- Peering
Peering is a voluntary interconnection of administratively separate Internet data network networks for the purpose of exchanging traffic between the customers of each network. The pure definition of peering ... have led to the word peering routinely being used when there is some settlement involved, even though that is not the accurate technical use of the word. The phrase settlement free peering is sometimes used to reflect this reality and unambiguously describe the pure cost free peering situation. Peering ... the Border Gateway Protocol BGP routing protocol and is often accompanied by peering agreements of varying formality, from handshake to thick contracts. How peering works The Internet is a collection ... does not purchase transit. Motivations for peering Peering involves two networks coming together ... the motivation behind peering, which is often described solely by reduced costs for transit services ... interconnections for peering Image AS interconnection.svg thumbnail Scheme of interconnection and peering of autonomous systems The physical interconnections used for peering are categorized into two types Public peering Interconnection utilizing a multi party shared switch fabric such as an Ethernet switch. Private peering Interconnection utilizing a point to point link between two parties. Public peering Public peering is accomplished across a Layer 2 access technology, generally called a shared ... a single physical port. Historically, public peering locations were known as network access point ... span multiple buildings and colocation facilities across a city. Since public peering allows networks interested in peering to interconnect with many other networks through a single port, it is often considered to offer less capacity than private peering, but to a larger number of networks. Many smaller networks, or networks who are just beginning to peer, find that public peering exchange points provide an excellent way to meet and interconnect with other networks who may be open to peering ... more details
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- Voice peering
Multiple issues cleanup April 2007 context October 2009 unreferenced August 2010 Voice peering , also called VoIP peering , refers to the forwarding of calls from one ITSP to another ITSP directly using VoIP technology. The call is not forwarded over the PSTN and this leads to costs savings no call charges and better quality because there is no transcoding between the VoIP cloud and the PSTN, and then back from the PSTN to the next VoIP cloud. VoIP peering may occur on Layer 2 basis, i.e. a private network is provided, and carriers connected with it manage peering between one another, or on a layer 5 basis, i.e. peering occurs on open networks, with routing and signaling managed by a central provider. Voice peering or VoIP peering can occur on a bilateral or multilateral basis. Bilateral peering does not scale when many service providers seek to interconnect and peer with one another. Standards on Multilateral, layer 5 peering are under development by the IETF working group on VoIP Peering, SPEERMINT. External links http www.voipplanet.com backgrounders article.php 3644066 VoIP Planet Article DEFAULTSORT Voice Peering Category VoIP terminology & concepts ... more details
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- Auckland Peering Exchange
refimprove date November 2010 The Auckland Peering Exchange APE is an Ethernet based neutral peering point running over the CityLink metropolitan network in Auckland , New Zealand . ref http ape.nzix.net what.html What is APE? , Auckland Peering Exchange. ref The Auckland Peering Exchange was established to allow entities connected to the APE switches in Auckland to send traffic directly to and from each other rather than via their Internet Service Provider ISP . This activity is known as peering . This provides improvements in speed as traffic travels directly between the parties and reduces load on the network by reducing the need for traffic to be duplicated through one or more intermediate ISP router s. In some cases this also avoids traffic being routed out of town , or incurring ISP s traffic charges. The Auckland Peering Exchange provides two route servers which contain routing details for each of the participants. This simplifies peering enormously for most exchange users. APE grew out of discussions on the NZNOG mailing list. fact date November 2010 The Sky Tower was agreed to be a sensible meeting place, since it was already equipped as a Colocation center telehousing facility , it is a good high point for wireless access, and it is a neutral point to meet. fact date November 2010 Initially participant equipment and the CityLink switches were mainly located on the 48th floor of the Sky Tower. fact date November 2010 This deck is air conditioned and enclosed with low attenuation glass, allowing point to point radio shots back to base without needing weatherproofing and resource consent for external antennas. CityLink have also extended APE s L2 Local Area Network LAN outside of the Sky Tower so it is possible to connect to APE at a number of locations in the Auckland CBD without having a circuit into the Sky Tower. See also Wellington Internet Exchange Neutral New Zealand Internet Exchange References reflist External links http ape.nzix.net Auckland Peering ... more details
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- Donut Peering Model
orphan date August 2010 The Donut Peering Model is used to describe the interconnection of non Tier 1 network s which make up much of the Internet. Any networks which interconnect directly and therefore peer around the former core Tier 1 network s avoid those networks. The traffic between those networks therefore can be modeled in a toroidal shape, which then provides the reference to a donut. ref name DgoldDonut cite web url http www.nanog.org meetings nanog27 presentations golding.pdf title Dan Golding s Donut Peering Presentation ref Inherent to being a Tier 2 Internet provider, is having to pay for IP transit with Tier 1 providers. A way to keep costs down and increase the speed of internet traffic is for Tier 2 networks to peer directly with each other, creating a faster, more direct path for traffic between the networks to travel. An example of this is to consider the traditional flow of traffic, via Tier 1 providers where there are generally at least 2 networks that the data must traverse in order to get to the final end user. In the Tier 2 example, based on the Donut Peering model, the Broadband provider s end user would access the network Provider by initiating an internet query hop networking hop 1 , directly peering with the content provider , bypassing the Tier 1 network hand off and sends the data query directly to the Content provider hop 2 which delivers it to the end user. In this example the network connection does not touch the Tier 1 provider network. The data takes a more direct path, with less chance for increased packet loss or latency engineering latency ... articles 63792 deep dive into ip voice peering.htm title A Deep Dive Into IP Voice Peering ... Voice Peering Article publisher Streaming Media accessdate 2009 05 12 last first Cite web url http www.tvworldwide.com ... Media East Donut Peering Model Presentation publisher TMCNET accessdate 2009 09 04 last first External ... Golding originating the term http www.mzima.net pdf donut peering.pdf Donut Peering Whitepaper Categories ... more details
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- File:Huey peering out window.jpg
Summary Huey Freeman peering out of his bedroom window, bearing resemblance to http upload.wikimedia.org wikipedia en 6 62 Malcomxm1carbine3gr.gif this famous Malcolm X photo. Licensing Non free television screenshot Fair use rationale Use rationale Fair Use Rationale Though the image depicted above is subject to United States copyright law s, it is believed that its exclusive use in articles to which it is deemed relevant by consensus qualifies as fair use, given that it is a low resolution screenshot of a television episode it does not, to any extent, inhibit the copyright owner s right to market any current product related to the television show in question it helps to illustrate the television show in question by identifying a principal character, Huey Freeman it helps to illustrate the television show in question by representing a scene pertaining to the plot of a specific episode The Garden Party and no similar or identical public domain image is known to exist. Category The Boondocks images ... more details
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- File:The Eagle Nebula M16 Peering Into the Pillars Of Creation.jpg
Summary X ray NASA CXC U.Colorado Linsky et al. Optical NASA ESA STScI ASU J.Hester & P.Scowen. A new look at the famous Pillars of Creation with NASA s Chandra X ray Observatory has allowed astronomers to peer inside the dark columns of gas and dust. This penetrating view of the central region of the Eagle Nebula reveals how much star formation is happening inside these iconic structures. Different Views of the Eagle Nebula M16 The Chandra data shows bright X ray sources in this field, most of which are young stars. In this image, red, green, and blue represent low, medium, and high energy X rays. The Chandra data have been overlaid on the Hubble Space Telescope image to show the context of these X ray data. Very few X ray sources are found in the pillars themselves. This suggests that the Eagle Nebula may be past its star forming prime, since young stars are usually bright X ray sources. However, there are two X ray objects found near the tips of the pillars. One is a young star about 4 or 5 times as massive as the Sun, visible as the blue source near the tip of the pillar on the left. The other is a lower mass star near the top of the other pillar that is so faint it is not visible in the composite image. Licensing PD USGov NASA Category Images of nebulae ... more details
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- File:G26wHXST normal target focus.jpg
Summary View of the HexSite while peering through the aperature with focus on the target. Licensing PD self date October 2006 ... more details
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- File:N81008821 32357300 8086.jpg
Summary A chinchilla peering out of his cage. Licensing PD self date January 2007 ... more details
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- File:Chilelooking.jpg
Summary Chile peering out of his cage. Licensing PD self date January 2007 ... more details
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- MLPA
MLPA can stand for Marine Life Protection Act Multi Lateral Peering Agreement Multiplex Ligation dependent Probe Amplification Missouri Limestone Producers Association Minnesota Language Proficiency Assessments disambig ... more details
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- TransNexus
Unreferenced date October 2008 TransNexus , founded in 1997, is a commercial company providing software products for managing peering among VoIP networks. VoIP Peering is a concept that has grown from the practice of peering IP data networks. Evolution of VoIP Peering In the beginning of the Internet, IP networks interconnected through public peering points such as Metropolitan Area Ethernet MAE East located on Washington DC or MAE West located in San Francisco. These public peering points soon became overwhelmed by the growing amount of data traffic being exchanged between IP networks. To address this problem, private data network operators began to privately interconnect peer their networks. As VoIP technology developed, it was first deployed as a technology to bypass toll charges of the long distance telephone networks or Public Switched Telephone Network PSTN . VoIP networks were stand alone networks interconnected only with the PSTN. VoIP peering, however, is the growing practice of directly interconnecting VoIP networks. TransNexus, along with Cisco , 3Com and others was the creator of the ETSI Open settlement protocol OSP . The OSP protocol is global standard for enabling secure peer to peer VoIP routing and accounting without the need of an intermediary device, such as a proxy, session border controller or Back to Back User Agent B2BUA , in the VoIP signaling path. OSP peering is a general technique which may be used for any VoIP protocol i.e. H323, SIP or IAX and other IP communication transactions such as video, file sharing or short messaging. External links http www.transnexus.com Official website Category Networking companies of the United States ... more details
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- Helderberg Internet Exchange
unreferenced date February 2011 The Helderberg Internet Exchange is an Internet peering point internet peering exchange focusing on smaller Internet service provider ISP s who provide Wireless Internet service provider wireless internet service s. The exchange is located on top of Helderberg , outside Somerset West in South Africa . External links Official http hbix.net Category Internet exchange points Category Internet in South Africa Internet stub ... more details
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- File:Ssfl SRE worker hat.gif
Summary This is for the Santa susana field laboratory article. This is a picture atop the SRE shortly after the meltdown. He is peering into the reactor core. He later suffers from radiation poisoning. The hat says Your safety is our business, Atomics International. Licensing PD USGov coord 34.230822 118.696375 movetocommons ... more details
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- File:City Hall Over Trees.jpg
Summary Information Description City Hall peering over Atlanta trees Source I, Jeff Clemmons, created this work entirely by myself. Date December 2009 Author Jeff Clemmons other versions Licensing self cc by 3.0 ... more details
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- Western Australian Internet Exchange
peering fabric. Similar arrangements were formalised in the eastern states with the formation ... thread f3161b041a8ec292 cf5f86fa8d09fc0d?hl en cf5f86fa8d09fc0d Usenet article announcing the Peering ... more details
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- Neutral New Zealand Internet Exchange
Neutral Internet Exchange Point s operated by Citylink in New Zealand are Auckland Peering Exchange Palmerston North Internet Exchange Wellington Internet Exchange 3 Cities Internet Exchange Dunedin Peering Exchange NZ IPv6 Internet Exchange Christchurch Internet Exchange The following exchanges are planned but not yet operational Southland Internet Exchange IS online but with some restrictions External links http nzix.net New Zealand Internet Exchanges http www.ispmap.co.nz searchisp.php ISPs that peer http karen.net.nz topology KAREN Network Map Category Internet exchange points Category Internet in New Zealand ... more details
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- Group of Four (Australia)
Australia network are advertised for peering. See also http whirlpool.net.au article.cfm?id 1363 ... docs press pipenetworksarticle.pdf ISPs restless on peering The Australian article care of PIPE ... more details
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- Tier 1 network
in the Internet solely via settlement free interconnection, also known as settlement free peering ... other peering and transit.ars 4 title How the Net works an introduction to peering and transit Page ... for peering or agreeing to settlements. The most widely quoted source for identifying tier 1 networks ... under a non disclosure agreement . The Internet peering community is roughly the set of peering ... known, nor whether they cover peering connections. As a result, the term tier 1 network is used in the industry ... 1 ISPs and their peering agreements supplanted the government sponsored NSFNet, a program that was officially ... dependent on the peering relationship of the partners, because a tier 1 network does not have any alternate transit paths. If two tier 1 networks arrive at an impasse and discontinue peering ... peering . or date November 2010 Lower tier ISPs and their customers may be unaffected by these partitions ... user networks. Thus a tier 2 network with good peering is frequently much closer to most end users ... a tier 1 through the purchase of paid peering, or settlement based interconnections, whereby ... or political peering motivations, and is thus considered by most Peering Coordinators to not be a true ..., these networks maintain peering policies which mimic those of tier 1 networks such as lack of openness to new peering relationships and having existing peering with every other major network ... peering requirements being set for regions in which a network peers, but does not sell services ... tier 1 networks. While the classification regional tier 1 holds some merit for understanding the peering ... Topology at a Macroscopic Scale April 2005 ref Peering policy Qwest 209 828 http www.qwest.com legal peering na.html North America http www.qwest.com legal peering int.html International Verizon Business UUNet 701 1452 http www.verizonbusiness.com uunet peering Verizon UUNET Peering policy 701 ... Carrier Global Peering Policy NTT Communications 2914 Tinet 3257 http www.deutschetelekom.com icss ... more details
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- Kenya Internet Exchange
The Kenya Internet Exchange KIXP is an Internet exchange point started in late 2000 by Kenya n Internet service providers in an attempt to cut their operating cost by avoiding the use of expensive international links. There is a wide belief that most of the traffic on international links are local and therefore a waste. This was because without a local peering point , communication between people using different service providers had to travel abroad for peering. One example might be an individual using Africa Online who sent an email to his girlfriend across the street. If his girlfriend happened to be using Swift Global as a service provider, the email would have to travel to the US for peering before returning to Kenya. This proved controversial as the sole international carrier, government owned Jambonet is a government entity. The government felt that it would lead to erosion of telecommunications revenue. Communications Commission of Kenya http www.cck.go.ke aboutcck about.htm equivalent to the Federal Communications Commission in the US therefore ruled the peering point illegal, and was closed the same year. The Internet exchange was re opened in February, 2002 and peering members have since increased from the initial four to its current 20 members. See also Jambonet Telkom Kenya External links KIXP official site changed from .net to new domain .or.ke http www.kixp.or.ke or http www.kixp.net KIXP E mail info kixp.or.ke, or kixp kixp.or.ke Nick KIXP Feb 23rd 2006 http www.kixp.or.ke Official website http www.hartford hwp.com archives 36 269.html The background of KIX http www.hartford hwp.com archives 36 273.html Government and Internet phones Kenya stub Category Telecommunications companies of Kenya Category Internet exchange points ... more details
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- Wellington Internet Exchange
The Wellington Internet Exchange WIX is an Ethernet based neutral peering point running over the Citylink Wellington CityLink Wellington metropolitan network in Wellington , New Zealand . The Wellington Internet Exchange WIX was established to allow entities connected to the CityLink metropolitan network in Wellington to send traffic directly to and from each other rather than via their Internet Service Provider ISP . This activity is known as peering . This provides improvements in speed as traffic travels directly between the parties and reduces load on the network by reducing the need for traffic to be duplicated through one or more intermediate ISP router s. In some cases this also avoids traffic being routed out of town , or incurring ISP s traffic charges. Each connected entity could add specific details of networks they want to talk to directly to their routers static routes and bilateral Border Gateway Protocol BGP sessions but this quickly becomes an administrative headache as adds, changes and deletions become time consuming and error prone if more than a few peering sessions are configured. The Wellington Internet Exchange provides two route servers which contain routing details for each of the participants. This simplifies peering enormously for most exchange users. The WIX has been described as a world first for a distributed metropolitan Ethernet based Internet exchange. ref http www.linuxjournal.com article 8073 WIX a Distributed Internet Exchange Linux Journal, Thursday 26 May 2005 accessed 27 April 2007 ref References References External links http wix.nzix.net Wellington Internet Exchange See also Auckland Peering Exchange Neutral New Zealand Internet Exchange Category Internet exchange points Category Internet in New Zealand ... more details
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- Internet transit
Distribution & Core.svg center thumb upright 3.0 See also Peering Category Internet architecture ... more details
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- Victorian Internet Exchange
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date December 2009 The Victorian Internet Exchange is an Internet Exchange Point in Australia . Formed from the Australian Internet Exchange AUIX project, VIX is located in the Melbourne AAPT Exchange and offers multi lateral peering . Category Internet exchange points Internet stub Compu network stub Compu sci stub Telecomm stub Melbourne stub ... more details
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- File:The Madams are Restless cover.jpg
Scan of the front cover of the tenth Madam & Eve cartoon collection The Madams are Restless, by Stephen Francis, Harry Dugmore and Rico Schacherl. Published in 2000 by Rapid Phase , Johannesburg , South Africa . The cover depicts Gwen Madam Anderson, and her mother, Edith, dancing around their sacrifice. The characters, from left to right, of Thandi, Eve and The Mielie Lady, are seen peering over the Anderson s security fence. Non free book cover ... more details
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- Mozambique Internet Exchange
The Mozambique Internet Exchange Moz Ix is a neutral, not for profit partnership between Internet Service Provider s in Mozambique . As an Internet Exchange , Moz Ix provides physical interconnection for its members to exchange Internet traffic through co operative peering agreements. Established Internet Service Providers are welcome to become members of Moz Ix provided they fulfill the prerequisites and agree to adhere to the terms laid out in the Moz Ix Policy. Internet stub Category Internet service providers of Africa Category Internet exchange points ... more details
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- Dark Universe Observatory
The Dark Universe Observatory DUO is a planned NASA Space telescope space based telescope . It will conduct observations of galaxy clusters on the X ray range with the intent of finding data related to both dark matter and dark energy energy . References cite web url http epo.sonoma.edu duo index.html title Dark Universe Observatory Into the Darkness Peering publisher Sonoma State University accessdate 2008 03 03 Dead link date October 2010 bot H3llBot Category Space telescopes US spacecraft stub ... more details
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