of Hiberno English , Malaysian English and Singaporean English , ref http www.waseda.jp ocw AsianStudies ... the vowels IPA and IPA u are merged. As a result, pairs like look Luke are homophones and good food and foot boot rhyme. The merged vowel is usually IPA or IPA y in Scottish English and IPA u in Singaporean English . ref cite book author John C. Wells Wells, John C. title Accents of English ... vowel system to the English lexical incidence. ref Macafee 2004 74 ref The English language vowel changes before historic l full fool merger is a conditioned merger of the same two vowels before ... thumb The vowel in the word sun The foot strut split is the split of Middle English short IPA u into two distinct phonemes IPA as in foot and IPA as in strut that occurs in most varieties of English ...   more details



  1. Phonological history of English vowels

    accent and the Southern Hemisphere accents. Low back vowels Main Phonological history of English low back vowels The Phonological history of English low back vowels Father bother merger father bother ... varieties of North American English . The Phonological history of English low back vowels Lot cloth ... in the word gone . The Phonological history of English low back vowels Cot caught merger cot caught ... caught , talk , law , and small . The Phonological history of English low back vowels Psalm sum merger ... changes before historic r . Monophthongs Low front vowels Main Phonological history of English short A Phonological history of English short A tensing tensing is a process that occurs in some Accent ... history of English low back vowels Bud bird merger bud bird merger is a merger of IPA and IPA occurring for some speakers of Jamaican English . High back vowels Main Phonological history of English high back vowels The Phonological history of English high back vowels Foot goose ... ref The Phonological history of English high back vowels Foot strut split foot strut split is the split ... Phonological history of English high back vowels Merger of Middle English y , eu , and iu IPA iu .... High front vowels Main Phonological history of English high front vowels The Phonological history ... tense IPA i in words like happ y . The Phonological history of English high front vowels Meet meat ... IPA i . The Phonological history of English high front vowels Met mat merger met mat merger is a phenomenon ... are both pronounced IPA . The Phonological history of English high front vowels Met mate merger met ... pronounced IPA . The Phonological history of English high front vowels Bred bread merger bred ... in some words. The Phonological history of English high front vowels Bit bet merger bit bet ... Modern English vowels IPA o and IPA u . The Phonological history of English diphthongs Cot ... Phonological History Of English Vowels Category Splits and mergers in English phonology Category English ...   more details



  1. Phonological history of English high front vowels

    are homophones as IPA b t . See also Phonological history of the English language Phonological history of English vowels References reflist History of English Use dmy dates date June 2011 DEFAULTSORT Phonological History Of English High Front Vowels Category English phonology Category History ... Yorkshire accents, have original long vowels, going back to Old English t am and Old ... but lengthened by Phonological history of the English language Up through Chaucer s English Middle ... and linguistic history of a merger i and e before nasals in Southern American English publisher Ph.D. ... of the final vowel are also possible, such as IPA e in Scottish English . The history of happy ... s of English language English have undergone a variety of changes over time, which may vary from ... by analogy with schwa in certain dialects of English language English . As a result of this merger ... in the Southern Hemisphere accents and Hiberno English and variable in General American . ref name Wells cite book authorlink John C. Wells last Wells first John C. year 1982 title Accents of English ... Modern English EME IPA found in South African English , where kit IPA k t and bit IPA b t do not rhyme ... similarity of the two vowels in a word like dinner IPA d n , they may belong to the same phoneme ... The kit bit split is perhaps the most distinctive feature of South African English, as many of its other features are also found in New Zealand English . In New Zealand English, however, a centralized realization of IPA as IPA is general there is no split and the vowels of kit and bit are pronounced ... English, South Africans are often stereotyped as pronouncing woman and women the same way, as women has the vowel IPA . In reality, they are distinct in South African English. woman is IPA w m n ... thumb The merger of pin and pen in American English. The areas marked in purple are where the merger ... The Pronunciation of English in the Atlantic States location Ann Arbor, Michigan publisher University ...   more details



  1. Phonological history of English

    Refimprove date August 2008 IPA notice The phonological history of English describes changing phonology ... , Mouton, The Hague, 1972. History of English Germanic philology DEFAULTSORT Phonological History ..., but there is no actual evidence of this. Initial i mutation Short back vowels were fronted when ... e , respectively. Some Old English dialects retained the rounded vowels, however. Loss of IPA j ... Anglian dialects Anglian , was back vowels rather than diphthongs. West Saxon ceald but Anglian ... back and front vowels, respectively preceding IPA x . Many diphthong combinations soon merged. Trisyllabic ... English open syllable lengthening Vowels were usually lengthened in open syllables 13th century , except ... . Long vowels IPA e and IPA u Middle English IPA and IPA o inconsistently shortened, especially ... of Modern English have the same vowel in each of fern , fir and fur . Also affects vowels in derived ... s can be found in Southern American English and southwestern varieties of Hiberno English . Back Vowel ... developments of English vowels in the last 1000 years, beginning with late Old English and focusing ... and earlier periods. This table omits the History of Middle English diphthongs history of Middle ... History of Middle English diphthongs This table describes the main developments of Middle English diphthongs , starting with the Old English sound sequences that produced them sequences of vowels .... Middle English diphthongs Notes references See also English language History of the English language English phonology Phonological history of English consonants English consonant cluster reductions Phonological history of English vowels Phonological history of English short A Phonological history of English low back vowels Phonological history of English high back vowels Phonological history of English high front vowels English language vowel changes before historic r English language vowel changes before historic l Scots Vowel Length Rule Phonological history of the Scots language References ...   more details



  1. Phonological history of English diphthongs

    also Phonological history of the English language Phonological history of English vowels Trisyllabic laxing Great Vowel Shift History of English DEFAULTSORT Phonological History Of English Diphthongs Category Splits and mergers in English phonology Category English phonology Category History of the English ... with IPA i , resulting in dew becoming homophonous with due . the Phonological history of English ... place in the dialect of South Eastern England ref name barber tables the Phonological history of English ... out of what were formerly close long vowels of Middle English. These were IPA as in tide , and IPA as in house . ref Barber, p. 108 ref At this period, the English of South Eastern England could ... majority of Modern English accents the vowels have been merged whether the outcome is monophthongal ... English vowels IPA o as in toe and IPA u as in tow that occurs in most dialects of English. The merger ...Note This article deals with sound changes involving English language diphthongs. Each of the following ... changes involving English language centering diphthongs see English language vowel changes before historic r . Vein vain merger The vein vain merger is the merger of the Middle English diphthong s IPA ei and IPA ai that occurs in all dialects of present English. The merger was complete by perhaps ... s, but in early Middle English they were pronounced differently as IPA vein and IPA vain . Similarly day from Old English d and way from Old English we did not rhyme before the merger. ref name wells 192 cite book last Wells first John C. authorlink John C. Wells title Accents of English location ... e of words like pane in the Pane pain merger pane pain merger . Diphthongs of Late Middle English The English ... , coy IPA as in boil , destroy , coin , join With back endpoint IPA u as in view , new , due ... , caught , thought , law , salt , change , chamber , psalm , half , dance , aunt . IPA as in low ... stage of Early Modern English had a contrast between the long mid monophthongs IPA e , o as in pane ...   more details



  1. Phonological history of English consonants

    Original research date April 2011 Refimprove date April 2011 The phonological history of English consonants is part of the phonological history of the English language in terms of changes in the phonology of consonant s. Consonant clusters Main Phonological history of English consonant clusters H cluster reductions The Phonological history of wh Wine whine merger wine whine merger Anchor Wine whine ... majority of English speakers. The Phonological history of wh Hole whole merger hole whole merger is the replacement of IPA hw with IPA h before the vowels IPA o and IPA u which occurred in Old English ... needed date February 2010 Fricatives and affricates Main Phonological history of English fricatives ..., so called Phonological history of English fricatives H adding h adding is a hypercorrection found ... English. Here it is clearly a loan phoneme. The Phonological history of English fricatives and affricates ... . The Phonological history of English fricatives and affricates Lock loch merger lock loch merger ... of a word. Phonological history of English fricatives S retraction S retraction is a process where ... where the phonemes s and z are both pronounced IPA s . The Phonological history of English fricatives ... where the phonemes IPA and IPA are both pronounced IPA . The Phonological history of English .... The Phonological history of English fricatives Ship chip merger ship chip merger is phenomenon occurring .... The Phonological history of English fricatives Zip gyp merger zip gyp merger is a phenomenon occurring ... , and pilipina . See also Phonological history of the English language Phonological history of English ... history of wh References reflist History of English DEFAULTSORT Phonological History Of English Consonants ... Plum plumb merger is the reduction of the final cluster IPA mb to IPA m . Phonological history ... or the singer finger split is the name given to a sound change in the history of English language ... history of English fricatives and affricates H dropping H dropping Anchor H dropping is a colloquial ...   more details



  1. Phonological history of English short A

    different dialects of English. See also Phonological history of the English language Phonological history of English vowels Notes Reflist References cite book title English pronunciation, 1500 1700 last ... of English DEFAULTSORT Phonological History Of English Short A Category Splits and mergers in English ... affected most varieties of contemporary English, which have distinct vowels in pairs such as car , cart , although the original identity of the vowels is preserved in Irish English IPA k t , IPA k rt ... by broadening . In a phenomenon going back to Middle English, IPA f, alternate with their voiced ... and can t , are usually found with long vowels in northern England. In northern English dialects ...The pronunciation of short A varies in English language English . The development of the Early Modern English phoneme IPA a Context Late Middle English had two phonemes IPA a and IPA a , differing only ..., p. 548 ref These trends, allowed to operate unrestrictedly, would have left standard English without any vowels in the IPA a or IPA a area by the late seventeenth century. However, this putative gap was filled by the following special developments In two environments, Middle English IPA a developed ... Middle English IPA au had a regular development to IPA for example, paw . However, before a postvocalic ... seventeenth century has generally backed to IPA in several varieties of contemporary English, for example in Received Pronunciation . The following table shows some developments of Middle English a in Received Pronunciation. The word gate , which derived from Middle English a , has also been included ... Middle English IPA a t rowspan 3 valign top IPA kast rowspan 2 valign top IPA kart rowspan 4 valign ... varieties of English class wikitable Received Pronunciation RP Northern English NE Scottish English SCO Hiberno English IRL General American GA align center Lengthening before IPA r align center ... before nonprevocalic r In late Middle English, pairs such as cat , cart , were pronounced IPA kat , IPA ...   more details



  1. Phonological history of English consonant clusters

    The phonological history of English consonant clusters is part of the phonological history of the English ... majority of English speakers. Notable dialects that retain the distinction include Irish English , Scottish English , and Southern American English . This occurred after the Phonological history .... Aside from accents with Phonological history of English consonants H dropping h dropping , this reduction ... they were getting from the speech pathologists. See also Phonological history of the English language Phonological history of English consonants Phonological history of English consonants G dropping G dropping Phonological history of English fricatives Phonological history of English fricatives H dropping H dropping References reflist DEFAULTSORT Phonological History Of English Consonant Clusters ... cluster reductions are various consonant reductions that have occurred in the history of English language English involving consonant clusters beginning with h that have lost the h in certain varieties of English. ref name Wells cite book author John C. Wells Wells, John C. title Accents of English ... 0 521 24224 X vol. 2 , ISBN 0 521 24225 8 vol. 3 ref Wh cluster reductions The Phonological history of wh Hole whole merger hole whole merger is the replacement of IPA hw with IPA h before the vowels IPA o and IPA u which occurred in Old English . This is due to the effect that rounded back vowels ... these vowels the true phonetic IPA hw then eventually became perceived as this allophone of IPA h and no longer a phonologically distinct speech sound. The Phonological history of wh Wine whine merger ... 18th century. ref The first recorded use of the word gnu in English dates back to 1777, according to the Merriam ... after IPA w in some varieties of English. Yew hew merger The yew hew merger is a process that occurs in some dialects of English that causes the cluster IPA hj to be reduced to IPA j . ref http students.csci.unt.edu ... Cork Cork accents of Hiberno English . In some dialects of English, the cluster IPA hj phonetically ...   more details



  1. Phonological history of English fricatives and affricates

    The phonological history of English fricatives and affricates is part of the phonological history of the English ... day . This diphthong Phonological history of English diphthongs Pane pain merger merged with the reflex ... Phonological history of the English language Phonological history of English consonants Phonological history of English consonants Vest west merger Vest west merger Phonological history of English consonants Ban van merger Ban van merger Phonological history of English consonants Pit fit merger Pit ... Hard and soft c References reflist DEFAULTSORT Phonological History Of English Fricatives And Affricates ... and h adding H dropping File H dropping.svg thumb 250px H dropping in English dialects H dropping ... , and hangover in many dialects of English English English , such as Cockney and Estuary English . The same ... no such sound in their earliest English form nor were they originally spelt with an h, but it is now ... wordfrom aitches ?view uk ref H dropping in English is found in all dialects in the weak form ... American English and also occurs in the Scots language . Because the IPA h of unstressed have is usually ... found in typically h dropping accents of English. Commonly found in literature from late Victorian ... also added IPA h to the English English pronunciation of herb , IPA h b , while American English ... is a process that occurs in modern English that causes IPA x to be dropped in words like thought , night ... cache 9zbJpPgRmfMJ www.phon.ucl.ac.uk home wells English 2520accents 6.ppt ref ref http www1.uni hamburg.de peter.siemund Articles English 2520 Variationstypologie .pdf ref The phoneme IPA x was previously distinguished as IPA after front vowels, IPA x after back vowels. IPA and sometimes IPA x was lost in most dialects with compensatory lengthening of the previous vowels. IPA n xt IPA n t IPA ... or IPA u in Early Middle English produced multiple reflexes of orthographic Ough combination ough . Compare Modern English through IPA ru , though IPA o , bough IPA ba , cough IPA k f , IPA k f ...   more details



  1. Phonological history of Scots

    ref ref A History of Scots to 1700, p. ci ref While OE IPA sk became IPA in Modern English, Scots ... ref ref A History of Scots to 1700, p. ci ref OE IPA x was lost in English, but remained so in Scots ... in Early Scots, the Early Middle English vowels they can largely be derived from, and the main Old English sources of these vowels. See also Middle English phonology for a more in depth overview of the Old English sources of the Early Middle English vowels below. External sources are For the principal Old English, Norse and Romance sources of the Early Scots vowels see Aitken, A.J .... Similarly with Old English g and Norse l gr which became awn to own and law low . Before IPA x ... Scots Vowels A History of the Stressed Vowels of Older Scots from the Beginnings to the Eighteenth ... University Press 2002. Reflist Germanic philology DEFAULTSORT Phonological History Of Scots Category ...Cleanup date January 2011 IPA notice Main History of the Scots language This is a presentation of the phonology phonological history of the Scots language . Scots has its origins in Old English OE via early Northern Middle English ref http www.dsl.ac.uk dsl SCOTSHIST list.html A History of Scots to 1700 , DOST Vol. 12 pp. lix lx ref though loanwords from Old Norse ref A History of Scots to 1700, pp ... Latin , Anglo Norman language Anglo Norman and Middle French borrowings. ref A History of Scots to 1700, pp. lxiii lxv ref Trade and immigration led to some borrowings from Middle Low German and Middle Dutch . ref A History of Scots to 1700, pp. lxiii ref Some vocabulary has been borrowed from Scotland s other language, Scottish Gaelic Gaelic . ref A History of Scots to 1700, pp. lxi ref Consonants ..., http www.dsl.ac.uk dsl INTRO intro2.php Introduction Vol I p. xxii ref ref A History of Scots to 1700, p. ci ref OE merge Modern Scots emmers and English embers OE mel Modern Scots thimmle and English thimble OE timber Modern Scots timmer and English timber I don t know what this is supposed ...   more details



  1. Phonological history of wh

    o , and later Kentish dialect Kentish became an Phonological history of English fricatives and affricates ...wiktionary wine whine merger The pronunciation of the Wh digraph digraph wh in English language English has varied with time, and can still vary today between different regions. According to the Phonological history of English consonants historical period and the Regional accents of English accent of the speaker ... Minkova year 2004 title Studies in the History of the English language II Unfolding Conversations chapter Philology, linguistics, and the history of IPA hw IPA w editor In Anne Curzan and Kimberly Emmons ... the fact that these are not h dropping dialects, suggesting cluster simplification. See also Phonological history of English consonants Hwair Wh digraph References Reflist Category Splits and mergers ... rounded vowels , as in who and whole, it is often realized as IPA h . The historical pronunciation of this digraph is in most cases IPA hw , but in many dialects of English it has merged with IPA ... transcribed IPAblink , and is equivalent to a voiceless IPA w or IPA hw . Early history of wh What is now English wh originated as the Proto Indo European language Proto Indo European consonant ... by the symbol known as hwair in Old English it was spelled as hw . The spelling was changed to wh in Middle English , but it retained the pronunciation IPA , in some dialects as late as the present day. Because Proto Indo European interrogative words typically began with k , English interrogative ... IPA w . who IPA hu Old English hw whom IPA hu m Old English hw m whole IPA ho l Old English h l ... language Scots , and in Hiberno English with an Irish Gaelic substrate influence something which has led to an interesting re borrowing of whisk e y as lang ga fuisce , having originally entered English ... coauthors Sharon Ash Charles Boberg year 2006 title The Atlas of North American English location ... in the dialects of the great majority of English speakers. The resulting IPA w is generally pronounced ...   more details



  1. List of words in English with many vowels

    In English With Many Vowels Category Lists of words with uncommon properties Category Lists of English ...Wikify date December 2010 ABOUT this was originally Talk English words with uncommon properties Containing many vowels, but mature now. see discussion at talk English words with uncommon properties main English words with uncommon properties Many vowels This article is part of a series of English words with uncommon properties and list the top 1,000 English words in wiktionary en ranked by number of vowels per length with the exception of terms comprising spaces e.g. phrases , ignoring accents a and splitting ligature ae and removing abbreviations br class wikitable sortable word part of speech letters vowels ratio wikt euouae euouae n 6 6 1.00 Aiouea n 6 6 1.00 wikt Aiea Aiea proper 4 4 1.00 wikt euoi euoi int 4 4 1.00 wikt a a a a n 2 2 1.00 wikt aia aia n 3 3 1.00 wikt A A n 1 1 1.00 wikt A A n 1 1 1.00 wikt aa aa n 2 2 1.00 wikt English letter proper 2 2 1.00 wikt ai ai int n 2 2 1.00 wikt Ai Ai proper 2 2 1.00 wikt e e pronoun 1 1 1.00 wikt ea ea n 2 2 1.00 wikt ee ee n int 2 2 1.00 wikt io io n 2 2 1.00 wikt Io proper 2 2 1.00 wikt IU n 2 2 1.00 wikt o n 1 1 1.00 wikt oe n 2 2 1.00 wikt oi int 2 2 1.00 wikt oo n 2 2 1.00 wikt ou n 2 2 1.00 wikt e English e letter n 1 1 1.00 wikt i English i letter n 1 1 1.00 wikt eunoia eunoia n 6 5 0.83 wikt olia proper 6 5 0.83 wikt Euboea proper 6 5 0.83 wikt aalii n 5 4 0.80 wikt Aarau proper 5 4 0.80 wikt adieu int n 5 4 0.80 wikt aerie n 5 4 0.80 wikt Aigio proper 5 4 0.80 wikt Aimee proper 5 4 0.80 wikt aioli n 5 4 0.80 wikt ... geue v 4 3 0.75 wikt huia n 4 3 0.75 wikt Iago English Iago proper 4 3 0.75 wikt Iain proper 4 3 ... n 6 4 0.67 wikt Apulia proper 6 4 0.67 wikt Aquila English Aquila proper 6 4 0.67 wikt Arabia proper ... wikt ape adj n v 3 2 0.67 wikt apo adj 3 2 0.67 wikt Ara English Ara proper 3 2 0.67 wikt are n 3 ... 0.67 wikt Una proper 3 2 0.67 wikt uni n 3 2 0.67 wikt Uno English Uno n 3 2 0.67 wikt ure n 3 2 0.67 ...   more details



  1. List of words in English containing all the vowels

    ABOUT this was originally Talk English words with uncommon properties Containing all the vowel, but mature now. main English words with uncommon properties Containing all the vowels This article is part of a series of English words with uncommon properties and list all 2880 English words in wiktionary en containing all the vowels with the exception of terms comprising spaces e.g. phrases , ignoring accents a and splitting ligature ae class wikitable sortable link id size wikt eunoia n 6 wikt aerious adj 7 wikt eutopia n 7 wikt Eutopia n 7 wikt isourea n 7 wikt sequoia n 7 wikt aboideau n 8 wikt aboiteau n 8 wikt quison n 8 wikt aequorin n 8 wikt anemious adj 8 wikt autocide n 8 wikt autofire n 8 wikt autohide v 8 wikt avenious adj 8 wikt caesious adj 8 wikt dialogue n v 8 wikt edacious adj 8 wikt equation n 8 wikt euphobia n 8 wikt euphoria n 8 wikt euryopia n 8 wikt eusocial adj 8 wikt exonumia n 8 wikt jalousie n 8 wikt outraise v 8 wikt poulaine n 8 wikt quaestio n 8 wikt sequoian adj 8 wikt thiourea n 8 wikt utopiate n 8 wikt abreuvoir n 9 wikt acuminose adj 9 wikt aleuronic adj 9 wikt aliferous adj 9 wikt aliquoted adj 9 wikt andouille n 9 wikt aneuploid adj n 9 wikt arsenious adj 9 wikt audiotape n v 9 wikt aureation n 9 wikt auriscope n 9 wikt authorize v 9 wikt autocrime n 9 wikt autocrine adj 9 wikt autogenic adj 9 wikt autotelic adj 9 wikt azorubine n 9 wikt behaviour n 9 wikt cauponize v 9 wikt cautioner n 9 wikt damourite n 9 wikt deiparous adj 9 wikt education n 9 wikt emulation n 9 wikt equimolar adj 9 wikt equivocal n adj 9 wikt Euamerion proper 9 wikt euatmotic adj 9 wikt eudemonia n 9 wikt euphorbia n 9 wikt Euphorbia n 9 wikt exudation n 9 wikt facetious adj 9 wikt favourite adj n v 9 wikt feracious adj 9 wikt gigajoule n 9 wikt guanodine n 9 wikt guanosine n 9 wikt housemaid n v 9 wikt inoculate v 9 wikt isobutane n 9 wikt jailhouse n 9 wikt jalousied ... 11 wikt Pelargonium English Pelargonium n 11 wikt permutation n 11 wikt pneumatosis n 11 wikt polyquinane ...   more details



  1. Low back pain

    Infobox symptom Name Low back pain Image Lumbar region in human skeleton.svg Caption The five vertebrae ... pmr eMedicineTopic 73 MeshID D017116 Low back pain or lumbago IPAc en icon l m b e o is a common ... or chronic in duration. With conservative measures, the symptoms of low back pain typically show significant ... weeks . ref cite journal author Bogduk M title Management of chronic low back pain journal Medical ... musculoskeletal problems, and are referred to as non specific low back pain this type may be due ... spinal pathology in patients presenting to primary care settings with acute low back pain ... may be responsible for 22.6 of low back pain. ref T N Bernard and W H Kirkaldy Willis, Recognizing specific characteristics of nonspecific low back pain, Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, no. 217 ... treatment for low back pain journal Journal of Musculoskeletal Medicine volume 27 issue ... last Chou first R coauthors Fu, R, Carrino, JA, Deyo, RA title Imaging strategies for low back ... for low back pain advice for high value health care from the American College of Physicians journal ... of low back pain journal Cochrane Database Syst Rev volume issue 1 pages CD006555 year 2010 ... cases that are not debilitating, low back pain may be best treated with conservative self care, ref ... volume 147 issue 7 pages 478 91 title Diagnosis and treatment of low back pain a joint clinical ... for low back pain editor1 first Simon D pages CD004750 editor1 last French author French SD, Cameron ... Atlas SJ year 2010 title Nonpharmacological treatment for low back pain url http www.musculoskeletalnetwork.com ... journal The Lancet year 2003 title Effect of firmness of mattress on chronic non specific low back ... K re Birger title Bed rest for acute low back pain and sciatica journal Cochrane Database Syst ... ref name pmid16973062 cite journal author Koes B, van Tulder M title Low back pain acute journal Clinical ... name Atlas Structured exercise in acute low back pain has demonstrated neither improvement nor harm ...   more details



  1. List of English back-formations

    wiretapper ref name Random House References reflist Category Lists of English words Back formations ... title The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language edition 4 year 2009 publisher ... title Random House Dictionary of the English Language , Unabridged year 2009 ... ref name M W aviate from aviation ref name M W B babysit from babysitter ref name M W back form from back formation bartend from bartender ref name Random House beg from beggar benefact from benefactor ... , treated as English plural ref name Random House Chess river from Chesham choate from inchoate ... refer from cross reference ref name OED cite web url http oed.com title Oxford English Dictionary ... Middle English pease ref name Webster s NWC cite web url http www.yourdictionary.com title Webster s New ... ref name M W sorb from sorption also a back formation soft land from soft landing backformed adjective ...   more details



  1. History of the English language

    See also Wikipedia Books English language Phonological history of the English language American ... 2010 06 19 ref ref The Oxford history of English lexicography, Volume 1 By Anthony Paul Cowie ref ... language adopted foreign words from many countries. Phonological changes Main Phonological history ... Kingdom Middle English creole hypothesis Middle English declension History of the Scots language ... in the dialects of England and modern standard English History of English Germanic philology Language histories DEFAULTSORT History Of The English Language Category History of the English language ...English language English is a West Germanic languages West Germanic language that originated from the Anglo ... various parts of what is now northwest Germany and the Netherlands . Initially, Old English was a diverse ... . One of these dialects, West Saxon dialect Old English Late West Saxon , eventually came to dominate. English changed enormously in the Middle Ages . Written Old English of AD 1000 is similar ... in written Middle English of AD 1400. This was caused by two further waves of invasion the first ... of England Normans in the 11th century , who spoke Old Norman and ultimately developed an English variety of this called Anglo Norman language Anglo Norman . A large proportion of the modern English ... Frisian core of English. However, this had not reached South West England by the 9th century AD, where Old English was developed into a full fledged literary language. This was completely disrupted by the Norman invasion in 1066, and when literary English rose anew in the 13th century, it was based ... and French as the main source of new words. Thus, English developed into very much a loanword borrowing language with an enormously disparate vocabulary . Proto English The languages of Germanic peoples gave rise to the English language the Angles , Saxon people Saxons , Frisii , Jutes and possibly ... peoples the ancestors of the English in ancient times is Tacitus Germania book Germania ...   more details



  1. History of English contract law

    The history of English contract law traces back to its roots in Civil law legal system civil law , the lex mercatoria and the industrial revolution . Modern English contract law is composed primarily of case law decided by the English courts following the Judicature Acts and supplemented by statutory reform. However, a significant number of legal principles were inherited from recording decisions reaching back to the aftermath of the Norman Invasion . Civil law Plato , The Laws Roman law and pacta sunt servanda Corpus Juris Civilis Norman England Common law Courts of Chancery Forms of action The Lex Mercatoria s reception Assumpsit , Slade s case 1602 76 ER 1074, Bret v JS 1600 Cro Eliz 756 and Assumption of responsibility Sir Edward Coke Lex mercatoria and the Hanseatic League Sir John Holt Chief Justice 1689 to 1710 and Lord Mansfield William Blackstone , Commentaries on the Laws of England Jeremy Bentham Freedom of contract Laissez faire Faust and Christopher Marlowe , The Tragicall History of the Life and Death of Doctor Faustus 1604 Robert Browning Pied Piper of Hamelin 1842 Indian Contract Act 1872 http www.commonlii.org in legis num act ica1872152 c 9 Chitty on Contracts by Joseph Chitty, the younger 1796 1838 and called A Practical Treatise on the Law of Contracts not under Seal 1st edn 1826 Sir William Anson and Sir Frederick Pollock Oliver Wendell Holmes , The Common Law Samuel Williston Modern regulation Sidney Webb and Beatrice Webb Benjamin N. Cardozo and Arthur Linton Corbin Contract of adhesion Standard form contract Grant Gilmore , The Death of Contract 1974 ... of Fair Trading European civil code See also English contract law History of contract law Notes refs ... www.jstor.org pss 1340045 87 5 Harvard Law Review 917 AWB Simpson, The Horwitz Thesis and the History ... Oxford 1979 AWB Simpson , A History of the Common Law of Contract the Rise of the Action of Assumpsit ... http biotech.law.lsu.edu Books Holmes claw08.htm lecture 7 Category English contract law ...   more details



  1. A History of the English-Speaking Peoples

    Italic title Image english speaking.jpg thumb 200px A contemporary cover of A History of the English Speaking Peoples A History of the English Speaking Peoples is a four volume history of United Kingdom ... last Roberts title A history of the English speaking peoples review journal History Today location ... Africa. A sequel to Churchill s work, A History of the English Speaking Peoples Since 1900 , by Andrew ... title A history of the English speaking peoples since 1900 publisher Weidenfeld & Nicolson location London year 2006 language English isbn 0297850768 ref References Reflist See also Anglosphere History of England Winston Churchill Winston Churchill as historian Churchill DEFAULTSORT History of the English ... Books by Winston Churchill Category English non fiction literature Category 20th century history books Category History books about the United Kingdom Category History books about New Zealand Category History books about Canada Category History books about Australia Category History books about South Africa Category History books about the United States cs D jiny anglicky mluv c ch n rod de A History of the English Speaking Peoples he ms History of the English ..., who excelled in history as a child and was himself half American on his maternal side, had a firm ... with the resulting two divisions of the English speaking peoples . At the suggestion of publisher Newman ... began the history during the 1930s, during the period that his official biographer Martin Gilbert ... history of that conflict and then as Prime Minister again between 1951 and 1955, and so it was not until ... was devoted to the military minutiae of the American Civil War . Social history , the British Agricultural ... should have been titled Things in history that interested me. ref cite news first David last Smith ... Telegraph , J.H. Plumb wrote This history will endure not only because Sir Winston has written it, but also ..., the quality of the productions was judged to be poor and the series received low ratings see BBC television ...   more details



  1. History of English football

    The History of Football in England English football is a long and detailed one, as it is not only the national ... for this was to unify English public school and university football games. There is evidence for refereed, team football games being played in English schools since at least 1581. An account ... to football. England can boast the earliest ever documented use of the English word football 1409 and the earliest ... History of Football Bot generated title ref and England is home to the oldest football clubs ... used by the English upper classes at the time. A translation reads f orasmuch as there is great ... King Henry IV of England gives us the first documented use of the English word football when issued ... in Medieval England and middle English literature. The American Historical Review, vol 35, No. 1 ... , a student at Eton College in the early 16th century and later headmaster at other English schools ... the ball between members of the same team until the 1860s, however, in 1650 English puritan Richard ... . ref Marples, M. 1954. A History of Football, Secker and Warburg, London ref The first references ... by English Poet Edmund Waller in c1624 He mentions a a sort i.e. company of lusty shepherds try ... suggests that playing as a team emerged much earlier in English football than previously thought. Football continued to be outlawed in English cities, for example the Manchester Lete Roll contains a resolution ... football was popular among English factory workers A stranger passing through it at noon time may ... each other. Previously, each school had its own rules, which may have dated back to the 15th or 16th ... sets, most notably Sheffield F.C. 1855 and J.C. Thring 1862 . ref http www.the english football ... the first reference in the English Language to the verb to pass a ball. C. W. Alcock became the first ... corshamref sub offhist.htm Offside History Bot generated title ref The offside rule was introduced ... to their code in 1866. The oldest existing football trophy in the world the Youdan Cup 1867 . The English ...   more details



  1. A History of English Mediaeval Architecture

    A History of English Medieval Architecture is a book published in three volumes in 1912, re published in two volumes in 1921 and one volume in 1931, by architect and artist Cyril Edward Power . It features 424 of his drawings and illustrations and was published by Talbot Press. On July 5th, 1912, Building News stated While the ordinary reader will scan the book with pleasurable interest, the architectural student of Mediaeval architecture who believes some still believe it, we suppose even in these days that structural integrity was the raison d tre of Gothic art, will follow Mr Power s intelligent exposition with profit, and find stimulation to further study. Power himself states that the purpose of the book is to make the various stages of early life in these islands intelligible. These books were the outcome of a series of lectures Power gave in 1907 at Goldsmiths College New Cross. Renowned for their intricate detail and exhaustive research, Power shortly after their publication began lecturing in architecture at The Grosvenor School of Modern Art References The book itself br Building News Magazine br Redfern Gallery website http www.redferngallery.com link title DEFAULTSORT History of English Mediaeval Architecture Category 1912 books History of English Mediaeval Architecture Category Architecture books History of English Mediaeval Architecture Category Art history books History of English Mediaeval Architecture art book stub ...   more details



  1. English local history

    also popularised the subject with his book The Making of the English Landscape . History of English local history There is incidental material in the writings of Bede which can be used for local history although he wrote a national rather than local history. During the late medieval, travel writers ... Oxford University Press, 1992 Tiller, Kate. English Local History an introduction Thrupp Alan Sutton ... Census Bede, History of the English Church and People AD 731 . Burke, Peter ed. , New Perspectives ... for English Local History , in Societies, Cultures and Kinship 1580 1850 Leicester Univ. Press, 1993 ... Life, History Dictionary Local History Dictionary DEFAULTSORT English Local History Category Fields of history Category History of England Local History, English ...Local history is the study of the history of a relatively small geographic area typically a specific settlement, parish or county. English local history came to the fore with the antiquarian s of the 19th century and was particularly emphasised by the creation of the Victoria County History series in England ... once again, these writers did not set out to write local history. The Tudor period saw the publication ... County History project began to provide a sound academic basis for local history. The early twentieth century saw individuals in universities with job titles related to local history, but the first department of Local History was established at Leicester in 1947. Interest in local history expanded ... the conclusions from a wide range of academic disciplines. Researching local history Local history research, like that of Genealogy family history , is accessible to people without prior historical training or experience. This is because the very nature of local history is such that starting points ... for history and have applied this to their area. Most local history researchers follow a process ... they seek to demonstrate or disprove through evidence. Primary sources for local history The survival ...   more details



  1. A Short History of the English People

    Orphan date January 2011 Infobox book edition name A Short History of the English People image image caption author John Richard Green illustrator cover artist country England language English genre publisher The Macmillan Company release date 1874 media type Print Hardcover pages 872 pp isbn A Short History of the English People is a book written by English historian John Richard Green . First printed in 1874, it is a history, not of English Kings or English Conquests, but of the English People. ref cite book first John Richard last Green title A Short History of the English People page xxiv publisher Macmillan volume I year 1902 location London ref The book was started in 1869 when Green was given only six months to live after being hit hard by disease that had plagued him throughout life. Citation needed date August 2010 Only having around 800 pages to write on, he had to leave out much of the information he wanted to include. Citation needed date August 2010 Green intentionally left out the battles of England feeling they did not play a big role in the formation of the nation. Citation needed date August 2010 His new ideas, and omission of information that others felt important, meant Green was criticized by other historians as well as the people close to him. Citation needed date August 2010 Others thought highly of the book, including Francis Adams writer Francis Adams , who used quotes from the book in his poem The Peasants Revolt . ref cite book last Adams first Francis title Songs of the Army of the Night url http setis.library.usyd.edu.au ozlit pdf adasong.pdf location London publisher A.C. Fifield year 1910 ref Notes reflist Bibliography John Richard Green, A Short History of the English People External links The 1902 3 Macmillan Publishers Macmillan illustrated edition of the work at the Internet Archive http www.archive.org details shorthistoryofth01greeiala ... IV DEFAULTSORT Short History Of The English People Category 1874 books ...   more details



  1. History of linguistic prescription in English

    distinctions, or Latin grammar. Academics will note that the Oxford English Dictionary has always been a descriptive text. Topics in English usage prescription See also Disputed English grammar ain t comparative null comparative comparison of absolute adjectives double negative History of English grammars ... DEFAULTSORT History Of Linguistic Prescription In English Category English grammar Category Linguistics ... of English spelling . More influentially, the first of a long line of prescriptionist usage commentators, Robert Lowth , published A Short Introduction to English Grammar in 1762 . Lowth s grammar ... not in itself be the basis for English prescriptions. Thus for example he criticises Joseph Addison ... noted writers that who can refer to direct objects in English. Lowth s ipse dixit s appealed to those ... and much praised Dictionary of Modern English Usage . Originally published in 1926, it was extensively ... started to fall under increasing criticism. Thus, works such as the Merriam Webster s Dictionary of English ...   more details



  1. History of English grammars

    The history of English grammars begins late in the sixteenth century with the Pamphlet for Grammar by William Bullokar . In the early works, the structure and rules of English grammar were contrasted with those ... oppressively on much of the early history of English grammars. Any attempt by one author to assert an independent grammatical rule for English was quickly followed by equal avowals by others of truth ... pages 536&ndash 588 title The Cambridge history of the English language, volume IV, 1776&ndash 1997 ... first2 H. G. title A History of English Language Teaching publisher Oxford University Press. Pp. 417 ... 240&ndash 273 title The Oxford history of English editor first Lynda editor last Mugglestone publisher ... century. Sixteenth to eighteenth centuries The first English grammar, Pamphlet for Grammar by William Bullokar , written with the seeming goal of demonstrating that English was quite as rule bound ... Bullokar wrote his grammar in English and used a reformed spelling system of his own invention, many English grammars, for much of the century after Bullokar s effort, were to be written in Latin ... Cooper s Grammatica Lingu Anglican 1685 was the last English grammar written in Latin. ref Harvnb ..., was having to cite grammatical authorities to bolster the claim that Case grammar Cases in English grammatical cases in English are different from those in Ancient Greek or Latin. ref name linn ... in international trade created demand for English grammars for speakers of other languages. Many .... ref name linn 75 On the other hand, English grammars began to reach a wider audience within Britain ... of the English tongue 1711 and James Greenwood s Essay towards a practical English grammar , were ... If by the end of the seventeenth century English grammar writing had made a modest start, totaling 16 ... century would see the appearance of almost 900 new books on English grammar. ref name linn 76 .... Edward Shelley s The people s grammar or English grammar without difficulties for the million 1848 ...   more details




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