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Encyclopedia results for Peptide nucleic acid

Peptide nucleic acid





Encyclopedia results for Peptide nucleic acid

  1. Peptide nucleic acid

    Image PNA en.svg right Peptide nucleic acid PNA is an artificially synthesized polymer similar to DNA or RNA invented by Peter E. Nielsen Univ. Copenhagen , Michael Egholm Univ. Copenhagen , Rolf H. Berg Ris National Lab , and Ole Buchardt Univ. Copenhagen in 1991. ref cite journal doi 10.1126 science.1962210 author Nielsen PE, Egholm M, Berg RH, Buchardt O title Sequence selective recognition of DNA ... binding is stronger than PNA DNA binding. Synthetic peptide nucleic acid oligomers have been used ... PE, Buchardt Ole, Egholm M, and Nord n B title DNA like Double Helix formed by Peptide Nucleic Acid ... molecule cite journal author Shabih Shakeel, et al. title Peptide Nucleic Acid PNA A Review journal ... cgi content abstract 97 8 3868 title Peptide nucleic acids rather than RNA may have been ... and probes of biosensor Detection of DNA sequences See also Peptide synthesis Oligonucleotide synthesis Glycol nucleic acid Threose nucleic acid References Reflist Further reading cite web author Peter ... Nucleic Acid Analogues for Programmable Assembly Hybridization of LNA to PNA journal Nano Lett. volume ... title The peptide nucleic acids PNAs a new generation of probes for genetic and cytogenetic analyses ... PNA s backbone is composed of repeating N 2 aminoethyl glycine units linked by peptide bond s. PNA ... by Methylenes methylene carbonyl bonds. PNAs are depicted like peptide s, with the Nitrogen N terminus ... readily cross cell membranes to enter the cytosol, covalently coupling a cell penetrating peptide ... science.323.5911.198 ref The name is somewhat of a misnomer as PNA is not an acid. Applications Alteration ... protocells A New Game of Life cite journal author Nielsen PE, Egholm M title An Introduction to Peptide Nucleic Acid journal Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. volume 1 issue 2 pages 89 104 year 1999 url http www.horizonpress.com cimb v v1 09.pdf format PDF Nucleic acids DEFAULTSORT Peptide Nucleic Acid Category Nucleic acids Category Origin of life ca cid peptonucleic de Peptid Nukleins ure es cido peptidonucleico ...   more details



  1. Nucleic acid

    peptide nucleic acid s. Molecular composition and size ref name Stryer Nucleic acids can vary in size ...Nucleic acids are biological molecules essential for life, and include DNA deoxyribonucleic acid and RNA ribonucleic acid . Together with protein s, nucleic acids make up the most important macromolecule ... Miescher and the early years of nucleic acid research volume 122 issue 6 pages 565 81 issn 0340 6717 ... nucleic acid is the overall name for DNA and RNA, members of a family of biopolymer s, ref cite ... molecules known. Well studied biological nucleic acid molecules range in size from 21 nucleotides ... acid structures with Triple stranded DNA three or G quadruplex four strands can form. Nucleic acids ... found in the two nucleic acid types are different adenine , cytosine , and guanine are found ... isbn 0 7167 6766 X oclc doi accessdate ref In nucleic acid nomenclature conventional nomenclature , the carbons ... nucleic acids Directionality molecular biology directionality , and the ends of nucleic acid ... repeated and quite uniform Nucleic acid double helix double helical three dimensional structure ... for deoxyribose nucleic acid journal Nature volume 171 issue 4356 pages 737 8 year 1953 month ... Nucleic acid molecules are usually unbranched, and may occur as linear and circular molecules. For example ... reactions. ref name Alberts Nucleic acid sequences main Nucleic acid sequence One DNA or RNA molecule differs from another primarily in the Nucleic acid sequence sequence of nucleotides . Nucleotide ... acids Deoxyribonucleic acid main DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid is a nucleic acid that contains ... acid analogs main Nucleic acid analogues nucleic acid analogues Artificial nucleic acid analogs have been designed and synthesized by chemists, and include peptide nucleic acid , morpholino and locked nucleic acid , as well as GNA nucleic acid glycol nucleic acid and TNA nucleic acid threose nucleic ... List of nucleic acid simulation software Nucleic acid simulations Molecular biology Nucleic acid ...   more details



  1. Threose nucleic acid

    Threose nucleic acid TNA is a polymer similar to DNA or RNA but differing in the composition of its backbone . TNA is not known to occur naturally they are oligonucleotide synthesis synthesized chemically . DNA and RNA have a deoxyribose and ribose sugar backbone, respectively, whereas TNA s backbone is composed of repeating threose units linked by phosphodiester bond s. The threose molecule is easier to assemble than ribose making it a possible precursor to RNA. DNA TNA hybrid chains have been made in the laboratory using DNA polymerase. TNA can hybridize with RNA and DNA in a sequence specific manner this capability and chemical simplicity suggests that TNA could have preceded RNA as genetic material. See also Oligonucleotide synthesis Abiogenesis Glycol nucleic acid Peptide nucleic acid External links http www.newscientist.com article mg17924052.500.html Was simple TNA the first nucleic acid on Earth to carry a genetic code? , New Scientist http www.sciencemag.org cgi content summary 290 5495 1306 ORIGIN OF LIFE A Simpler Nucleic Acid , Leslie Orgel References cite journal title A Simpler Nucleic Acid last Orgel first Leslie journal Science journal Science year 2000 month November pages 1306 1307 volume 290 issue 5495 doi 10.1126 science.290.5495.1306 pmid 11185405 cite journal title Modified nucleic acids on display last Watt first Gregory journal Nature Chemical Biology year 2005 month February url http www.nature.com nchembio journal vaop nprelaunch full nchembio005.html doi 10.1038 nchembio005 cite journal title Chemical etiology of nucleic acid structure the alpha threofuranosyl 3 2 oligonucleotide system. last Schoning first K coauthors Scholz P Guntha S Wu X Krishnamurthy R Eschenmoser A journal Science journal Science year 2000 month November pmid 11082060 doi 10.1126 science.290.5495.1347 volume 290 pages 1347 51 issue 5495 Nucleic acids Category Nucleic acids Category Polymers genetics stub ca cid treonucleic fr Acide nucl ique thr ose gl cido treonucleico ...   more details



  1. Nucleic acid structure

    Nucleic acid structure refers to the Biomolecular structure structure of nucleic acid s such as DNA and RNA It is often divided into four different levels Nucleic acid primary structure Primary structure &mdash the raw sequence of nucleobase s of each of the component DNA strands Nucleic acid secondary structure Secondary structure &mdash the set of interactions between bases, i.e., which parts of which strands are bound to each other Nucleic acid tertiary structure Tertiary structure &mdash the locations of the atoms in three dimensional space, taking into consideration geometrical and steric constraints and Nucleic acid quaternary structure Quaternary structure &mdash the higher level organization of DNA in chromatin, or to the interactions between separate RNA units in the ribosome or spliceosome . See also Nucleic acid double helix Nucleic acid structure determination experimental Nucleic acid structure prediction computational DNA nanotechnology Nucleic acid design Nucleic acid thermodynamics Crosslinking of DNA DNA supercoil molecular biology stub Biomolecular structure Category DNA Category RNA ca Estructura de l ADN es Estructura del cido nucleico tr DNA n n yap s zh DNA ...   more details



  1. Nucleic acid metabolism

    Orphan date February 2009 Nucleic acid metabolism is the process by which nucleotides are synthesized and degraded. Nucleic acid synthesis is an anabolism anabolic mechanism generally involving chemical reaction of phosphate , pentose sugar , and a nitrogenous base . Destruction of nucleic acid is a catabolism catabolic procedure generally involving enzyme reactions. DNA and RNA are the main nucleic acids References Mohamed, M. Optometry Professor. Smith, K. Optometrist. Sohn, S. Biomedical Science Professor of U of W. biochem stub Category Nucleic acids ...   more details



  1. Glycol nucleic acid

    Glycol nucleic acid GNA is a polymer similar to DNA or RNA but differing in the composition of its backbone . GNA is not known to occur naturally they are oligonucleotide synthesis synthesized chemically . The 2,3 dihydroxypropylnucleoside analogues were first prepared by Ueda et al. 1971 . Soon thereafter it was shown that phosphate linked oligomers of the analogues do in fact exhibit hypochromicity in the presence of RNA and DNA in solution Seita et al. 1972 . The preparation of the polymers was later described by Cook et al. 1995, 1999 and Acevedo and Andrews 1996 . The GNA GNA self pairing described by Zhang and Meggers is however novel, and the specificity of interaction well demonstrated. DNA and RNA have a deoxyribose and ribose sugar backbone, respectively, whereas GNA s backbone is composed of repeating glycerol units linked by phosphodiester bond s. The glycerol molecule has just three carbon atoms and still shows Watson Crick base pairing. Interestingly, the Watson Crick base pairing is much more stable in GNA than its natural counterparts DNA and RNA as it requires a high temperature to melt a duplex of GNA. It is possibly the simplest of the nucleic acids, so making it a hypothetical precursor to RNA. See also Oligonucleotide synthesis Abiogenesis Threose nucleic acid Peptide nucleic acid Locked nucleic acid References cite journal author Zhang Lilu, Peritz Adam, Meggers Eric title A simple glycol nucleic acid journal J Am Chem Soc volume 127 issue 12 pages 4174 5 year 2005 url http pubs.acs.org doi pdf 10.1021 ja042564z?cookieSet 1 pmid 15783191 doi 10.1021 ja042564z Seita, Tooru Yamauchi, Kiyoshi Kinoshita, Masayoshi Imoto, Minoru. Condensation polymerization of nucleotide analogues. Die Makromolekulare Chemie 1972 , 154 255 261. Ueda, Nasuo Kawabata, Toshio Takemoto, Kiichi. Synthesis of N 2,3 dihydroxypropyl derivatives of nucleic bases. Journal of Heterocyclic ... Simpler than DNA Chemical and engineering news Nucleic acids Category Nucleic acids genetics ...   more details



  1. Nucleic acid templated chemistry

    ME, Liu DR title DNA templated polymerization of side chain functionalized peptide nucleic acid aldehydes ... of peptide nucleic acid encoded oligosaccharides that mimick the carbohydrate epitope of HIV ...File NATC scheme.png thumb The schematic presentation how the nucleic acid templated chemistry works within cells File NATC reaction.png thumb Schematic presentation of chemical reaction within cells to combine two precursors into an active drug Nucleic acid templated chemistry NATC , or DNA templated chemistry , is principally a new tool to Chemical synthesis synthesize chemical compounds. The main advantage of the NAT chemistry NATC is performing of the chemical reaction as an intramolecular reaction. The two oligonucleotide s or their analogues are linked via chemical groups to Precursor chemistry precursors of chemical compounds. The oligonucleotides recognize specific nucleic acid s and are hybridized Steric effects sterically close to each other. Afterwards the chemical active groups interact with each other to combine the precursors into a completely new chemical compound. NATC is usually used to perform the synthesis of complex compounds without need to protect chemically active groups during the synthesis. In 1999 Pavel Sergeev suggested to use NATC to synthesize biologically active compounds within living organisms. ref Sergeev, Pavel, Patent application, WO200061775, filling date 08 April 1999 http www.wipo.int pctdb en wo.jsp?wo 2000061775 Synthesis of biologically active compounds in cells PCT IB1999 000616. ref The main idea is to use NATC to synthesize specific biologically active compounds within human cells. The precursors are distributed in the whole human body ... Franzini RM Kool ET title Efficient nucleic acid detection by templated reductive quencher release ... AP, Kool ET. title New, Stronger Nucleophiles for Nucleic Acid Templated Chemistry Synthesis and Application ... of mRNA in live cells using nucleic acid templated reduction of azidorhodamine probes. journal ...   more details



  1. Nucleic acid analogues

    , and phosphate sugar backbone analogues such as peptide nucleic acid PNA , which affect the properties ... self complementary peptide nucleic acid PNA oligomer showing a duplex triplex network. J Am Chem Soc. 2005 Feb 9 127 5 1424 30. ref Artificial nucleic acids include peptide nucleic acid PNA , Morpholino and locked nucleic acid LNA , as well as GNA nucleic acid glycol nucleic acid GNA and TNA nucleic acid threose nucleic acid TNA . Each of these is distinguished from naturally occurring DNA or RNA ... 1999 1489 141 158. ref , and peptide nucleic acid Peptide nucleic acid PNA . Although these oligonucleotides ... complex to be the first nucleic acid, so before the RNA world hypothesis RNA world several simpler nucleic acids that differ in the backbone, such as TNA nucleic acid TNA and GNA nucleic acid GNA and Peptide nucleic acid PNA , have been offered as candidates for the first nucleic acids. Base analogues ... ref Wojciechowski et al. Fluorescence and hybridization properties of peptide nucleic acid containing ... structure of LNA br LNA br File PNA en.svg 70px Chemical structure of PNA br Peptide nucleic acid .... Nucleic acid analogues are compounds structurally similar Analog chemistry analog to naturally occurring RNA and DNA , used in medicine and in molecular biology research. Nucleic acid s are chains ... analogues Nucleic acid analogues are used in molecular biology for several purposes As a tool to detect ... common RNA analogues are 2 O methyl substituted RNA, locked nucleic acid Locked nucleic acid LNA , morpholino .... Antisense & Nucleic Acid Drug Development 1997 7 187 195. ref ref Summerton J. Morpholino Antisense ... of nucleic acid structure, dynamics and interactions. Curr. Org. Chem. 2002 6 775 93. ref ref Wilson .... Chem. 2006 4 4265 74. ref ref Wilhelmsson Fluorescent nucleic acid base analogues. Q. Rev. Biophys .... ref B rjesson et al. Nucleic acid base analog FRET pair facilitating detailed structural measurements in nucleic acid containing systems. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009 131 4288 93. ref Together with tC ...   more details



  1. Nucleic acid design

    Image Mao 4armjunction schematic.png thumb 250px Nucleic acid design can be used to create nucleic acid complexes with complicated Nucleic acid secondary structure secondary structures such as this four ... acid design is the process of generating a set of nucleic acid base sequences that will associate into a desired conformation. Nucleic acid design is central to the fields of DNA nanotechnology and DNA computing . ref name Dirks04 It is necessary because there are many possible Nucleic acid sequence sequences of nucleic acid strands that will fold into a given Nucleic acid secondary structure secondary ... be avoided. In addition, there are many Nucleic acid tertiary structure tertiary structure considerations ... name Sherman06 Nucleic acid design has similar goals to protein design in both, the sequence of monomers ... alternate structures. However, nucleic acid design has the advantage of being a much computationally ... require Protein tertiary structure tertiary structure information whereas nucleic acid design can operate largely on the level of Nucleic acid secondary structure secondary structure . However, nucleic ... name Brenneman02 Nucleic acid design can be considered the inverse of nucleic acid structure prediction ... concepts Image DNA chemical structure.svg thumb 250px Chemical structure of DNA. Nucleic acid double ..., where the Nucleobase bases are matched into only A T or G C pairs. The Nucleic acid structure ... Computer Science volume 287 pages 39 ref Nucleic acid design is the process by which, given a desired target structure or functionality, sequences are generated for nucleic acid strands which will self assemble into that target structure. Nucleic acid design encompasses all levels of DNA structure nucleic acid structure Nucleic acid primary structure Primary structure &mdash the raw sequence of nucleobase s of each of the component nucleic acid strands Nucleic acid secondary structure Secondary ... to each other and Nucleic acid tertiary structure Tertiary structure &mdash the locations of the atoms ...   more details



  1. Nucleic acid nomenclature

    Unreferenced date December 2009 Image Numbered cytidine.png thumb Numbered ribose carbons on cytidine . Molecular biologist s use several shorthand terms when referring to nucleic acid molecules, such as DNA and RNA , collectively referred to as nucleic acid nomenclature . The most common is the representation of the base pair s as letters&mdash an adenine nucleotide is abbreviated as A , guanine as G , cytosine as C , thymine as T , and in RNA, uracil as U . Additionally, the positions of the carbon s in the ribose sugar that forms the backbone of the nucleic acid chain are numbered, and are used to indicate the direction of nucleic acids 5 3 versus 3 5 , see directionality molecular biology directionality . Expanded letter code In addition to the conventional GATC symbols, there is an expanded letter code to indicate a position within a sequence that may be flexible when defining sequences. class wikitable border 1 Letter Nucleotide s included A A T T G G C C R G or A Y T or C M A or C K G or T S G or C W A or T H A or C or T B G or T or C V G or C or A D G or T or A N G or T or A or C For example, if the sequences known to bind protein X are known to be AAAAAAGAAA, AAAAAACAAA, AAAAAATAAA, and AAAAAAAAAA, this can be expressed as AAAAAANAAA. Triple Helix Base Pairing Watson and Crick base pairs are indicated by a or a or a . example A T, or poly rC 2poly rC . Hoogsteen triple helix base pairs are indicated by a or a example C G G , or T A T, or C G G, or T A A . See also DNA replication Nucleotide BranchesofChemistry Natural sciences footer DEFAULTSORT Nucleic Acid Nomenclature Category DNA replication Category Nucleic acids Category Nucleotides Interlanguage links de Nukleins ure Nomenklatur ...   more details



  1. Nucleic acid inhibitor

    File Molbio Header.svg thumb Image illustrates DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis. The first two are nucleic acid s. A Nucleic acid inhibitor is a type of antibacterial that acts by inhibiting the production of nucleic acid s. There are two major classes DNA inhibitors and RNA inhibitors. ref http www.ccsf.edu Departments Biology ctoebe antibiotics.htm ref The Antifungal medication antifungal flucytosine acts in a similar manner. DNA inhibitors DNA inhibitors such as the quinolones , acting upon DNA gyrase as a topoisomerase inhibitor s ref name SC Another group of DNA inhibitors, including nitrofurantoin and metronidazole , act upon anaerobic bacteria. ref cite pmid 25874 ref These act by generating metabolites that are incorporated into DNA strands, which then are more prone to breakage. ref Cite book last1 P. Denyer first1 Stephen last2 Hodges first2 Norman A. last3 P. Gorman first3 Sean title Hugo and Russell s pharmaceutical microbiology year 2004 publisher Blackwell Science location Oxford isbn 0 632 06467 6 pages 215 ref These drugs are selectively toxic to anaerobic organisms, but can affect human cells. RNA inhibitors RNA inhibitors such as rifampin , acting upon RNA dependent RNA polymerase ref name SC http pathmicro.med.sc.edu mayer antibiot.htm ref Antifolates DNA, RNA, and protein Antifolate s act primarily as inhibitors of both RNA and DNA, and are often grouped with nucleic acid inhibitors in textbooks. However, they also act indirectly as protein synthesis inhibitor s because tetrahydrofolate is also involved in the synthesis of amino acids serine and methionine , so they are sometimes considered as their own category, antimetabolite s. ref http www.life.umd.edu classroom bsci424 Chemotherapy AntibioticMechanisms.htm ref However, the term antimetabolite , when used literally, can apply to many different classes of drugs. References reflist Major drug groups Nucleic acid inhibitors Category Antibiotics antibiotic stub ar sr Inhibitori nukleinskih ...   more details



  1. Nucleic acid quaternary structure

    The quaternary structure of a nucleic acid refers to the interactions between separate nucleic acid molecules, or Protein DNA interaction between nucleic acid molecules and proteins . The concept is analogous to protein quaternary structure , but as the analogy is not perfect, the term is used to refer to a number of different concepts in nucleic acids and is less commonly encountered. Quaternary structure can refer to the higher level organization of DNA in chromatin , ref cite journal doi 10.1002 bip.1977.360160308 title Probing DNA quaternary ordering with circular dichroism spectroscopy Studies of equine sperm chromosomal fibers year 1977 last1 Sipski first1 M. Leonide last2 Wagner first2 Thomas E. journal Biopolymers volume 16 pages 573 82 pmid 843604 issue 3 ref including its interactions with histone s. It may also refer to the interactions between separate RNA units in the ribosome ref cite journal doi 10.1146 annurev.bi.53.070184.001003 title Structure of Ribosomal RNA year 1984 last1 Noller first1 H F journal Annual Review of Biochemistry volume 53 pages 119 62 pmid 6206780 ref ref cite journal doi 10.1073 pnas.081082398 pmc 33135 pmid 11296253 title RNA tertiary interactions in the large ribosomal subunit The A minor motif first5 TA last5 Steitz first4 PB last4 Moore first3 N last3 Ban first2 JA year 2001 last2 Ippolito last1 Nissen first1 P. journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences volume 98 issue 9 pages 4899 903 ref or spliceosome . The term has also been used to describe the hierarchical assembly of artificial nucleic acid building blocks used in DNA nanotechnology . ref cite book last Chworos first Arkadiusz title Foldamers Structure, Properties, and Applications year 2007 publisher Wiley VCH Verl. location Weinheim isbn 978 3527315635 pages 298&ndash 299 coauthors Jaeger, Luc editor Hecht, Stefan and Huc, Ivan chapter Nucleic acid foldamers ... Nucleic acids ...   more details



  1. Nucleic acid methods

    for protein methods Protein methods Nucleic acid methods are the techniques used to study nucleic acid s DNA and RNA . Purification Guanidinium thiocyanate phenol chloroform extraction Phenol chloroform extraction minicolumn purification RNA extraction Quantification Abundance in weight Quantification of nucleic acids spectroscopic quantification Absolute abundance in number Real time polymerase chain reaction Q PCR high throughput relative abundance DNA microarray high throughput absolute abundance serial analysis of gene expression SAGE Size Gel electrophoresis Synthesis De novo Oligonucleotide synthesis Amplification Polymerase chain reaction PCR Kinetics Dual polarization interferometry ref cite doi 10.1016 j.bios.2004.12.024 ref QCM D ref cite journal last Dixon first Matthew C. title Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation Monitoring Enabling Real Time Characterization of Biological Materials and Their Interactions journal Journal of Biomolecular Techniques year 2008 month July volume 19 issue 3 pages 151 158 pmid 19137101 pmc 2563918 ref Other List of nucleic acid simulation software Nucleic acid simulations DNA sequencing Bisulfite sequencing Expression cloning Southern blot Northern blot Sucrose gradient centrifugation Radioactivity in biological research Lab on a chip Nuclear run on Nuclear run on assay Fluorescent in situ hybridization several Bioinformatics methods, such as List of RNA structure prediction software RNA structure prediction See also CSH Protocols Current Protocols References reflist External links http www.genome.ou.edu protocol book protocol index.html PROTOCOLS FOR RECOMBINANT DNA ISOLATION, CLONING, and SEQUENCING Molecular Biology Category Molecular biology ca M todes dels cids nucleics zh ...   more details



  1. Nucleic acid quantitation

    that passes through the sample. The more light absorbed by the sample, the higher the nucleic acid ... Conversion Factors for Nucleic Acids class wikitable Nucleic Acid Concentration g ml for 1 A sub 260 sub unit dsDNA 50 ssDNA 37 ssRNA 40 Cuvette nucleic acid quantitation The optical density of samples ... to a sample concentration of 45 g ml. Cuvetteless low volume nucleic acid quantitation Multiple ... array CGH , qPCR imply quantitative and qualitative nucleic acid analysis with minimal sample volumes ... purity It is common for nucleic acid samples to be contaminated with other molecules i.e. proteins ... affect the 260 280 ratio in a nucleic acid solution. ref name molecular cloning ref cite journal author Glasel J. year 1995 title Validity of nucleic acid purities monitored by 260nm 280nm ... has high sensitivity for nucleic acid contamination in protein border 1 protein nucleic acid 260 ... in nucleic acids border 1 nucleic acid protein 260 280 ratio 100 0 2.00 95 5 1.99 90 10 1.98 ... , which is commonly used in nucleic acid purification, can significantly throw off quantification estimates. Phenol absorbs with a peak at 270nm and a A sub 260 280 sub of 1.2. Nucleic acid preparations ... range. The value in a pure nucleic acid sample should be zero. Citation needed date January 2010 ... . See also Nucleic acid methods http RNA integrity.gene quantification.info RNA quality control Guanidinium ... Nucleic Acid Purity pdf document http openwetware.org wiki Quantitating nucleic acids double stranded ...In molecular biology , quantitation of nucleic acids is commonly performed to determine the average concentrations of DNA or RNA present in a mixture, as well as their purity. Reactions that use nucleic acid s often require particular amounts and purity for optimum performance. There are several methods to establish the concentration of a solution of nucleic acids, including spectrophotometric quantification and UV fluorescence in presence of a DNA dye. Spectrophotometric analysis Nucleic acids Absorption ...   more details



  1. Spectrophotometer for Nucleic Acid Measurements

    Multiple issues orphan January 2011 A Spectrophotometer for Nucleic Acid Measurement is used in molecular biology . Analysis of nucleic acid s is commonly performed to determine the average concentrations of DNA or RNA present in a mixture, as well as their purity. To date, there are two main approaches used by scientists to quantitate DNA or RNA. These are Spectrophotometry spectrophotometric analysis and Fluorescent tag fluorescence tagging . Spectrophotometric analysis One of the more commonly used practices to quantitate DNA or RNA is the use of spectrophotometric analysis using a spectrophotometer like the AQ 07. ref http ampliquant.com index.php aq 07 ref Spectrophotometric analysis is based on the principles that nucleic acids absorb ultraviolet light in a specific pattern. In the case of DNA and RNA, a sample that is exposed to ultraviolet light at a wavelength of 260  nanometre s nm will absorb that ultraviolet light. The resulting effect is that less light will strike the photodetector and this will produce a higher optical density OD Calculations The Optical Density ref IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology. Online edition absorbance . ref is generated from equation ... units to nucleic acid concentration conversion factors are used to convert OD to concentration of unknown nucleic acid samples A260 dsDNA 50  g ml A260 ssDNA 37  g ml A260 ssRNA 40  ..., like the AQ 07 Nucleic Acid Meter, allow selection of the nucleic acid type and path length ... of Beer s law . A260 as quantity measure The A260 unit is used a quantity measure for nucleic acids. One A260 unit is the amount of nucleic acid contained in 1 mL and producing a OD of 1. The same ... analysis for nucleic acid quantitation is the ability to determine sample purity using ... used to assess the amount of protein contamination that is left from the nucleic acid isolation process ... AQ 07 webpage Category Spectroscopy DEFAULTSORT Spectrophotometer For Nucleic Acid Measurements ...   more details



  1. Nucleic acid test

    A nucleic acid test , often called a NAT test, or nucleic acid amplification test NAAT is a biochemistry biochemical technique used to detect a virus or a Bacteria bacterium . These tests were developed to shorten the window period , a time between when a patient has been infected and when they show up as positive by ELISA antibody tests . The term includes any test that directly detects the genetic material of the infecting organism or virus. There are multiple methods that fall in this group, including Methods based on the Polymerase chain reaction . These tests use a primer to rapidly make copies of the genetic material. A reverse transcriptase PCR RT PCR is used for HIV and other RNA viruses. Transcription mediated amplification uses a slightly different molecular method than PCR but has the same basic principle. Branched DNA quantiplex bDNA tests use a molecule that links to the specific genetic material. Ligase chain reaction Category Medical diagnosis Med diagnostic stub de Nuclein Acid Amplification Test Technology ...   more details



  1. Nucleic acid sequence

    nucleotide s, usually representing a single amino acid . The sequence or primary structure of a nucleic acid is the composition of atoms that make up the nucleic acid and the chemical bond s that bond those atoms. Because nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA , are unbranched polymers, this specification ... is written as a succession of letters representing a real or hypothetical nucleic acid molecule ... make up the backbone of the nucleic acid strand, and attached to the sugar is one of a set of nucleobase s. The nucleobases are important in base pair ing of strands to form higher level Nucleic acid secondary structure secondary and Nucleic acid tertiary structure tertiary structure such as the famed Nucleic acid double helix double helix . The possible letters are A , C , G , and T , representing ... Specified Bases in Nucleic Acid Sequences , NC IUB, 1984. ref A adenine C cytosine G guanine T thymine ... after the nucleic acid chain has been formed. In DNA, the most common modified base is 5 methylcytidine ... code , by which the information contained in nucleic acid s are Translation genetics translated into amino acid sequences in protein s. See Genetic code Central dogma of molecular biology In biological systems, nucleic acids contain information which is used by a living Cell biology cell to construct specific protein s. The sequence of nucleobase s on a nucleic acid strand is Translation genetics translated by cell machinery into a sequence of amino acid s making up a protein strand. Each ..., patterns, correlations in DNA and protein texts Biomolecular structure DEFAULTSORT Nucleic Acid .... Nucleic acids also have a secondary structure and tertiary structure . Primary structure is sometimes ... Main Nucleotide Nucleic acids consist of a chain of linked units called nucleotides. Each nucleotide ... the antisense strand, will have the complementary sequence to the sense strand. Notation Main Nucleic acid notation While A, T, C, and G represent a particular nucleotide at a position, there are also ...   more details



  1. Nucleic acid secondary structure

    The secondary structure of a nucleic acid molecule refers to the basepair ing interactions within a single ... in a nucleic acid molecule. ref cite journal last Dirks first Robert M. authorlink coauthors Lin, Milo Winfree, Erik & Pierce, Niles A. year 2004 month title Paradigms for computational nucleic acid design journal Nucleic Acids Research volume 32 issue 4 pages 1392 1403 doi 10.1093 nar gkh291 ... context, secondary structure is a vital consideration in the Nucleic acid design rational design of nucleic acid structures for DNA nanotechnology and DNA computing , since the pattern of basepairing ... and functional nucleic acid tertiary structure tertiary structures . Importantly, pairing is the mechanism ... in RNA . Nucleic acid hybridization File DNA orbit animated static thumb.png thumb 150px Two Complementarity molecular biology complementary regions of nucleic acid molcules will bind and from a Double ... 1.66 C C or G G align right 1.97 A C or G T align right 2.04 G C align right 2.70 Main Nucleic acid ... the strands of the double helix are broken, separating the two nucleic acid strands. These bonds are weak ... at certain points in the nucleic acid. ref name Breslauer1986 cite journal doi 10.1073 pnas.83.11.3746 ... of sequence reading enzymes such as DNA polymerase . Secondary structure motifs Nucleic acid secondary ... be further classified, for example, tetraloop s, pseudoknot s, and stem loop s. Double helix Main Nucleic acid double helix The double helix is an important Nucleic acid tertiary structure tertiary structure ... attempting to determine the secondary structure of RNA molecules. Approaches include both Nucleic acid structure determination experimental and Nucleic acid structure prediction computational methods ..., they are generally not present in biological DNA. Secondary structure prediction Main Nucleic acid ... DEFAULTSORT Nucleic Acid Secondary Structure Category DNA Category Biophysics Category Molecular ... of the DNA double helix . Nucleic Acids Research 2006 34 2 564 574 doi 10.1093 nar gkj454 PMID 16449200 ...   more details



  1. Nucleic acid notation

    The nucleic acid notation currently in use was first formalized by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry IUPAC in 1970. ref name iupac1 cite doi 10.1021 bi00822a023 ref This universally accepted notation uses the Roman characters G, C, A, and T, to represent the four nucleotides commonly found in deoxyribonucleic acids DNA . Given the rapidly expanding role for genetic sequencing, synthesis, and analysis in biology, researchers have been compelled to develop alternate notations to further support the analysis and manipulation of genetic data. These notations generally exploit size, shape, symmetry to accomplish these objectives. IUPAC notation class wikitable style margin left 25px margin top 0px float right Symbol ref name iupac Description colspan 4 Bases represented A adenosine A C cytidine C G guanosine G T thymidine T U uridine U W w eak A T S s trong C G M a m ino A C ... Bases in Nucleic Acid Sequences accessdate 2008 02 04 ref representation for a position on a DNA sequence that can be have multiple possible alternatives. These should not be confused with nucleic acid analogues non canonical bases because each particular sequence will have in fact one of the regular ... for incompletely specified basis in nucleic acid sequences. Recommendations 1984. Proc. Natl ... and or visually distinct shapes to encode lengthy nucleic acid sequences. Several of these approaches .... Functional ambigraphic notations Additional functionality can be found in nucleic acid notations ... Rozak, D. A. 2006. The practical and pedagogical advantages of an ambigraphic nucleic acid notation. Nucleosides Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids 25 807 813. ref An ambigraphic nucleic acid notation also ... and analysis of genetic data. The latest in a series of rationally designed nucleic acid notations ... cite doi 10.2144 000112727 ref As its name implies, AmbiScript is an ambigraphic nucleic acid ... . Under the commonly used IUPAC system, nucleic acids are represented by the first letters of their chemical ...   more details



  1. Locked nucleic acid

    lna technology Locked Nucleic Acid Technology ref li br Applications of the LNA technology br Some ... Vester B, Wengel J title LNA locked nucleic acid high affinity targeting of complementary RNA and DNA ... cite journal author Ng PS, Bergstrom DE title Alternative nucleic acid analogues for programmable ... 2005 5 i01 abs nl048246f.html Nucleic acids DEFAULTSORT Locked Nucleic Acid Category Nucleic acids ... cite journal title LNA Locked Nucleic Acids Synthesis of the adenine, cytosine, guanine, 5 methylcytosine, thymine and uracil bicyclonucleoside monomers, oligomerisation, and unprecedented nucleic acid recognition author Alexei A. Koshkin coauthors Sanjay K. Singh, Poul Nielsen, Vivek K. Rajwanshi ... discrimination journal Nucleic Acids Res. volume 34 issue 8 doi 10.1093 nar gkl175 url http nar.oxfordjournals.org ... expression profiling on arrays enhanced with locked nucleic acids issue 4 journal Nat. Methods volume ...   more details



  1. Nucleic acid structure determination

    about the experimental determination of nucleic acid structure computational methods Nucleic acid structure prediction Structure probing of nucleic acid s is the process by which biochemical techniques are used to determine nucleic acid structure . ref cite book author Teunissen AWM title RNA Structure ... magnetic resonance spectroscopy of nucleic acids Nucleic acid NMR is the use of NMR spectroscopy to obtain information about the structure and dynamics of nucleic acid molecules, such as DNA or RNA ... furtig cite journal doi 10.1002 cbic.200300700 pmid 14523911 ref Nucleic acid NMR uses similar techniques as protein NMR, but has several differences. Nucleic acids have a smaller percentage of hydrogen atoms, which are the atoms usually observed in NMR, and because Nucleic acid double helix nucleic acid double helices are stiff and roughly linear, they do not fod back on themselves to give long ... nonstandard geometries such as Nucleic acid double helix Bending bent helices , non Watson ... s. NMR is also useful for probing the binding of nucleic acid molecules to other molecules ... generates hydroxyl radicals which then can react with the nucleic acid molecules. ref name hydrox ... used in conjunction with chemical probing of nucleic acid molecules that are thought to associate ... than the full nucleic acid depending upon where it is cleaved. In this case since the last ..., or if no protein associates with the nucleic acid it can be caused by the tertiary fold. ref ... Nucleic Acid Structure Determination Category RNA Category Molecular biology techniques Category ... Nucleic Acids year 1996 publisher Oxford University Press location New York isbn 0195084675 coauthors ... ref The types of NMR usually done with nucleic acids are Proton NMR sup 1 sup H or proton NMR , Carbon ... in space. ref name wemmer cite book last Wemmer first David title Nucleic acids Structures, Properties ... they need to be generated. This can be done using H sub 2 sub O sub 2 sub , ascorbic acid, and Fe ...   more details



  1. Nucleic acid thermodynamics

    Nucleic acid thermodynamics is the study of the thermodynamics of nucleic acid molecules, or how temperature affects nucleic acid structure . For multiple copies of DNA molecules, the melting temperature T sub m sub is defined as the temperature at which half of the DNA strands are in the Nucleic acid ... covalent , sequence specific interaction between two or more complementary strands of nucleic acid s into a single hybrid biology hybrid , which in the case of two strands is referred to as a Nucleic acid double helix duplex . Oligonucleotide s, DNA , or RNA will bind to their complement under ... often used to describe the reformation Denaturation biochemistry Nucleic acid denaturation renaturation ... in nucleic acid thermodynamics is to determine the thermodynamic parameters for forming double stranded nucleic acid AB from single stranded nucleic acids A and B. AB A B The equilibrium constant ..., and T is the kelvin temperature of the reaction. This gives, for the nucleic acid system, math Delta ... stranded nucleic acid has dissociated. If no additional nucleic acids are present, then A , B , and AB will be equal, and equal to half the initial concentration of double stranded nucleic acid, AB sub initial sub . This gives an expression for the melting point of a nucleic acid duplex of math ... terms are similarly defined. In general, the free energy of forming a nucleic acid duplex is math Delta ... the hydrogen bond s between nucleic bases, after which the two strands separate. In the absence ... indefinitely, which lays the ground for polymerase chain reaction . Most commonly, the pairs of nucleic ..., also called DNA melting, is the process by which double stranded deoxyribonucleic acid unwinds ... necrogenic variants by temperature gradient gel electrophoresis journal Nucleic Acids Research year ... amplification in vitro. journal Nucleic Acids Res. volume 18 pages 6409 6412 issue 21 pmid 2243783 ... are involved in melting the double stranded state and the random coil state. However, nucleic ...   more details



  1. Nucleic acid structure prediction

    About the computational prediction of nucleic acid structure experimental methods Nucleic acid structure determination Nucleic acid structure prediction is a computational method to determine Nucleic acid structure nucleic acid secondary and tertiary structure from its sequence. Secondary structure can be predicted from a single or from several nucleic acid sequences. Tertiary structure can be predicted ... . The problem of predicting nucleic acid secondary structure is dependent mainly on base pair ing ... to a known class of nucleic acid molecules, such as transfer RNA or microRNA , is observed. Many ... for hydrogen bond ing in the nucleic acid backbone. The Nucleic acid thermodynamics energy parameters are also different for the two nucleic acids. Single sequence structure prediction A common ... given just the nucleic acid sequence. However, in the case of RNA much of the final structure ... also RNA RNA structure Non coding RNA List of RNA structure prediction software List of nucleic acid ..., T. 1991 Inferring consensus structure from nucleic acid sequences. Comput. Appl. Biosci, . 7 ... D Modeling unusual nucleic acid structures. In Molecular Modeling of Nucleic Acids. Edited by Leontes ... acid folding and hybridization prediction url journal Nucleic Acids Research volume 31 issue 13 ... acid structures. In Molecular Modeling of Nucleic Acids. Edited by Leontes N, SantaLucia JJ. Washington ... 2003 title A statistical sampling algorithm for RNA secondary structure prediction url journal Nucleic ... journal Nucleic Acids Res. volume 31 issue 13 pages 3423 8 pmid 12824339 pmc 169020 ref ref name Leontis06 .... ref ref name Major03 Major F Building three dimensional ribonucleic acid structures. Comput Sci Eng ..., W. 2004 ILM a web server for predicting RNA secondary structures with pseudoknots. Nucleic Acids ... RNAs. Nucleic Acids Research, 32 Web Server issue , W142 145. ref ref name Touzet07 Touzet, H., 2007 ... RNA sequences using thermodynamics and auxiliary information. Nucleic Acids Res. Jan 10 9 1 133 48 ...   more details



  1. Nucleic acid tertiary structure

    http pymol.sourceforge.net PyMOL . ref The tertiary structure of a nucleic acid is its precise ... structures. Double helix main Nucleic acid double helix The double helix is the dominant tertiary ... GG title Preferential binding of fd gene 5 protein to tetraplex nucleic acid structures journal J ... similar to coaxial stacking has been observed in Nucleic acid design rationally designed DNA structures ... in stabilizing these kinds of junctions in Nucleic acid design artificially designed structures used ... cite journal author Watson JD, Crick FH title Molecular structure of nucleic acids a structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid journal Nature volume 171 issue 4356 pages 737 738 year 1953 month April pmid ... would eventually be overcome largely because of two major advancements in nucleic acid research ... biology in the mid 1990s has caused a veritable explosion in the field of nucleic acid structural ... Biomolecular structure Category RNA ca Estructura terci ria de l acid nucleic ... 171737a0 url http www.nature.com nature dna50 watsoncrick.pdf title A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid journal Nature volume 171 pages 737 738 year 1953 format PDF issue 4356 bibcode 1953Natur.171 ... the presence of two extended helices that result from coaxial stacking of the amino acid acceptor ... the anticodon stem perpendicularly to the amino acid stem, leading to the functional L shaped tertiary ... editor others title Nucleic Acids in Chemistry and Biology edition language publisher RSC Pub location ... and these steps can be stabilized by different types of cations. In the early stages, RNA forms Nucleic acid secondary structure secondary structure s stabilized through the binding of monovalent cations ... conformational adaptation journal Nucleic Acids Res. volume 29 issue 19 pages 3910 8 year 2001 month ..., Penwick, JR, Zamir title Structure of a ribonucleic acid journal Science volume 147 issue 3664 pages ...   more details



  1. Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid

    combined to make Molecular structure of Nucleic Acids A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid one ... model and theory Crystallography List of nucleic acid simulation software Nucleic acid modeling ... are long chains of amino acid subunits. In some way, the genetic molecule, DNA, had to contain instructions ... nucleic acids journal Nature date 1953 04 25 volume 171 issue 4356 pages 738 740 url http www.nature.com ... of biology Category Nucleic acids Category Academic journal articles Category Works originally published in Nature journal pl Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids th ...   more details




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